Initial Payment Research Articles

A qualitative study of unconditional cash transfers with adults experiencing homelessness

ABSTRACT Despite research showing that unconditional cash transfer (UCT) projects can help reduce poverty, few UCT projects have targeted people experiencing homelessness (PEH). Based upon a sample of 20 PEH who were randomly selected to receive $750 a month for one year as part of a larger randomized control trial, the current qualitative study considers how PEH react to receiving UCT and how they spend or plan to spend the funds. Study participants who enrolled in the larger study between January and October 2023 were invited to participate in a semi-structured qualitative interview that was conducted between one – and three-months after receiving an initial cash payment. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using an inductive thematic approach. Study participants, who were living in diverse circumstances, reported using their payments most commonly on food followed by other expenses such as phone bills, car upkeep, and health care. Three themes that emerged included: (1) reckoning with the money: (2) pursuit of housing; and (3) helping others. The findings challenge common stereotypes of homeless persons as irresponsible and lacking in the self-control needed to live within their means.

Student Debt Associated With Entry-Level Athletic Training Education.

Borrowers burdened by high student debt generally experience financial constraints that can affect them both personally and professionally. To date, no published data exist that profile the education-related debt accrued by entry-level certified athletic trainers (ATs). To assess the scope and scale of student debt associated with the completion of an entry-level athletic training degree. Cross-sectional study. Online web-based survey. Participants were recruited with assistance from the National Athletic Trainers' Association, who disseminated the survey to 18 689 certified ATs who were members in good standing and who had earned their certification between 2004 and 2022. A total of 2271 individuals accessed the survey. The overall amount of student debt incurred to complete an entry-level degree in athletic training and the initial monthly repayment amount were collected from survey respondents. Education-related debt-to-income ratio (DTIR) and monthly payment DTIR, which are measures of financial health or stability, were also calculated from the acquired survey data. Among ATs who took out student loans, the average amount owed by entry-level ATs for the period spanning 2004-2022 was $61 717, with an average initial monthly loan payment amount reported to be $453. The mean education-related DTIR calculated from respondents was 169%, which exceeded the benchmark value of 100% recommended within the finance industry. Also, the average monthly payment DTIR calculated from study participants was 0.144, which approached the recommended acceptable upper limit of 0.15. Education-related DTIR and monthly payment DTIR values reported by respondents suggest the potential for entry-level ATs to experience financial challenges related to their student debt.

Mortgage Design, Repayment Schedules, and Household Borrowing

How does the design of debt repayment schedules affect household borrowing? To answer this question, we exploit a Swedish policy reform that eliminated interest-only mortgages for loan-to-value ratios above 50%. We document substantial bunching at the threshold, leading to 5% less borrowing. Wealthy borrowers drive the results, challenging credit constraints as the primary explanation. We develop a model to evaluate the mechanisms driving household behavior and find that much of the effect comes from households experiencing ongoing flow disutility to amortization payments. Our results indicate that new mortgage contracts with low initial payments substantially increase household borrowing and lifetime interest costs.

The Views of Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah Figures on Credit Transactions with a Savings System

As practiced by @dintwinz_home on Instagram, credit buying with a savings system offers a unique approach to transactions compared to conventional methods. Unlike typical credit purchases, this method allows buyers flexibility with payment deadlines and amounts. Customers can cancel purchases and withdraw their installment funds. This empirical study adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing interviews and documentation to explore the perspectives of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah figures in Malang City. Key findings include the structured stages of this buying process: (1) visiting @dintwinz_home; (2) item specification and purchase explanation; (3) initial down payment and identity submission; (4) installment recording by the seller; (5) withdrawal of saved funds if needed; and (6) item delivery upon completion. The study highlights disagreement among Muhammadiyah figures due to a perceived lack of payment clarity, whereas NU figures support the practice under mutual agreement conditions. This research provides insights into community perspectives on evolving transaction practices in digital commerce.

