Initial Judgment Research Articles

Advantages of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the localization and diagnostics of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer.

Sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) are the first station of lymph nodes that extend from the breast tumor to the axillary lymphatic drainage. The pathological status of these LNs can predict that of the entire axillary lymph node. Therefore, the accurate identification of SLNs is necessary for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) to replace axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). The quality of life and prognosis of breast cancer patients are related to proper surgical treatment after the precise identification of SLNs. Some of the SLN tracers that have been identified include radioisotope, nano-carbon, indocyanine green (ICG), and methylene blue (MB). However, these tracers have certain limitations, such as pigmentation, radiation dangers, and the requirement for costly detection equipment. Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) have good specificity and sensitivity, and thus can compensate for some shortcomings of the mentioned tracers. This technique is also being applied to SLNB in patients with breast cancer, and can even provide an initial judgment on SLN status. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has the advantages of high distinguishability, simple operation, no radiation harm, low cost, and accurate localization; therefore, it is expected to replace the traditional biopsy methods. In addition, it can significantly enhance the accuracy of SLN localization and shorten the operation time.

Iranian scientists and French showers: collaborative fact-checking of identity-salient online information.

In this study, we investigate what leads people to fact-check online information, how they fact-check such information in practice, how fact-checking affects their judgments about the information's credibility, and how each of the above processes is affected by the salience of the information to readers' cultural identities. Eight pairs of adult participants were recruited from diverse cultural backgrounds to participate online in joint fact-checking of suspect Tweets. To examine their collaborative deliberations we developed a novel experimental design and analytical model. Our analyses indicate that the salience of online information to people's cultural identities influences their decision to fact-check it, that fact-checking deliberations are often non-linear and iterative, that collaborative fact-checking leads people to revise their initial judgments about the credibility of online information, and that when online information is highly salient to people's cultural identities, they apply different standards of credibility when fact-checking it. In conclusion, we propose that cultural identity is an important factor in the fact-checking of online information, and that joint fact-checking of online information by people from diverse cultural backgrounds may have significant potential as an educational tool to reduce people's susceptibility to misinformation.

Особенности мышления современных дошкольников с задержкой психического развития

<p style="text-align: justify;">The mental development of modern children takes place in a social and cultural environment that is radically different from the conditions of development of past generations. This is due to the intensive introduction of digital technologies in all areas of the child's activity — communication, play, study. The shift of children's activity into a virtual environment, from real interaction with people and things to the manipulation of media images, cannot but affect the formation of a child's mental processes. However, this question still remains debatable. The purpose of this study was to clarify the features of the formation of thinking of modern preschool children. For this purpose, an analyses of “pre-digital” studies of preschool children's thinking was carried out. Our own empirical research has been conducted, accurately reproducing the methodology of those experiments. For the study of visual-effective thinking — the “Composing a Whole from Parts” technique; for the study of visual-figurative thinking — the “Classification of images of familiar objects” technique; for the study of verbal-logical thinking — the technique of “Making conclusions based on two initial judgments”. The archival study sample included 34 children with mental retardation and 20 children with normative development aged 6,5 to 7 years. The sample of the modern study is represented by groups of children with intellectual disability and normative development, consisting of 15 people each, aged from 6,2 to 6,8 years. It is established that modern preschoolers less often than their peers of previous years, cope with tasks that involve generalization and comparison of subjects when mediated by a word. At the same time, they performed the tasks for the study of visual-effective thinking faster, they were oriented to actively and independently correct their mistakes, without waiting for the help of an adult.</p>

Analysis of the integration development of enterprise refinement management and financial integration in the context of informationization

Abstract In the background of economic informationization, the integration and development of enterprise refinement management and financial integration have become the mainstream management direction of modern enterprise management. In this paper, the correlation function and judgment matrix are firstly determined by the entropy-weighted elementary topologizable evaluation model, while the initial judgment matrix V is standardized, and the differences in the correlation degree of indicators of different natures should be noted. The entropy power method is applied to calculate the change of relevant evaluation indexes, and the value of information utility in the evaluation system is determined through the change of entropy value. Then the initial data are obtained by means of questionnaires, and data analysis is performed on the first-level indicators in the evaluation system of enterprise financial management capability. The results show that the three indicators of financial risk control capability, financial management informationization level and financial personnel capability, and total budget management level have more room for improvement, but the score of financial risk control capability is only 5.04 points different from the total score, indicating that the specific situation of the enterprise itself for specific analysis. This study improves the level of financial management of enterprises and promotes their development of enterprises.

