Initial Oil Concentration Research Articles

Preparation and application of supported demulsifier PPA@SiO2 for oil removal of oil-in-water emulsion

ABSTRACT To improve the separation efficiency of oil-in-water emulsion of produced water from ASP (Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer) flooding, a modified silica gel-supported polyether polyquaternium (PPA@SiO2) was developed as a demulsifier for separating oil-in-water emulsion. The performance of oil removal using PPA@SiO2 is achieved under combined demulsification and adsorption, the polyether polyquaternium (PPA) was functionalized by displacement and charge neutralization as demulsifier, the modified silica gel (MPS-SiO2) was functionalized by adsorbing oil droplets as adsorbent. PPA@SiO2 was synthesized and characterized using FTIR, XPS, SEM, and N2 sorption analysis. PPA@SiO2 was applied for the treatment of oil-in-water emulsion of produced water from ASP flooding. A 92.31% of oil removal is obtained under conditions as following: a 500 mg/L of initial oil concentration, a 1.5 g of PPA@SiO2, a 30°C of demulsifying temperature and a 60 min of demulsifying time. MPS-SiO2 particles after demulsifying exhibited a high adsorption capacity of 303.6 mg/g. This work not only provides a promising demulsification to demulsify the oil-in-water emulsion of produced water from ASP flooding but also gives a demulsify method combined demulsify and adsorb.

Effect of temperature and use of regenerated surfactants on the removal of oil from water using colloidal gas aphrons

Discharge of industrial wastewater polluted with oil into surrounding water bodies significantly affects groundwater resources, aquatic life, and crop production. To minimize the harmful effects, it is essential to develop efficient methods to remove oil from wastewater before it has been discharged to the environment. This work aims at utilizing colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) generated from anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) for the removal of oil from water. The effect of operating parameters such as initial oil concentration (25–150 mg/L), pH of SDBS solution (3–11), pH of oil solution (3–11), the volume of solution (300–500 mL), ion concentration as sodium sulfate (50–500 mg/L), and CGAs temperature (23–50 °C) were investigated. About 91% oil removal was achieved at a CGAs temperature of 50 °C, initial oil concentration of 100 mg/L, solution volume of 500 mL, pH of SDBS 5.6, and at pH of oily water 3.0. With the application of sonic energy, oil removal increased from 66% to 81%. After the first batch of flotation experiment, graphene was used to adsorb oil from foamate, thereby allowing the reuse of the treated surfactant solution for the further generation of CGAs. The total oil carrying capacity of CGAs was predicted using a simple mathematical model in which the oil packing factor followed power-law correlations as used in minerals flotation with non-dimensional parameters such as concentration, volume, pH, and temperature of the solutions.

Polymeric adsorbents for oil removal from water

In this study, the application of four synthetic resins for the removal of emulsified oil from produced water was investigated. Key experimental parameters such as adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial oil concentration and pH were evaluated for Optipore L493, Amberlite IRA 958, Amberlite XAD 7 and Lewatit AF 5. Oil removal rates upwards of 98% were achieved using AF 5, XAD 7 and L493. IRA 958 recorded very modest removal rates of less than 25%. Isotherm data were further investigated and fitted using Langmuir, Freundlich, Toth, Flory Huggins and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The results show that the adsorption onto XAD 7 and L 493 is a multilayer adsorption process over a heterogeneous surface that is best illustrated by the Freundlich and Toth models respectively. The Dubinin-Radushkevich best described the removal using AF 5 resin that assumes that the adsorption process occurs on a heterogenous surface with a gaussian energy distribution. Kinetic studies assessing the rate of removal for each resin were conducted. Experimental results were best fitted using pseudo second order kinetics. It is concluded that XAD 7 had the highest kinetics among all tested resins. Also, AF 5 exhibited the highest adsorption capacity. Overall, the study confirmed the applicability of the resins for the removal of oil from produced water.

