Initial Inclination Research Articles

Do discussions in like-minded groups necessarily lead to more extreme opinions? Deliberative democracy and group polarization

In today’s society, we can easily connect with people who share our ideas and interests. A problem with this development is that political reasoning in like-minded groups easily becomes lop-sided since there is little reason to critically examine information that everyone seems to agree with. Hence, there is a tendency for groups to become more extreme than the initial inclination of its members. We designed an experiment to test whether introducing deliberative norms in like-minded discussions can alleviate such group polarization. Based on their attitudes toward a linguistic minority, participants were divided into a positive and a negative opinion enclave. Within the two enclaves, the participants were randomly assigned to group discussions either with or without deliberative norms. Both face-to-face and online discussions were arranged. We found that free discussion without rules led to group polarization in like-minded groups, whereas polarization could be avoided in groups with deliberative norms.

Secular chaotic dynamics in hierarchical quadruple systems, with applications to hot Jupiters in stellar binaries and triples

Hierarchical quadruple systems arise naturally in stellar binaries and triples that harbour planets. Examples are hot Jupiters (HJs) in stellar triple systems, and planetary companions to HJs in stellar binaries. The secular dynamical evolution of these systems is generally complex, with secular chaotic motion possible in certain parameter regimes. The latter can lead to extremely high eccentricities and, therefore, strong interactions such as efficient tidal evolution. These interactions are believed to play an important role in the formation of HJs through high-eccentricity migration. Nevertheless, a deeper understanding of the secular dynamics of these systems is still lacking. Here, we study in detail the secular dynamics of a special case of hierarchical quadruple systems in either the ‘2+2' or ‘3+1' configurations. We show how the equations of motion can be cast in a form representing a perturbed hierarchical three-body system, in which the outer orbital angular-momentum vector is precessing steadily around a fixed axis. In this case, we show that eccentricity excitation can be significantly enhanced when the precession period is comparable to the Lidov–Kozai oscillation time-scale of the inner orbit. This arises from an induced large mutual inclination between the inner and outer orbits driven by the precession of the outer orbit, even if the initial mutual inclination is small. We present a simplified semi-analytic model that describes the latter phenomenon.

Outer Architecture of Kepler-11: Constraints from Coplanarity

Abstract The outer architectures of Kepler’s compact systems of multiple transiting planets remain poorly constrained, and few of these systems have lower bounds on the orbital distance of any massive outer planets. We infer a minimum orbital distance and upper limits on the inclination of a hypothetical Jovian-mass planet orbiting exterior to the six transiting planets at Kepler-11. Our constraints are derived from dynamical models together with observations provided by the Kepler mission. First, the lack of transit timing variations (TTV) in the outermost transiting planet Kepler-11 g imply that the system does not contain a Jovian-mass perturber within 2 au from the star. Second, we test under what initial conditions a Jovian-mass planet moderately inclined from the transiting planets would make their co-transiting configuration unlikely. The transiting planets are secularly coupled and exhibit small mutual inclinations over long timescales, although the outermost transiting planet, Kepler-11 g, is weakly coupled to the inner five. We rule out a Jovian-mass planet on a 3° inclination within 3.0 au, and higher inclinations out to farther orbital distances, unless an undetected planet exists orbiting in the dynamical gap between Kepler-11 f and Kepler-11 g. Our constraints depend little on whether we assume the six transiting planets of Kepler-11 were initially perfectly coplanar or whether a minimum initial mutual inclination between the transiting planets is adopted based on the measured impact parameters of the transiting planets.

GREY RELATION ANALYSIS OF SOLAR DRYING PROCESS PARAMETER ON COPRA

The methodology for the optimization of the drying parameters on solar drying of copra was investigated and studied in this paper. This paper investigates the influence of the process parameters like initial mass, inclination angle and time period on the output parameters such as weight reduction rate and moisture content. This investigation was carried out through taguchi methodology and grey relational analysis. Based on the analysis, optimum levels of parameters were determined and the same to validate through the confirmation test. The confirmation results reveals that, there is considerable improvement in weight reduction rate, moisture content and grey relational grade were improved by 37.36%, 32.28% and 32.94 % respectively. It is observed that the machining performance can be effectively improved with respect to initial parametric setting.