Investigating the effects of product popularity and time restriction: The moderating role of consumers’ goal specificity

Online retailers employ various kinds of social and marketing information cues to influence consumers’ product interest and purchases. This study focuses on the effects of two types of information cues, product popularity and time restriction on product promotions, on consumers’ product approach behavior. It takes a unique perspective by examining how such effects change as consumers’ shopping goals become more concrete. The results of a field experiment and a laboratory experiment show that product popularity and time restriction may not always have a positive influence on consumers’ product approach behavior. In particular, when consumers have not yet formed specific shopping goals, product popularity and time restriction weaken each other's effects on users’ initial product judgment, whereas these two information cues reinforce each other's effects on consumers’ final product evaluation when consumers’ shopping goals have become more specific. This study deepens our understanding of the individual and interaction effects of product popularity and time restriction at different levels of consumer goal specificity. The findings have significant implications for how retailers can leverage different information cues for promoting products.

Neural correlates of evaluations of non-binary social feedback: An EEG study

PurposeIn complex and diverse social circumstances, decision making is affected by social feedback. Although previous studies have examined the electrophysiological correlates of social feedback with a binary valence, those related to non-binary feedback, or the magnitude of social feedback, remain unclear. This study investigated the electrophysiological correlates of non-binary social feedback and subsequent action selection processing. MethodsParticipants were asked to complete a Gabor patch direction judgment task in which they were required to make judgments before and after receiving social feedback. They were informed that the feedback stimuli represented the degree to which other participants made the same choice. Results & conclusionThe results revealed that feedback that was highly concordant with the participant's judgments elicited greater P300 activity, which was associated with the fulfillment of expectations regarding social reward. Moreover, moderately concordant feedback induced stronger theta band power, which may indicate monitoring of subjective conflict. Temporal changes in theta power during feedback phase may also relate to adjustments in prediction error. Additionally, when an initial judgment was maintained following social feedback, we observed a stronger increase in beta power, indicating an association with post-social-feedback action processing.

Initial judgment of solvability: integrating prior expectations with experience-based heuristic cues

Initial Judgment of Solvability (iJOS) is a metacognitive judgment that reflects solvers’ first impression as to whether a problem is solvable. We hypothesized that iJOS is inferred by combining prior expectations about the entire task with heuristic cues derived from each problem’s elements. In two experiments participants first provided quick iJOSs for all problems, then attempted to solve them. We manipulated expectations by changing the proportion of solvable problems conveyed to participants, 33%, 50%, or 66%, while the true proportion was the 50% for all. In Experiment 1 we used the non-verbal Raven’s matrices and examined nameability as the element-based heuristic cue. Unsolvable matrices were generated by switching locations of elements in original Raven’s matrices. In Experiment 2 we used the verbal Compound Remote Associate (CRA) problems and examined word’s frequency in the language as the element-based heuristic cue. Unsolvable CRAs were random word triads from the same word pool. The results were consistent in suggesting that quick iJOS integrates prior expectations and experience-based heuristic cues. Notably, iJOS was predictive for the subsequent solving attempt only for Raven’s matrices.

Evaluation of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Molecular Typing of Acinetobacter baumannii in Comparison with Orthogonal Methods.