Treatment of Oily Wastewaters from Tanjung Perak Port by Electrocoagulation Using Aluminum Electrodes

Electrocoagulation is electrochemical water and wastewater treatment technology that is the easiest technology using an electrochemical cell supplied by DC power to the electrodes. The application of the electrocoagulation process was purposed to treat oily bilge water. The results indicated that the oil removal efficiency was achieved approximately 99.62% at an initial oil concentration of 60 g/l in batch processes. The current density of 62.5 mA/cm2 applied the process produced oil removal efficiency of 99.95%.In a continuous mode with the initial water only present in the reactor, the oil removal efficiency was achieved approximately 100% with a hydraulic residence time (HRT-1) of 6 h for 60 min of operations. However, the initial oil/water emulsion at a concentration of 63.89 g/l present in the reactor, the oil removal efficiency was approximately 73.33% with HRT-1 of 6 h for 90 h of operations.

Removal oil from produced water by using adsorption method with adsorbent a Papyrus reeds

A papyrus reed, as a type of unusable farming waste, was used as akind of low-cost biosorbent for the elimination a crude oil from produced waterthat was produced in an Al-Ahdab field, Iraq, in a batch stirred operationmode. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) were used to characterize the biosorbent before and afteradsorption. Batch tests were employed as a function of the contact time,adsorbent dose, and the pH of the solution. The experimental results show atincreases the amount adsorbent dosage, pH and contact times, the removalefficiencies were increases and optimum condition was obtained at pH valueequal to 9, 5000 ppm adsorbent dose and 45 minutes contact time for removalabout 94.5% of crude oil, for test sample initial crude oil concentration 257.06ppm. Therefore it can be disposed of without environmental damage. The betterfitting for equilibrium sorption process data was satisfactorily by theFreundlich isotherm model with (R2= 0.9665) and the adsorption kinetics bestdescribed by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

Preparation, characterization and fouling analysis of in-air hydrophilic/underwater oleophobic bio-inspired polydopamine coated PES membranes for oily wastewater treatment

The core of this study is utilization of the facile one-side self-polymerization of dopamine (DA) on surface of the non-recoverable polyethersulfone (PES) membrane and its antifouling ability assessment during oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion separation. The pristine PES membrane was coated by DA solution for 2 and 4 h. The membranes were characterized using FESEM, AFM, FTIR, water contact angle (WCA) and underwater oil contact angle (UOCA) analysis. The results showed that hydrophilicity and underwater oleophobicity can be achieved successfully. Antifouling properties of the modified membranes were improved so that water flux of the 4 h polydopamine (PDA) coated membrane increased about 793% in comparison to the pristine PES membrane. Also, implementation of classical models showed that PDA coating changes the membrane fouling mechanism from standard blockage model to cake filtration model. The 4 h PDA modified membrane shows antifouling property and easy recovery capability during 30 h of operation. Also, the dependences of steady-state water flux were investigated via changing initial oil concentration, feed salinity, trans-membrane pressure and self-polymerization time of DA. Self-polymerization time of DA was found as the most influential factor on water flux. Also, during O/W emulsion separation, all the membranes exhibited high removal efficiency (above 98%) introducing a promising candidate for practical applications.

Hydrophobic dolomite sorbent for oil spill clean-ups: Kinetic modeling and isotherm study

A low-cost chemical hydrophobic sorbent was synthesized by the dip-coating method. The sorbent was characterized using different methods, including TGA, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and Zeta potential. The removal of unconventional oil from water by palmitic acid-modified dolomite was investigated by batch adsorption after varying pHs (1–9), contact times (5–80 min), adsorbent dosage (0.1–0.7 g mL−1), initial oil concentration (3000–7000 ppm), salinity (0–0.1 g mL−1) and different temperatures (299 and 309 K). TGA analysis revealed the increase in maximum oil sorption capacity of sorbent from about 64 to 498 mg g−1 (Dilbit) and 98 to 530 mg g−1 (Bakken oil) in the oil-water mixture. The kinetic studies showed that pseudo-second kinetic (PSO) model described unconventional oil sorption on hydrophobic sorbents in a much better manner than other models in term of R2 values indicating that the overall rate of the oil sorption process might be controlled by a strong chemical reaction between oil molecules and active sites on the surface of sorbent. However, the obtained values of free energy estimated from Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm model were 7.57 and 7.833 KJ mol−1 for the sorption of Dilbit and Bakken oil, respectively, which indicated strong physical nature of unconventional oil sorption on the studied sorbent. PSO model is not the only rate-limiting step and other mechanisms may control the rate of sorption, as all of them may be operating simultaneously. The external mass transport of sorbate and external film diffusion in this sorption system was very fast in comparison with the intraparticle diffusion and adsorption. For both tested oils, the isotherm studies revealed that the experimental data agreed with Sips, Toth, Temkin, and Freundlich models due to the highly heterogeneous systems.