Resonance capture at arbitrary inclination – II. Effect of the radial drift rate

The effect of radial drift rate on mean motion resonance capture is studied for prograde, polar and retrograde orbits. We employ the numerical framework of our earlier exploration of resonance capture at arbitrary inclination. Randomly constructed samples of massless particles are set to migrate radially from outside the orbit of a Jupiter-mass planet at different drift rates totalling more than $1.6\times 10^6$ numerical simulations. Slower drift rates reduce overall capture probability especially for prograde orbits and enhance capture at specific initial inclinations of high order resonances such as the outer 1:5, 1:4, 1:3, 2:5, 3:7 and 5:7. Global capture is reduced with increasing eccentricity at all inclinations as high order resonances capture more particles that are subsequently lost by disruptive close encounters with the planet. The relative efficiency of retrograde resonances at long-lived capture with respect to prograde resonances is explained by the reduced effect of planet encounters as such events occur with a shorter duration and a higher relative velocity for retrograde motion. Capture in the coorbital 1:1 resonance is marginally affected by the radial drift rate except for nearly coplanar retrograde eccentric orbits whose capture likelihood is increased significantly with slower drift rates. An unexpected finding is the presence of a dynamical corridor for capture in high order inner prograde resonances with initial inclinations in the range [50$^\circ$,80$^\circ$] especially at the inner 5:2 resonance whose capture likelihood peaks at 80% to 90% depending on initial eccentricity.

The impact of the growth of thermally grown oxide layer on the propagation of surface cracks within thermal barrier coatings

Abstract Failure mechanisms of thermal barrier coating system (TBCs) are complicated, wherein spalling of ceramic top coat (TC) caused by the interfacial oxidation is the most important factor. The present paper focuses on clarifying the impact of continuous formation of thermally grown oxide (TGO) on the shielding/anti-shielding and deflection of surface cracks within the TC. The growth stress in the TC due to the expansion of TGO layer is taken into account by introducing a new three-layered model in TBCs where the initial residual stress in TC is also presented. The theory of material configurational force is innovatively used to analyze the influence of the growth of TGO layer on the crack-tip driving force, i.e., the Jk-integral. A fracture criterion is employed to predict the deflection of lengthways propagation of the surface crack via the maximum energy release rate associated with Jk-integral. The influences of the key factors such as the initial crack length, the initial crack inclination angle, the magnitude of growth eigenstrain of TGO, the dwelling time of TGO at elevated temperature on the propagation of surface cracks are analyzed. Numerical results verify that the growth of TGO layer significantly impacts the failure of TBCs, particularly the lateral growth behavior of TGO layer is the key factor influencing the initiation and propagation of surface crack at elevated temperature. The lateral expansion growth of TGO layer induced additional tensile stress in TC can accelerate the initiation of surface cracks. Furthermore, the TGO growth can partly suppress/enhance the deflection of surface crack depending on the inclination angle and the suppression/enhancement effect becomes stronger as the dwelling (oxidation) time increases.

Cephalometric appraisal of Class II treatment effects after functional and fixed appliances: a retrospective study.

To assess the dental, skeletal, and profile changes after functional appliances and subsequent fixed appliances treatment in order to quantify their effect and evaluate the influence of initial incisal inclination and growth pattern. A retrospective cephalometric analysis was performed in 125 patients (77 females and 48 males). Three lateral cephalograms per patient were available: before treatment (T0, mean age 11.9 years), after functional treatment (T1, mean age 12.9 years), and after fixed appliances (T2, mean age 14.8 years). At T1, a decrease of SNA (0.38° ± 0.77, P < 0.05), an increase of SNB (1.46° ± 0.66, P < 0.05), and a less convex profile (increase N'-Sn'-Pog' of 2.93° ± 0.87, P < 0.05) were observed as compared to T0. The position of the upper incisors normalizes: initially retroclined upper incisors showed proclination and proclined incisors retroclination. At T1, proclination of the lower incisors was also noticed, being smaller the higher the initial I^NB. At T2, no significant changes in upper and lower incisor position were noticed compared to T1, as well as a decrease of the SNA (1.17° ± 0.75, P < 0.001) and SNB angles (0.41° ± 0.64, P < 0.05) and a stable profile convexity. The improvement of the Class II relationship at T1 was mostly due to dentoalveolar changes: correction of the upper incisor position and proclination of the lower incisors. Skeletal changes were also noticed: constriction of maxillary growth combined with a growth stimulation of the mandible. At T2, no further proclination of the lower incisors was noticed.