Colonization and subsequent health care-associated infection (HCAI) with Acinetobacter baumannii are a concern for vulnerable patient groups within the hospital setting. Outbreaks involving multidrug-resistant strains are associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality and poorer overall outcomes. Reliable molecular typing methods can help to trace transmission routes and manage outbreaks. In addition to methods deployed by reference laboratories, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) may assist by making initial in-house judgments on strain relatedness. However, limited studies on method reproducibility exist for this application. We applied MALDI-TOF MS typing to A. baumannii isolates associated with a nosocomial outbreak and evaluated different methods for data analysis. In addition, we compared MALDI-TOF MS with whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as orthogonal methods to further explore their resolution for bacterial strain typing. A related subgroup of isolates consistently clustered separately from the main outbreak group by all investigated methods. This finding, combined with epidemiological data from the outbreak, indicates that these methods identified a separate transmission event unrelated to the main outbreak. However, the MALDI-TOF MS upstream approach introduced measurement variability impacting method reproducibility and limiting its reliability as a standalone typing method. Availability of in-house typing methods with well-characterized sources of measurement uncertainty could assist with rapid and dependable confirmation (or denial) of suspected transmission events. This work highlights some of the steps to be improved before such tools can be fully integrated into routine diagnostic service workflows for strain typing. IMPORTANCE Managing the transmission of antimicrobial resistance necessitates reliable methods for tracking outbreaks. We compared the performance of MALDI-TOF MS with orthogonal approaches for strain typing, including WGS and FTIR, for Acinetobacter baumannii isolates correlated with a health care-associated infection (HCAI) event. Combined with epidemiological data, all methods investigated identified a group of isolates that were temporally and spatially linked to the outbreak, yet potentially attributed to a separate transmission event. This may have implications for guiding infection control strategies during an outbreak. However, the technical reproducibility of MALDI-TOF MS needs to be improved for it to be employed as a standalone typing method, as different stages of the experimental workflow introduced bias influencing interpretation of biomarker peak data. Availability of in-house methods for strain typing of bacteria could improve infection control practices following increased reports of outbreaks of antimicrobial-resistant organisms during the COVID-19 pandemic, related to sessional usage of personal protective equipment (PPE).

Assessing the Ability of Non-dermatology Physicians to Recognize Urgent Skin Diseases.

Introduction Many patients present to the emergency department with skin conditions that are not true dermatologic emergencies. Urgent skin conditions are uncommon. Because these conditions are rare, they can be sometimeschallenging to diagnose. Few works of literature discussed the accuracy of non-dermatologists' initial judgment on dermatologic conditions concluding that non-dermatologists misdiagnose many common and uncommon skin conditions. Because the study was never done in our region, we aim to conduct an online assessment using a questionnaire assessing the ability of non-dermatologists to recognize urgent skin diseases at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. Non-dermatologist physicians were contacted through their verified emails, provided by the secretaries of each department and the academic affairs unit. The questionnaire consisted of two main sections, the first section covered demographics, specialty, and academic level. The second part had eight questions, each containing a brief case scenario about an urgent dermatological condition with a picture of the condition attached. Participants were required to answer the questions and assess on a scale from one to 10 how confident they were about their answers. The responses were collected and analyzed. Results Out of all 161 responses, this study included 93 male physicians (57.8%) and 68 female physicians (42.2%). The mean age in the study was approximately 45 ± 3 years. This study showed that the percentage of accuracy by non-dermatologists in diagnosing urgent skin diseases given the typical presentation of the condition was (61.33%); nevertheless, the percentage decreased when it was recalculated in relation to the full level of confidence to (25.3%). Herpes zoster appeared to be the most recognizable urgent skin disease, and Pemphigus vulgaris was the least recognizable one. Conclusion This study shows that it is difficult for physicians to recognize some urgent skin diseases, which affects offering the optimum health care for the patients. Moreover, more dermatology-focused courses are needed to strengthen the knowledge about dermatological diseases.

The design and evaluation of a nudge‐based interface to facilitate consumers' evaluation of online health information credibility

AbstractEvaluating the quality of online health information (OHI) is a major challenge facing consumers. We designed PageGraph, an interface that displays quality indicators and associated values for a webpage, based on credibility evaluation models, the nudge theory, and existing empirical research concerning professionals' and consumers' evaluation of OHI quality. A qualitative evaluation of the interface with 16 participants revealed that PageGraph rendered the information and presentation nudges as intended. It provided the participants with easier access to quality indicators, encouraged fresh angles to assess information credibility, provided an evaluation framework, and encouraged validation of initial judgments. We then conducted a quantitative evaluation of the interface involving 60 participants using a between‐subject experimental design. The control group used a regular web browser and evaluated the credibility of 12 preselected webpages, whereas the experimental group evaluated the same webpages with the assistance of PageGraph. PageGraph did not significantly influence participants' evaluation results. The results may be attributed to the insufficiency of the saliency and structure of the nudges implemented and the webpage stimuli's lack of sensitivity to the intervention. Future directions for applying nudges to support OHI evaluation were discussed.