Oil removal from crude oil-in-saline water emulsions using chitosan as biosorbent

ABSTRACTThe sorption of oil from crude oil-in-saline water emulsions was studied using chitosan as biosorbent. The main parameters investigated were chitosan dosage, contact time, and initial crude oil concentration at fixed initial pH. The results showed that the sorption equilibrium was reached within 120 min at oil content as low as 20 mg L−1. Sorption depends on initial oil concentration and sorbent dosage and may reach up to 95% efficiency in the most favorable conditions. The residual oil concentrations obtained after sorption were always beneath the official limit of oil discharge into environment.

Enhancing the stability and redispersibility of o/w Pickering emulsion through polyacryloyl hydrazide-tannic acid synergy

Stable and redispersible oil powders with minimal solid contents are important for a range of applications. In this contribution, the role of tannic acid (TA) towards stability, re-dispersibility of polyacryloyl hydrazide (PAHz)-Ag nanoparticle (NP) based Pickering emulsions is accessed. Presence of TA (200 μmol/L) in a fairly small amount, reduced the PAHz concentration from 25 wt% to 3 wt% and decreased the droplet size from 6.25 to 2 μm and enhanced the emulsion stability from 30 to 35 days while producing stable oil powders and maintaining the re-dispersion efficiency. The oil powders retained up to ˜97% of initial oil content and the re-dispersion occurred by simply handshaking the oil powders in water. The study revealed that, both TA and PAHz-Ag NP synergistically acted to stabilize the emulsion as well as the resulting oil powders. The total solid content notably decreased from 250 mg/ml to ˜30 mg/ml in presence of TA, while improving the emulsion properties. These new Pickering emulsions with substantially low solid content may is anticipated to be environmental friendly find applications in various cosmetic, pharmaceutical and other industrial applications.

Preparation and Characterization of Novel Magnetic ZnFe2O4–Hydroxyapatite Core–Shell Nanocomposite and Its Use as Fixed Bed Column System for Removal of Oil Residue in Oily Wastewater Samples

Using magnetic nanoparticles to remove the dispersed oil from produced water is a promising way to overcome the difficulties faced by current treatment technologies. Therefore, in this study, novel ZnFe2O4-hydroxyapatite core-shell nanocomposites (ZFHA) was prepared by precipitation method and investigated as an adsorbent to remove residual oil from produced wastewater. The prepared ZFHA nanocomposites were studied by FTIR, X-ray diffraction, HRTEM, SAED, and EDX. The results revealed that hydroxyapatite was coated on the ZnFe2O4 surface and formed a core-shell structure. The effect of various parameters on oil adsorption process like bed height (59, 118 and 178 mm), flow rate (1, 3 and 5 mL min−1), effect of temperature 25–77 °C, initial oil concentration (100, 500, 1000 and 10,000 ppm) and pH (2–10) were investigated. The experimental data showed that with increased column bed depth from 59 to 178 mm, breakpoint time (tb) increased from 30 to 48 min. The highest equilibrium adsorption capacity of oil at optimum conditions (77 °C, 10,000 ppm, 3 mL/min and 178 mm) were estimated to be 3500 mg L−1. The contact time decreased with the increase of bed height and flow rate. Adsorption kinetic was evaluated in a fixed bed column. Finally, the regeneration of the exhausted ZFHA adsorbent was assessed; which revealed satisfactory results for three times reusability after saturation. Therefore; ZFHA could be applied effectively for adsorption of residual oil from synthesis oily wastewater samples prepared from produced water of Egyptian fields of the petroleum industry.