Initial Payment and Refunding Scheme for Climate Change Mitigation and Technological Development Among Heterogeneous Countries

Abstract We examine international environmental agreements (IEAs) in which heterogeneous countries work together to not only participate in the abatement of greenhouse gas emissions but also develop breakthrough technologies. In this paper, the country with the most advanced technology (i.e. the technological leader) develops a new abatement technology and distributes it to other countries (i.e. technological laggards) through licensing. We design a new mechanism to achieve cooperation among heterogeneous countries through an initial payment and refunding (IPR) scheme and licensing involving third-party organizations (TPOs). Under our new IPR scheme with licensing, the cost incurred by a technology leader in developing new technology is covered by licensing fees using a portion of the initial payments collected from technological laggards by a TPO. As a result, TPOs sustain IEAs by flexibly adjusting technological laggards’ share of costs for licensing, comprising initial payments and refunds, and the amount of the licensing payment made to the technological leader.

Strategi Pemasaran Cicil Emas (CILEM) untuk Meningkatkan Minat Nasabah di BSI KCP Probolinggo

Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) provides financing services for purchasing gold known as BSI gold installments. This product scheme is based on a murabahah contract as the basis of the agreement, with the use of a rahn (pawn) agreement as a collateral binder. The gold used is gold bullion, bullion and Antam precious metals, where the initial payment is 20%, while the remaining 80% can be paid in installments. This research aims to find out how the marketing strategy for gold installments affects people's interest in becoming gold installment customers at BSI KCP Probolinggo. This research method uses field studies and is descriptive qualitative in nature. The data collection techniques used included interview techniques, observation and documentation carried out with BSI KCP Probolinggo. The research results show that the Wa blast strategy of offering gold installments is the most effective strategy for existing customers, while the personal selling approach is the most effective strategy for attracting new customers at BSI KCP Probolinggo. With these two strategies, it is the best and most reducible strategy for long-term investment.

Abstract WP96: Impact of Stroke Severity and Social Determinants of Health on Arrival to Last Known Well Time

Introduction: Timely administration of thrombolytic therapy remains the cornerstone of ischemic stroke management and is associated with better functional outcomes. The population served by our hospital is notable for a large socioeconomic range of patients. We examined arrival times for ischemic strokes and the timeliness of intervention with our goal to better understand our population and develop methods for improved community outreach and education. Methods: This retrospective study looked at ischemic stroke patients discharged between January-May 2023. Patient characteristics and demographics were mined from the Get With The Guidelines™-Stroke database from NYC Health+Hospitals/Kings County. A total of 284 patients were reviewed. Covariates included in this study: age, sex, ethnicity, initial NIHSS score, payment source, and history of previous stroke. Adjusted linear regressions were used to analyze data at alpha = 0.05. Results: The median time of arrival to hospital from last known well time (LKWT) is 296min; 37.32% of patients arrived within the 4.5hr window. The average NIHSS score on arrival for patients within the 4.5 hours window is 7.3; patients outside of the 4.5hr window (or unknown LKWT) have an average NIHSS of 5.17. (See distribution of NIHSS score by LKWT category in Fig. 1 below.) Out of the 284 patients, a noted association was seen between severity of NIHSS and LKWT reported: the LKWT was lower by 16.47min (23.68-9.24, p > 0.02) for every increase in NIHSS point. Additionally, compared to patients with no health insurance, those with private insurance have a decrease in LKWT of 1506.04min (1878.6-1133.5, p < 0.0001), and those with Medicare/Medicaid have a decrease in time of 1291.83min (1652.1-931.5, p > 0.0004). Conclusion: Review of patients in early 2023 showed a relationship between LKWT reporting and stroke severity as well as insurance status. These findings will help direct future projects in community education and outreach.