Formation of the Andromeda giant stream: asymmetric structure and disc progenitor

We focus on the evidence of a past minor merger discovered in the halo of the Andromeda galaxy (M31). Previous N-body studies have enjoyed moderate success in producing the observed giant stellar stream (GSS) and stellar shells in M31's halo. The observed distribution of stars in the halo of M31 shows an asymmetric surface brightness profile across the GSS; however, the effect of the morphology of the progenitor galaxy on the internal structure of the GSS requires further investigation in theoretical studies. To investigate the physical connection between the characteristic surface brightness in the GSS and the morphology of the progenitor dwarf galaxy, we systematically vary the thickness, rotation velocity and initial inclination of the disc dwarf galaxy in N-body simulations. The formation of the observed structures appears to be dominated by the progenitor's rotation. Besides reproducing the observed GSS and two shells in detail, we predict additional structures for further observations. We predict the detectability of the progenitor's stellar core in the phase-space density distribution, azimuthal metallicity gradient of the western shell-like structure and an additional extended shell in the north-western direction that may constrain the properties of the progenitor galaxy.

Simulation of Deformation and Aggregation of Two Red Blood Cells in a Stenosed Microvessel by Dissipative Particle Dynamics.

The motion of two red blood cells in a stenosed microvessel was simulated using dissipative particle dynamics. The effects of intercellular interaction, red blood cell deformability and the initial cell orientation on the deformation and aggregation of the RBCs and on the flow resistance were investigated. The red blood cell membrane was treated as a three-dimensional coarse-grained network model and the intercellular interaction was modeled by the Morse potential based on a depletion-mediated assumption. It is shown that the flow resistance increases dramatically when the red blood cells enter into the stenosis and decreases rapidly as RBCs move away from the stenosis. Particularly, for a pair of stiffer red blood cells with the initial inclination angle of 90°, the maximum value of the flow resistance is larger; while a higher flow resistance can also come from a stronger aggregation. For a pair of stiffer red blood cells moving parallel to the main flow, when their positions are closer to the vessel wall at the upstream of the stenosis, the flow resistance increases due to the migration to the vessel center at the stenosis. In addition, for a pair of red blood cells with the initial inclination angle of 0°, the flow resistance from the aggregate formed by a pair of red blood cells with a larger deformation is higher.

Secular and tidal evolution of circumbinary systems

We investigate the secular dynamics of three-body circumbinary systems under the effect of tides. We use the octupolar non-restricted approximation for the orbital interactions, general relativity corrections, the quadrupolar approximation for the spins, and the viscous linear model for tides. We derive the averaged equations of motion in a simplified vectorial formalism, which is suitable to model the long-term evolution of a wide variety of circumbinary systems in very eccentric and inclined orbits. In particular, this vectorial approach can be used to derive constraints for tidal migration, capture in Cassini states, and stellar spin-orbit misalignment. We show that circumbinary planets with initial arbitrary orbital inclination can become coplanar through a secular resonance between the precession of the orbit and the precession of the spin of one of the stars. We also show that circumbinary systems for which the pericenter of the inner orbit is initially in libration present chaotic motion for the spins and for the eccentricity of the outer orbit. Because our model is valid for the non-restricted problem, it can also be applied to any three-body hierarchical system such as star-planet-satellite systems and triple stellar systems.

A new, cost-effective solar photoactive system N-ZnO@polyester fabric for degradation of recalcitrant compound in a continuous flow reactor

A novel solar photoactive system, consisting of N-ZnO particles coated on a polyester fabric (PF), is prepared using a simple heat attachment method. The photocatalytic activity of the photoactive system (N-ZnO@PF) for amaranth (AM) degradation is studied in a circulation thin-film fixed-bed reactor (TFFBR) under solar light. The presence of N-ZnO particles evenly coated on the PF surface is verified by XRD, ATR-FTIR, and SEM analyses. On the basis of DRS analysis, N-ZnO@PF is shown to have remarkable visible-NIR absorbance. N doping, which is confirmed by XPS and NEXAFS analyses, is responsible for a remarkable spectral response. As initial AM concentration, flow rate, reactor inclination, and salinity increases, the AM degradation decreases. AM degradation reaches to 99.2% at 10mg/L concentration. The IUPAC figures-of-merit are comparable to those of some existing photoactive systems with advantages of simple construction, easy maintenance, and low costs of investment.