Abstract P1-05-06: Establishment of the breast ultrasound support system using deep-learning system

Abstract Although the categorization of ultrasound using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) has become widespread worldwide, the problem of inter-observer variability remains. To maintain uniformity in diagnostic accuracy, we have developed a novel artificial intelligence (AI) system in which AI can distinguish whether a static image obtained using a breast ultrasound represents BI-RADS3 or lower, or BI-RADS4a or higher, to determine the medical management that should be performed on a patient whose breast ultrasound shows abnormalities. To establish and validate the AI system, a training dataset consisting of 4,028 images containing 5,014 lesions and a test dataset consisting of 3,166 images containing 3,656 lesions were collected and annotated. We selected a setting that maximized the area under the curve (AUC) and minimized the difference in sensitivity and specificity by adjusting the internal parameters of the AI system, achieving an AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.95, 90.0%, and 88.5%, respectively. Furthermore, based on 30 images extracted from the test data, the diagnostic accuracy of 20 clinicians and the AI system was compared, and the AI system was found to be significantly superior to the clinicians (McNemar test, p < 0.001). Then, we conducted a trial to introduce the system for use in clinical practice. Physicians reviewed the images and determined whether they were BI-RADS3 or lower, or BI-RADS4a or higher. Next, the classification was performed again for the same images concerning the AI diagnosis. At this time, the initial judgment was allowed to be overturned. We checked whether there was any difference in the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity before and after reviewing to the AI diagnosis. Reviews by 24 physicians were evaluated: 4 Japanese Breast Cancer Society breast specialists, 5 non-specialists and physicians with experience treating more than 40 cases of breast cancer, and 15 non-specialists and physicians with no experience treating more than 40 cases of breast cancer. The average rate of accuracy before confirming the AI diagnosis increased to 73.1% after confirming the AI diagnosis (p=0.00548), compared to 69.3% on average before the AI diagnosis. Compared to practice experience, the accuracy increased from an average of 77.1% to 79.6% for the 9 physicians who were breast specialists or who had treated 40 or more cases of breast cancer. For the 15 physicians with less than 40 breast cancer cases, the average rate of accuracy increased from 64.7% to 69.2%. Furthermore, sensitivity increased significantly to an average of 99.7% after reviewing of the AI diagnosis from an average of 88.8% prior to reviewing the AI-diagnosis.(p< 0.01). Specificity increased from an average of 62.4% to 63.8% (p=0.433) after reviewing AI diagnosis. We showed that our AI system, when applied to clinical practice and used by physicians, contributes to the improvement of diagnostic accuracy. Our results indicated that our AI diagnostic system was sufficiently accurate to be used in the clinical practice. Citation Format: Erina Odani, Tetsu Hayashida, masayuki kikuchi, Aiko Nagayama, tomoko seki, maiko takahashi, Akiko Matsumoto, Takeshi Murata, Rurina Watanuki, Takamichi Yokoe, Ayako Nakashoji, Hinako Maeda, Tatsuya Onishi, Sota Asaga, Takashi Hojo, Hiromitsu Jinno, Keiichi Sotome, Akira Matsui, Akihiko Suto, Shigeru Imoto, Yuko Kitagawa. Establishment of the breast ultrasound support system using deep-learning system [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-05-06.

The Influence of English on Neologisms for Nonbinary Gender Identities and Sexual Orientations in Quebec French: Between Variation and Purism

This article creates a portrait of recent designations of nonbinary gender identities and sexual orientations in Quebec French. It addresses how purism and the condemnation of anglicisms played a part in this vocabulary. The most frequent neologisms in the French press in Quebec are LBGT* and queer. The Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF), Quebec’s official language institution, first condemned queer because of Quebec’s sensitive history with anglicisms and created allosexuel and altersexuel to replace it. However, these terms were found to be artificial and were not very successful, bringing the OQLF the change its initial normative judgment on queer, which is now accepted. More than the negative attitude toward anglicisms in Quebec, what played a major role in the circulation of those neologisms is the need for traditionally dominated groups to gain symbolic power by choosing their own labels, especially those used in a variety of languages worldwide, strengthening the sense of identity and belonging of historically marginalized groups and individuals.