PENENTUAN ISI AWAL MINYAK DITEMPAT DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODEMATERIAL BALANCE DAN VOLUMETRIK PADA RESERVOIR ADZ

<p>Determination of the initial oil content of a reservoir starts from exploration activities. In the initial stage, the determination of the initial oil reserves is determined. This aims to determine whether the project can be profitable for the company or not. Over time the determination of the initial contents of the oil continues to be carried out to improve the accuracy of calculations using the material balance method.<br />In the reservoir "ADZ" the type of reservoir is an undersaturated reservoir. This is because the initial pressure in 1980 was 2762.74 psia, while the bubble point pressure was 1625.8 psia. Until 2015 this reservoir was still above the bubble point pressure with a pressure of 1783.55 psia, this reservoir also had no gas cap in the initial conditions. The drive mechanism that works on this field is the solution for the gas drive.<br />Calculation of the initial content of oil in this final project uses 4 methods, namely volumetric method, material balance method, straight line, and Mbal software. Using the volumetric method, the initial oil reserves obtained at the place amounted to 174063462 STB, while the calculation of the initial oil reserves in place using the material balance method was 176497285 STB. The percentage difference in the initial content of oil between the methods is <5%.</p>

Modification of poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes with aluminum oxide nanowires and graphene oxide nanosheets for oil–water separation

ABSTRACTTo improve the hydrophilic and oleophobic properties of membrane, we adopted aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanowires and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets to modify poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes. The experimental results show that the intercalation of Al2O3 nanowires between GO nanosheets effectively improved the roughness of the GO–Al2O3–PVDF membrane, and the permeability of the membrane with an optimal mass ratio of Al2O3 to GO of 7.5 was 31 times that of the GO–PVDF membrane. Furthermore, the addition of Al2O3 nanowires significantly enhanced both the hydrophilic and oleophobic properties of the GO–Al2O3–PVDF membrane. On the basis of the extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek theory, the energy barriers between the oil droplets and GO–PVDF and GO–Al2O3–PVDF membranes were 0.63 and 0.9 KT, respectively; this indicated improvements in the anti‐oil‐fouling ability of the GO–Al2O3–PVDF membranes. We also found that both the GO–PVDF and GO–Al2O3–PVDF membranes had great oil–water separation rates (97.9 and 99.4%, respectively) with an initial oil concentration of 200 mg/L. The findings of this study show that the GO–Al2O3–PVDF membrane is a promising oil–water separation membrane, and further investigation of the cleaning procedure is needed to promote its practical application in oil–water separation. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47493.

SBA-15 MOLECULAR SIEVE: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND APPLICATION IN OIL/WATER SEPARATION

This work evaluates the use of molecular sieve SBA-15 as adsorbent in oil removal process. The synthesis and characterization tests used X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), physical N2 adsorption, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), adsorption capacity in organic solvents (gasoline, kerosene, and diesel oil), and Foster Swelling. Following, this work performed the evaluation of SBA-15 as adsorbent in the process of removing oil from a synthetic effluent, through the finite bath system (Batch adsorption). Finite bath system tests used a factorial 22 experimental design with three experiments at the central point. At that stage, two variables were evaluated: initial oil concentration (100, 300, and 500 mg /L) and mechanical agitation (100, 200, and 300 rpm). Through the experiments, it was possible to observe the following response variables: percentage of total removal (% Rem) and removal capacity in equilibrium (qeq). For comparison level, the experiments also evaluated response variables for the tests without mechanical agitation. Characterization techniques (DRX, EDX, SEM, Physical N2 Adsorption) presented results compatible with the characteristics presented by mesoporous materials. Foster Swell tests confirmed the affinity of SBA-15 molecular sieve with the organic solvents used: gasoline, kerosene, and diesel oil. The testing system determined both finite bath oil removal percentage (% Rem) 97.04%, and removal capacity at equilibrium (qeq) of 48.58 mg /g, indicating that the use of SBA-15 molecular sieve is a viable option in the oil removal process.