Satellite de-orbiting via controlled solar radiation pressure

The goal of the present research was to study the use of solar radiation pressure to place a satellite in an orbit that makes it to re-enter the atmosphere of the Earth. This phase of the mission is usual, since the orbital space around the Earth is crowded and all satellites have to be discarded after the end of their lifetimes. The technique proposed here is based on a device that can increase and decrease the area-to-mass ratio of the satellite when it is intended to reduce its altitude until a re-entry point is reached. Equations that predict the evolution of the eccentricity and semi-major axis of the orbit of the satellite are derived and can be used to allow the evaluation of the time required for the decay of the satellite. Numerical simulations are made, and they show the time required for the decay as a function of the area-to-mass ratio and the evolution of the most important orbital elements. The results show maps that indicate regions of fast decays as a function of the area-to-mass ratio and the initial inclination of the orbit of the satellite. They also confirmed the applicability of the equations derived here. The numerical results showed the role played by the evection and the Sun-synchronous resonances in the de-orbiting time.

An experimental study on water entry of asymmetric wedges

The aim of the paper is to provide an experimental reference for investigation of asymmetric water entry of wedges. Parameters of the study include initial deadrise angle, inclination angle and impact speed. Initial deadrise angles of the wedges were 20° and 30° with inclination angles ranging from 0° to 15° in 5° increments. Wedges were freely fallen from three different heights. Time histories of impact pressure and body acceleration were recorded. Sampling rate of measurements were set to 25KHz. Main configuration of each test including mass of the wedge and water level were kept unchanged during all experiments. Additionally, several calibration tests were conducted to assess the repeatability and accuracy of the recorded data. The experimental results are compared with different entry theories and other available experiments. The comparison shows a reasonable agreement and indicates that the inclination angle can dramatically affect the impact pressure experienced by the wedges. Finally, the results show that the traditional asymmetric theories are not appropriate for all inclination angles.

William Howard Taft, the 1908 Election, and the Future of the American Presidency

Although the first presidential election where both major party candidates (William Howard Taft and William Jennings Bryan) hit the campaign trail, the election of 1908 is a neglected election. When scholars do address it, they typically focus on retiring incumbent president Theodore Roosevelt and his role therein. This article turns the focus away from Roosevelt, and also Bryan, and places it firmly on Taft, a reluctant candidate. Taft's role in 1908 is important because his very reluctance to embrace the changing expectations of the presidency helps to highlight the tensions between the old and new ways of campaigning and, more broadly, the traditional and modern presidencies.The article first addresses Taft's decision to abandon his “front-porch” campaign. Taft's initial inclination toward a front-porch campaign reveals well his more traditional approach to the election and to the presidency in general, just as his decision to abandon this plan and “stump” for votes reflects his submission to developing trends and expectations. Second, the article examines the changing role of technology, this election being the first to feature phonograph recordings of the candidates, which would then be sold—and played—across the country. Third, the tours and speeches of Taft in the 1908 general election take center stage. The spectacle of these tours offers further evidence of the changing contours of American politics and presidential leadership, especially in elevating the personalities of the candidates. Finally, the 1908 election is examined from the standpoint of American political development and presidential history.

Factors influencing soft tissue profile changes following orthodontic treatment in patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion.