Retracted] Construction of Land Ecological Sustainable Evaluation System Based on Dynamic Simulation and TOPSIS Model

Land has always been the resource on which human beings depend for survival and development, which not only provides space for survival but also is the fundamental source of productivity. With the development of commercialization and urbanization, land resources have been destroyed. As a basic living resource, sustainable land use is particularly important. According to the actual situation of regional resource conditions, with the help of TOPSIS model and dynamic simulation, the land ecological evaluation system is established, and the ecological sustainable development is carried out in the whole country, and the research on land greening is deepened. The results show that (1) the economic level of sustainable utilization of land resources has been continuously improved, from 0.15 to 0.38 in the main urban area, from 0.12 to 0.36 in the commercial area, from 0.1 to 0.37 in the suburbs, from 0.11 to 0.38 in the towns, and from 0.25 to 0.5 in the countryside, to provide economic support for ecological protection. (2) According to the use area of relevant land types, forest land and cultivated land occupy the largest with 32830 hm and 13953 hm, respectively, which are the largest usable areas and the most important resources for ecological protection. (3) In the calculation of future ecological construction area by relevant models, the overall coordination control is obtained from the initial high prediction judgment of 0.552 to 0.888. (4) From different development evaluation angles, the economic angle has always provided the greatest support for ecological protection, and its high‐level dependence level value is as high as 0.72, compared with 0.55 and 0.6 from the social angle and environmental angle, so the sustainable ecological protection construction needs a lot of economic support.

A Novel Belief Rule-Based Fault Diagnosis Method with Interpretability

Fault diagnosis plays an irreplaceable role in the normal operation of equipment. A fault diagnosis model is often required to be interpretable for increasing the trust between humans and the model. Due to the understandable knowledge expression and transparent reasoning process, the belief rule base (BRB) has extensive applications as an interpretable expert system in fault diagnosis. Optimization is an effective means to weaken the subjectivity of experts in BRB, where the interpretability of BRB may be weakened. Hence, to obtain a credible result, the weakening factors of interpretability in the BRB-based fault diagnosis model are firstly analyzed, which are manifested in deviation from the initial judgement of experts and over-optimization of parameters. For these two factors, three indexes are proposed, namely the consistency index of rules, consistency index of the rule base and over-optimization index, to measure the interpretability of the optimized model. Considering both the accuracy and interpretability of a model, an improved coordinate ascent (I-CA) algorithm is proposed to fine-tune the parameters of the fault diagnosis model based on BRB. In I-CA, the algorithm combined with the advance and retreat method and the golden section method is employed to be one-dimensional search algorithm. Furthermore, the random optimization sequence and adaptive step size are proposed to improve the accuracy of the model. Finally, a case study of fault diagnosis in aerospace relays based on BRB is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The Effects of Facial Trustworthiness and Facial Attractiveness on Children’s Preference Choices

Humans have evolved to acquire the ability to read facial information in order to access information resources more quickly. People can quickly make initial judgments and establish an impression of a person from facial-related information alone. In the social life of adults, facial trustworthiness and facial attractiveness have an important role as important components of facial information. The effects of these two on social interaction are also seen in children, thus influencing their judgment on some decisions. Discuss the impact of facial information received by children on their choices through separate accounts of children’s facial trustworthiness and facial attractiveness on children’s preference judgments, mainly in terms of peer choice preferences and choices in gaming choices. The results of this paper are that both facial credibility and facial attractiveness affect children’s choice preferences, with high trustworthiness and high attractiveness being more likely to be preferred; and that facial trustworthiness and facial attractiveness share similar patterns and can influence each other.