Biodegradation of Petroleum Oil Effluents and Production of Biosurfactants: Effect of Initial Oil Concentration

AbstractBiosurfactants have been used in the petroleum oil industry for oil storage tank cleaning, for reducing the viscosity of heavy oil, thereby facilitating recovery, transportation, and pipelining. Also, they are used for microbial enhanced oil recovery either from residual oil in reservoirs or from oily wastewater. The present study is an investigation of biodegradation of petroleum oil effluents using Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 for producing rhamnolipid biosurfactants. The processes were performed in a mechanically agitated, fully baffled, air‐sparged 10 L glass fermenter with a 5 L working volume. The effect of oil concentration (1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%) on the efficiency of oil biodegradation, rhamnolipid production, surface tension, and bacterial biomass was studied. The fermentation with 1.5% oil concentration gave the highest biodegradation for aliphatic hydrocarbons (98.85%), followed by 2% oil concentration (95% degradation), then with 2.5% oil concentration (80% degradation), and finally with 1% oil concentration (66.8% degradation). Also, the complete biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons was achieved for all tested oil concentrations. On the other hand, maximum rhamnolipid production of 2.7 g L−1 as rhamnose equivalent and lower surface tension (30.2 mN m−1) were achieved at 2% oil concentration.

Predicting the Efficiency of the Oil Removal From Surfactant and Polymer Produced Water by Using Liquid–Liquid Hydrocyclone: Comparison of Prediction Abilities Between Response Surface Methodology and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System

The present study developed, evaluated and compared the prediction and simulating efficiency of both, the response surface methodology (RSM) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) approaches for oil removal using a liquid-liquid hydrocyclone (LLHC) from surfactant and polymer (SP) produced water. Six parameters were involved in the process: the surfactant concentration, polymer concentration, salinity, initial oil concentration, feed flowrate and split ratio. For RSM, D-optimal design was used, while the ANFIS model was developed in term of this process with the Gaussian membership function. All models were compared statistically based on the training and testing data set by the coefficient of determination (R 2 ), root-mean-square error (RMSE), average absolute percentage error (AAPE), standard deviation (STD), minimum error, and maximum error. The R 2 for RSM and the ANFIS model for the testing set were of 0.972 and 0.999, respectively. Both models made good predictions. Trend analysis has been done to confirm the applicability of the models. From the results, it shows that the ANFIS model was more precise compared to the RSM model, which proves that the ANFIS is a powerful tool for modelling and optimizing the efficiency of the oil removal from the LLHC in the presence of SP.

Application of Response Surface Methodology for analysis and optimization of the operational parameters for turbidity removal from oily wastewater by electrocoagulation process

The purpose of this work was to study the effectiveness of electrocoagulation process for turbidity removal from oily wastewater. Synthetic oily wastewater was used for conducting batch experiments, and the turbidity introduced to the wastewater by (0.3 gm) of Sodium Bentonite giving an initial turbidity of (200 NTU). Anode of aluminum and cathode of Iron were immersed in 1.5 L solution. An experimental design of (52 run) based on a central composite design (CCD), and the analyze of data was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) in (Design Expert software) for evaluating the effect and interaction of several parameters including: initial pH (5-9), initial oil concentration (50-500 ppm), current density (5-25 mA/cm2), NaCl concentration (40-400 ppm), and electrolysis time (10-30 min). The response variable was Turbidity%. The experimental results were fitted to a quadratic equation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also performed. Results of the ANOVA showed that the model fitted well with turbidity% giving less than 0.05 of probability of error (p), and the variables had a significant effect on the removal. The high R-squared of 88% indicate the high correlation between the predicted and experimental values. In addition, the estimated optimum conditions of the treatment system were (pH= 6, [oil]= 387.5 ppm, Current density= 20 mA/cm2, [NaCl]= 310 ppm, and time= 25 min) giving a predicted turbidity% of 98% and experimental of 97.4%.

Estimation of displacement coefficient with due account for hydrophobization of reservoir using geophysical data of wells

AnnotationThe coefficient of oil displacement by water from productive reservoirs is one of the main parameters reflecting the efficiency of oil field development by maintaining reservoir pressure. This parameter is necessary for both calculation of reserves and composition of technological scheme and project for oil field development. The displacement coefficient is important information for localization of residual reserves of developed oil fields and for estimation of oil production dynamics and effectiveness of methods for intensification of oil field development and oil recovery. In reservoirs of Western Siberia, during the displacement of oil by water from voids of productive reservoirs, residual oil has two components: capillary trapped oil and adsorbed oil on the surface of clay aggregates as separate droplets and films. The work demonstrates that the fraction of capillary trapped oil can be estimated using the value of effective reservoir porosity, since it characterizes the correlation of the size of pores and interpore narrowings. The content of adsorbed hydrocarbons on the active surface of pores depends on the clayiness and activity of clay, and on wetting ability of oil as well. The clayiness of reservoir is proportional to its residual water content and tightly connected with initial oil content of the productive reservoir. The present work shows the possibility of taking into account the effect of hydrophobization of a reservoir on the residual oil content using the value of initial reservoir charge. Noteworthily, the effective porosity and initial reservoir charge with practically useful accuracy can by estimated using the data of conventional complex of geophysical surveys of wells.