Optimal policy for an inventory system with retailer's hybrid payment strategy and supplier's price discount facility under a supply chain management

Suppliers often offer item-wise price discounts and trade credit to their retailers after receiving an initial payment for the supplied product. This discount is proportional to the total payment done already against the total cost accrued by the retailer. The supplier may also decide to allow the retailer to prepay a random part of the purchasing cost at any random time within the duration that an advance payment is allowed. In order to encourage the customers to increase their orders, the retailer, in turn, offers a trade-credit for a partial amount of the sale price to the customers. In this paper, we focus on the optimal replenishment policies of a retailer that could maximize the retailer's average profit when (s)he is confronted with the supplier's trade offers of credit and price-discount under a two-layer supply chain management in a stochastic environment. We have obtained some theoretical results from the optimum cycle time and optimum order quantity of the proposed model and numerically analysed with a suitable example to demonstrate the real-life applicability of the model. The extended study proposes for maximum average profit, the retailer borrow half amount of purchasing cost from financial support and has to pay at the starting of the advance payment period. Finally, sensitivity analyses are made on the significant parameters in order to gain some managerial insights.

Арктический фонд: возможности повышения эффективности формирования доходной базы

This study was conducted in order to develop methodological approaches to the generation of financial resources for the Arctic Zone Development Fund of the Russian Federation (Arctic Fund). The object of the study is the Arctic Fund, established by the Government of the Russian Federation in December 2022. The sources of funding are the subject of the study. The relevance of this research stems from the unique characteristics of the Arctic territories, where the financial base for development relies on the social and environmental responsibility of major taxpayers. The study builds upon data from the Federal Tax Service, the Federal Treasury, the Federal Agency for Mineral Resources, and the Torgi federal information system covering the period from 2011 to 2021. The article presents an analysis of the fund's existing sources, as identified by the Government, and proposes additional sources. Based on an analysis of tax revenue data, the study reveals insufficient financing from taxes paid by Arctic residents. Additionally, by employing comparison and grouping methods for data on Arctic deposits, it was found that the final one-time payments for these deposits consistently exceed the planned and initial payments. However, these payments were incorporated into the federal budget without specific allocation. The study formulates recommendations that suggest utilizing funds obtained from the sale of resource use rights as additional sources, ensuring targeted allocation of one-time payments associated with Arctic deposits. The study also proposes the creation of compensation funds for the accumulation of deductions from mining businesses to address losses incurred by indigenous peoples of the North. These funds could complement the Arctic Fund in accumulating budgetary resources. The practical significance of this study lies in its potential to inform the search for reasonable and appropriate sources of financing for the activities of the Arctic Fund.

Weight-based and Digital Payment Process Flow Design to Decrease Quarry Sand Sales Fraudulence Risk

Databases have risen to the level of being one of the most important corporate assets. The availability of data in a company is required to make the right profit decision. In running a business aiming to achieve high profitability, companies must recognize profitable items by making decisions that require knowledge of the supply chain, knowledge of past, present, and future buying patterns, and costs derived from data obtained from many different systems. In this study, a company running a quarry sand mining business is experiencing disproportions of the resource availability of quarry sands, operating expense, and profit. It leads to suspicion of fraudulence risk during the operations and transaction of the product. This study aims to minimize the fraudulence risk of quarry sand sales by using data re-verification and analytical techniques. The study implemented a process analysis and root-cause method using process flowcharting and fishbone diagram tools. The root causes of this issue happen during the initial data input process caused by three main factors namely machinery or equipment, people, and systems. The newly designed system utilizes a digital weighing scaling system for trucks in recording the initial data and deposit payment system based on the accurate truck final weight.