Selfish-dilemma consensus analysis for group decision making in the perspective of cooperative game theory

In group decision making, an adjustment mechanism is activated when individual decision information is evidently discrepant. This situation requires some decision makers (DMs) to revise their original judgments. This paper assumes that DMs are selfish, so none of them willingly adjust their initial judgments, and each always hopes any required adjustment will be as minimal. However, the egoism of the DMs may lead to the failure to reach a consensus. To cope with this issue, a fair and reasonable consensus adjustment mechanism is fundamental, one which can counteract the selfishness of DMs and promote consensus-reaching. To do this, we build a model to identify the minimum consensus adjustment of each DM, which relates to the root of the selfish dilemma. Then, we introduce the concept of selfish-dilemma consensus adjustment cooperative games, whose coalition payoffs are defined as the consensus adjustments that they have to undertake to avoid the selfish-dilemma. Furthermore, two payoff indices, the Shapley value and the nucleolus, are introduced for the minimum total consensus adjustment allocation, ensuring the DMs’ adjustments are as fair and reasonable as possible. Finally, a numerical example is offered, and a comparative analysis is made. This method is the first to focus on Pareto-optimal consensus adjustment allocation in a fair and efficient way.

K.H. Miskotte’s Efforts toward a Renewed Relationship with Judaism

Abstract K.H. Miskotte’s dissertation on The Essence of Judaism (1932) at once involved constructing a phenomenological Wesensschau, preparation for Jewish-Christian encounter, and engagements in intra-Protestant disputes. Around the Second World War, Miskotte’s writings simultaneously showed unconditional solidarity with the persecuted Jewish people and warned against Jewish influences on Protestantism. At the end of his life, Miskotte reflected with distress on the book of Rabbi Ignaz Maybaum, The Face of God after Auschwitz, and he returned to his initial judgment on liberal Judaism.

Modeling and Simulation of Crowd Pre-Evacuation Decision-Making in Complex Traffic Environments.

Human movements in complex traffic environments have been successfully simulated by various models. It is crucial to improve crowd safety and urban resilience. However, few studies focus on reproducing human behavior and predicting escape reaction time in the initial judgement stage in complex traffic environments. In this paper, a pedestrian pre-evacuation decision-making model considering pedestrian heterogeneity is proposed for complex environments. Firstly, the model takes different obvious factors into account, including cognition, information, experience, habits, stress, and decision-making ability. Then, according to the preference of the escapees, the personnel decision-making in each stage is divided into two types: stay and escape. Finally, multiple influencing factors are selected to construct the regression equation for prediction of the escape opportunity. The results show that: (1) Choices of escape opportunity are divided into several stages, which are affected by the pedestrian individual risk tolerance, risk categories strength, distance from danger, and reaction of the neighborhood crowd. (2) There are many important factors indicating the pedestrian individual risk tolerance, in which Gen, Group, Time and Mode are a positive correlation, while Age and Zone are a negative correlation. (3) The analysis of the natural response rate of different evacuation strategies shows that 19.81% of people evacuate immediately. The research in this paper can better protect public safety and promote the normal activities of the population.

Adhering to initial judgment: How power distance belief increases preference consistency

ABSTRACT This paper demonstrates that individuals with high (vs. low) power distance belief (PDB), who tend to support inequality in society, are reluctant to change their initial judgments when receiving preference inconsistent (vs. consistent) information, thereby showing a greater preference consistency effect through three studies. This effect is driven by high (vs. low) PDB individuals’ greater resistance to change. Specifically, high (vs. low) PDB individuals are less likely to change their initial judgment because they are more reluctant to make changes in their lives, which leads to a greater preference consistency effect. Furthermore, we demonstrate one important boundary condition: a positive affective state. Key implications are also discussed.

K.H. Miskotte: Naar een vernieuwde verhouding tot het Jodendom

K.H. Miskotte, towards a renewed Relationship with Judaism Miskotte’s dissertation on The Essence of Judaism (1932) contained a phenomenological ‘Wesensschau’, a preparation of Jewish-Christian encounter and an inner-protestant dispute at the same time. Around the Second World War too, unconditional solidarity with the persecuted Jewish people and warnings against Jewish influences on Protestantism were simultaneously present in his writings. At the end of his life, as it is presented here for the first time, Miskotte reflected in a disturbed mood on the book of rabbi Ignaz Maybaum, The Face of God after Auschwitz, and returned to his initial judgement on Liberal Judaism.