Abstraction and regeneration potential of temperature-enhanced rice husk montmorillonite combo for oil spill.

Chemical modification of montmorillonite though popular may be expensive and environmentally noxious and can result in secondary contamination. Therefore, there is a need for eco-friendly and efficient treatment techniques. The use of thermally enhanced rice husk montmorillonite combo (TRMC) for aqueous crude oil pollution was evaluated. The physical characterization of the sorbate revealed a light crude oil. Scanning electron microscopy of TRMC and untreated montmorillonite (UM) showed efficient utilization of the pores for crude oil sequestration. Temperatures, pH, initial oil concentration, dosage of sorbent, and time were found to be significant in the batch sorption investigation. The heterogeneous surface nature of TRMC was elucidated by the Freundlich and Scatchard model analyses. The Langmuir monolayer maximum sorption capacity was 5.8 and 9.7g/g for UM and TRMC respectively and the latter was found to be higher than most reported sorbents. The pseudo-first-order model gave better fit than pseudo-second-order, the Bangham, and the Elovich models in kinetics based on regression and chi-square analysis. Thermodynamics showed a spontaneous, feasible, endothermic, and physical sorption processes. Regeneration and reusability studies using n-hexane as eluent showed TRMC as suitable, environmental friendly sorbents for oil spill remediation.

Biodiesel production using calcium‐based catalyst from venus shell: Modeling of startup production in an industrial reactor

Calcium oxide‐based catalyst was produced from Venus shell by fast fluidized bed calcination for biodiesel synthesis. The kinetics of biodiesel synthesis was found to be a pseudo‐first‐order reaction at the experimental conditions. The obtained kinetic parameters were used for modeling the startup operation of biodiesel production in an industrial continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The model was found to agree well with the reagent concentration and temperature profiles in a real production practice during biodiesel production. The variations of initial temperature, initial reagent concentration in the reactor was investigated. It was found that the reagent concentration and temperature oscillated around the final steady state. From safety operation perspective, the first 4 h were found to be the most unsteady period during continuous production. The initial concentration of waste fry oil (WFO) was also found to be critical to the safe operation of CSTR. A violation of the settings for safe operation of CSTR will be triggered once the initial concentration of WFO in CSTR reaches 500 mol m−3. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13053, 2019

Crude oil removal from aqueous solution using raw and carbonized Xanthoceras sorbifolia shells.

Fruit shell residue from Xanthoceras sorbifolia was investigated as a potential biosorbent to remove crude oil from aqueous solution. The shell powder and its carbonized material were compared while assessing various factors that influenced oil removal capacity. The structure and sorption mechanism were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The oil removal capacity of the raw material (75.1mgg-1) was better than the carbonized material (49.5mgg-1). The oil removal capacity increased with greater saponin content, indicating that hydrophobic and lipophilic surface characteristics of the saponins improved adsorption by the raw X. sorbifolia shell. An orthogonal experimental design was used to optimize the adsorption. Using 4gL-1 of raw X. sorbifolia shell (particle size of < 0.15mm), the highest crude oil removal efficiency was obtained using an initial oil concentration of 400mgL-1, adsorption temperature of 30°C, adsorption time of 10min at a shaking speed of 150rpm. The adsorption of crude oil onto X. sorbifolia shell was best described using a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Raw X. sorbifolia shell material was more efficient than the carbonized material at crude oil removal from aqueous solution. This was attributable to the functional groups of saponins in raw X. sorbifolia shell. This study highlights that some agricultural and forest residues could be a promising source of low-cost biosorbents for oil contaminants from water-without requiring additional processing such as carbonization.