Black Boarding Academies as a Prudential Reparation

With billions of dollars pledged and trillions of dollars demanded to redress slavery and Jim Crow (“Black Reparations”) the question of how best to use these funds has moved into the forefront of the ongoing campaign for racial justice in our post-civil rights society. Reparatory strategies typically target the norms and structures that sustain racial disadvantage wrought by slavery and Jim Crow. The goal of such transitional reparations is to extinguish the menace of white supremacy and systemic racism across the board. Restructuring in housing, education, employment, voting, law enforcement, health care, and the environment—social transformation—is absolutely needed in the United States if the race problem is ever to be resolved. That much is clear beyond peradventure. The hard question, however, is whether Black Reparations can take us there. Are Black Reparations (or reparations in general) powerful enough to engineer social transformation, or what in this case would be “transitional racial justice”? Unfortunately, I do not believe they can. The American race problem is simply too big for reparations to fix. It would take decades of massive amounts of government spending and the sustained moral commitment of the American people to achieve transitional racial justice in this country. The inflationary impact of the requisite spending (estimated at $6.4 trillion to $59.2 trillion) would give opponents of reparations an easy target. Moreover, transitional reparations have rarely been attempted in other countries and when tried it has never succeeded to my knowledge. South Africa attempted to use reparations for social transformation. While there has been a transformation of political power, giving Black South Africans a strong voice in the government, economic power remains in the hands of White South Africans and racial discrimination in housing and education continues. Although at one time I was among scholars who had hoped Black Reparations could deliver a much-needed Third Reconstruction, I would be remiss as a passionate supporter of Black Reparations for many decades to ignore the cold facts—reparations have never successfully reconstructed a society.
 But the perfect should not be the enemy of the good. While Black Reparations may not be sufficient for transitional racial justice, they can still play an important role in moving toward that goal. This Article attempts to show one way of doing so. It argues that the initial payment of Black Reparations should take the shape of an education reparation. Education can, as it has in the past with Brown v. Board of Education, provide a foundation for significant racial progress. The type of education reparation broached in this Article gives African American (or Black American) parents or guardians a unique choice for educating their children—Black Boarding Academies (BBAs). Kick started with public reparations, BBAs would begin with PK-3 low-income Black children, giving special attention to those at risk of falling into the dreadful foster care system, and would expand to accommodate other classes of Black students once financially stable with post-reparations funding. Like most public boarding schools, BBAs will have to be sustained with both public and private funds. Fortunately, there is a wide range of available sources. Historically, boarding schools have a poor reputation in educating children of color, especially Indigenous Americans. The few primary and secondary schools that board Black students have not experienced such problems. Neither have Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) at the postsecondary education level. Following in this rich tradition, BBAs will provide a safe and nurturing environment for Black students. Pedagogically, BBAs will prepare students not just to survive but to thrive. Students will be prepared to assume positions of leadership in our society whether they go directly into the job market or matriculate at HBCUs or predominantly white institutions. One of the most effective instructional models in the country for leadership-oriented teaching can be found in elite New England Prep Schools. They have been doing this for centuries. Using a modified version of their pedagogy—one self-consciously infused with a racial sensibility—BBAs will be able to extend the pipeline to leadership, normally available to upper-income and even middle-income African American students, to low-income African American students. Indeed, the latter are the most vulnerable descendants of the enslaved.

How to generate loyalty in mobile payment services? An integrative dual SEM-ANN analysis

PurposeThe surging entrance of new mobile payment merchants into the growing market has prompted the need for an in-depth understanding of loyalty formation to retain customers. This study examines customers' loyalty generation process in mobile payment services by exploring the serial effect of cognitive drivers (i.e. brand awareness, perceived quality, brand image, perceived value and layout) on affective response, satisfaction and loyalty.Design/methodology/approachA survey using self-administered questionnaires was conducted. The data was collected from 370 consumers who have experience using mobile payment services in Vietnam. The data were submitted to partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) analysis.FindingsThe results indicated that all the proposed cognitive drivers show significant impacts on affective response, which, in turn, translates into satisfaction and loyalty. The post-hoc analysis revealed enjoyment as the vital affective response in determining satisfaction. Moreover, the multigroup analysis indicated that the relationship between affective response and satisfaction is stronger for the female group. In addition, the ANN's nonlinear result revealed complementary insight into the importance of cognitive drivers.OriginalityThe current study revealed both linear and nonlinear mechanisms that explicate the roles of cognitive drivers and affective responses in fostering loyalty toward mobile payment merchants. The findings add to the existing literature that emphasizes consumers' initial mobile payment adoption.

Self-enforcing international environmental agreements with third-party organizations: Initial payment, technological development, and refunding

This paper presents a new framework for international environmental agreements (IEAs) with technological development that incorporates an initial payment and refunding scheme (IPRS) in collaboration with third-party organizations (TPOs). In our IPRS, technological development is achieved by using a portion of initial payments from signatories to the TPO, with the remaining amount being refunded to the payers if they cooperate with the IEA. We examine self-enforcing IEAs using a stage game model. The results show that IEA size increases with the cost of technological development. Consequently, we provide a solution that achieves large-scale self-enforcing IEAs in collaboration with TPOs while resolving issues regarding initial participation in IEAs.

Patient-Centered Payment for Care of Chronic Conditions.

Current payment systems make it difficult for both specialists and primary care practices to provide all of the services needed by patients with chronic conditions. "Value-based payment" programs have failed to solve these problems. In a patient-centered payment system, there should be 4 separate payments designed specifically to support each of the phases of chronic condition care: (1) Diagnosis Payment, (2) Care Planning Payment, (3) Initial Condition Management Payment, and (4) Monthly Condition Management Payments. Physicians should be accountable for delivering evidence-based services to patients in each phase of care, and payment amounts should be higher for more complex patients.

Current state of mobile health apps in endourology: a review of mobile platforms in marketplaces and literature.

Several mobile healthcare (mHealth) apps are available in various marketplaces, but there is still concern about their accuracy, data safety, and regulation. The goal of this review was to critically analyze the mobile apps created for education, diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment of patients with kidney stone disease (KSD), as well as to assess the level of data security, the contribution of physicians in their development and adherence to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Medical Device Regulation (MDR) guidance. A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed (September 2022), in the Apple App Store and Google Play store using relevant keywords and inclusion criteria. Information was extracted for the name of the app, primary and additional functionalities, release and last update, number of downloads, number of marks and average rating, Android/iOS compatibility, initial and in-app payments, data safety statement, physician involvement statement, and FDA/MDR guidance. A total of 986 apps and 222 articles were reviewed, of which based on the inclusion, 83 apps were finally analyzed. The apps were allocated to six categories about their primary purpose: education (n = 8), fluid trackers (n = 54), food content description and calculators (n = 11), diagnosis (n = 3), pre- and intra-operative application (n = 4), and stent trackers (n = 2). Of these apps, the number of apps supported for Android, iOS, and both of them were 36, 23, and 23, respectively. Despite a wide range of apps available for KSD, the participation of doctors in their development, data security, and functionality remains insufficient. Further development of mHealth should be carried out properly under the supervision of urological associations involving patient support groups, and these apps must be regularly updated for their content and data security.

Internet Finance in the Big-data Age

With the flourishing development of e-commerce, Internet enterprises have accumulated a huge amount of user data, and gradually obtained the needs and preferences of users. It provides financial services from the initial simple payment to transfer remittances, credit loans, asset management, and insurances, besides, has core competitiveness of ‘data utilization’, constantly mining, analyzing and studying the increasing amount of data, so as to tailor services for customers. In the era of big data, the rapid development of Internet finance also has a certain impact on the traditional financial industry, because it has altered the operation level. Furthermore, the application of big data in Internet finance is personalized, and a customer precision recommendation model based on network is established. The goal of this essay is to find out multiple applications of Internet finance and differences with banks. In respect of research result, the public really relies on it and meanwhile faces to risks. Last but not least, the continuous exploration of Internet finance is essential, as it can take the era of big data to the next level.

Increasing Public Debt Collection with Nudging


 
 
 Using two natural field experiments, we tested whether nudging could contribute as a cost-free instrument to increase voluntary public debt collection. We manipulated standard reminder notices sent to two samples (N = 396 and N = 549) with public debt in a municipality in Denmark, a country with a high tax morale. Results from both studies showed that initial debt payment rates were significantly higher in intervention groups receiving a simplified, kind, and attractive reminder notice as compared to a control groups receiving a standard and complex reminder notice. The results suggest that nudging may contribute to public debt collection in countries with a high tax morale.
 
 

Sick, Hungry, and Vulnerable: Federal Stimulus and Food Security on Marginalized Populations During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In addition to the threat of serious illness, COVID-19 and subsequent restrictions had devastating economic consequences for many US citizens. This study examines the evolution of food security over the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic testing whether the initial economic stimulus payment improved the nutritional well-being of vulnerable populations. We use data from phase 1 of the Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey among a nationally representative sample of adults and the 2017-2018 Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement. Using an ordered logistic regression, we assess differences in the incidence and severity of food security across demographic, income, geographic, and employment status cohorts and assess the effects of the first economic stimulus payment. Our results show that marginalized groups faced greater food insecurity and had food-related outcomes worsen over time. Blacks, Hispanics, and individuals living in rural areas became less food secure as the pandemic progressed. However, receipt of a stimulus payment appears to have improved conditions. Rising food prices and persistent high unemployment have the potential to exacerbate food insecurity among marginalized and at-risk groups.

Association Between American Board of Surgery Initial Certification and Medical Malpractice Payments.

To measure associations between surgeons' examination performance and obtaining American Board of Surgery certification with the likelihood of having medical malpractice payments. Further research is needed to establish a broader understanding of the association of board certification and patient and practice outcomes. Retrospective analysis using propensity score-matched surgeons who attempted to obtain American Board of Surgery certification. Surgeons who completed residency between 2000 and 2019 (n=910) and attempted to become certified were categorized as certified or failing to obtain certification. In addition, groups were categorized as either passing or failing their first attempt on the qualifying and certifying examinations. Malpractice payment reports were dichotomized for surgeons who either had a payment report or not. The hazard rate (HR) of malpractice payment reports was significantly greater for surgeons who attempted and failed to obtain certification [HR=1.87; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.28-2.74] than for surgeons who were certified. Moreover, surgeons who failed either the qualifying (HR=1.64; 95% CI, 1.14-2.37) or certifying examination (HR=1.72; 95% CI, 1.14-2.60) had significantly higher malpractice payment HRs than those who passed the examinations on their first attempt. Failing to obtain board certification was associated with a higher rate of medical malpractice payments. In addition, failing examinations in the certification examination process on the first attempt was also associated with higher rates of medical malpractice payments. This study provides further evidence that board certification is linked to potential indicators for patient outcomes and practice quality.

ANALISIS PENGAKUAN DAN PENGUKURAN PENDAPATAN BAGI HASIL PADA BPRS AL-WASHLIYAH

The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze mudharabah financing in increasing net income at BPRS Al-Washliyah. To find out and analyze what causes mudharabah financing to decline at Al-Washliyah BPRS. The research design uses descriptive qualitative research methods. The data collection techniques used by the author are through documentation and interviews. Analysis of the data used in this study is to analyze qualitative data consisting of interviews and data from the financial report document of BPRS Al-Wasliyah. From the research results, the recognition of murabahah income is recognized proportionally to the amount of cash that has been successfully collected from murabahah receivables. Mudharabah revenue sharing is recognized on a monthly basis during the period the profit sharing rights occur in accordance with the agreed ratio. Ujrah income is recognized at the time of initial payment (paid in advance) or during the contract period, according to the agreement between the bank and the customer. Recognition of murabahah revenue is recognized in proportion to the amount of cash collected from murabahah receivables. This is in accordance with PSAK No. 102 paragraph 23. Recognition of mudharabah revenue sharing is recognized on a monthly basis during the period the profit sharing rights occur in accordance with the agreed ratio. This is not in accordance with PSAK No. 105 paragraph 22 because the recognition of mudharabah operating income in practice can be known based on the profit sharing report on the realization of operating income from the fund manager. Not allowed to recognize revenue from projected operating results. Recognition of ujrah income is recognized at the time of payment (paid in advance) or during the contract period, according to the agreement between the bank and the customer. This is not in accordance with PSAK No. 107 paragraph 14 because rental income over the term of the contract is recognized when the benefits of the asset have been delivered to the lessee.