BackgroundSeveral studies have shown soft tissue profile changes after orthodontic treatment in Class II Division 1 patients. However, a few studies have described factors influencing the soft tissue changes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the soft tissue profile changes following orthodontic treatment in Class II Division 1 patients.MethodsThe subjects comprised 104 Thai patients age 8–16 years who presented Class II Division 1 malocclusions and were treated with different orthodontic modalities comprising cervical headgear, Class II traction and extraction of the four first premolars. The profile changes were evaluated from the lateral cephalograms before and after treatment by means of the X-Y coordinate system. Significant soft tissue profile changes were evaluated by paired t test at a 0.05 significance level. The correlations among significant soft tissue changes and independent variables comprising treatment modality, age, sex, pretreatment skeletal, dental and soft tissue morphology were evaluated by stepwise multiple regression analysis at a 0.05 significance level.ResultsThe multiple regression analysis indicated that different treatment modalities, age, sex, pretreatment skeletal, dental and soft tissue morphology were related to the profile changes. The predictive power of these variables on the soft tissue profile changes ranged from 9.9 to 40.3 %.ConclusionsPrediction of the soft tissue profile changes following treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusion from initial patient morphology, age, sex and types of treatment was complicated and required several variables to explain their variations. Upper lip change in horizontal direction could be found only at the stomion superius and was less predictable than those of the lower lip. Variations in upper lip retraction at the stomion superius were explained by types of treatment (R2 = 0.099), whereas protrusion of the lower lip at the labrale inferius was correlated with initial inclination of the lower incisor (L1 to NB), jaw relation (ANB angle), lower lip thickness and sex (R2 = 0.403). Prediction of chin protrusion at the soft tissue pogonion was also low predictable (R2 = 0.190) depending upon sex, age and initial mandibular plane angle (SN-GoGn). Additionally, age and sex also had mainly effect on change of the soft tissue profile in the vertical direction.

The formation efficiency of close-in planets via Lidov–Kozai migration: analytic calculations

Lidov-Kozai oscillations of planets in stellar binaries, combined with tidal dissipation, can lead to the formation of hot Jupiters (HJs) or tidal disruption of planets. Recent population synthesis studies have found that the fraction of systems resulting in HJs (F_HJ) depends strongly on the planet mass, host stellar type and tidal dissipation strength, while the total migration fraction F_mig = F_ HJ + F_dis (including both HJ formation and tidal disruption) exhibits much weaker dependence. We present an analytical method for calculating F_HJ and F_mig in the Lidov-Kozai migration scenario. The key ingredient of our method is to determine the critical initial planet-binary inclination angle that drives the planet to reach sufficiently large eccentricity for efficient tidal dissipation or disruption. This calculation includes the effects of the octupole potential and short-range forces on the planet. Our analytical method reproduces the resulting planet migration/disruption fractions from population synthesis, and can be easily implemented for various planet, stellar/companion types, and for different distributions of initial planetary semi-major axes, binary separations and eccentricities. We extend our calculations to planets in the super-Earth mass range and discuss the conditions for such planets to survive Lidov-Kozai migration and form close-in rocky planets.

Conjunction challenges of low-thrust geosynchronous debris removal maneuvers

The conjunction challenges of low-thrust engines for continuous thrust re-orbiting of geosynchronous (GEO) objects to super-synchronous disposal orbits are investigated, with applications to end-of-life mitigation and active debris removal (ADR) technologies. In particular, the low maneuverability of low-thrust systems renders collision avoidance a challenging task. This study investigates the number of conjunction events a low-thrust system could encounter with the current GEO debris population during a typical re-orbit to 300km above the GEO ring. Sensitivities to thrust level and initial longitude and inclination are evaluated, and the impact of delaying the start time for a re-orbiting maneuver is assessed. Results demonstrate that the mean number of conjunctions increases hyperbolically as thrust level decreases, but timing the start of the maneuver appropriately can reduce the average conjunction rate when lower thrust levels are applied.

A numerical investigation on the eccentricity growth of GNSS disposal orbits

We present the results of an extensive numerical exploration performed on the eccentricity growth in MEO associated with two possible end-of-life disposal strategies for GNSS satellites. The study calls attention to the existence of values of initial inclination, longitude of ascending node, and argument of perigee that are more advantageous in terms of long-term stability of the orbit. The important role of the initial epoch and a corresponding periodicity are also shown. The present investigation is influential in view of recent analytical and numerical developments on the chaotic nature of the region due to lunisolar perturbations, but also for the upcoming Galileo and BeiDou constellations.

Believing there is no free will corrupts intuitive cooperation

Regardless of whether free will exists, believing that it does affects one’s behavior. When an individual’s belief in free will is challenged, one can become more likely to act in an uncooperative manner. The mechanism behind the relationship between one’s belief in free will and behavior is still debated. The current study uses an economic contribution game under varying time constraints to elucidate whether reducing belief in free will allows one to justify negative behavior or if the effects occur at a more intuitive level of processing. Here we show that although people are intuitively cooperative, challenging their belief in free will corrupts this behavior, leading to impulsive selfishness. If given time to think, however, people are able to override the initial inclination toward self-interest induced by discouraging a belief in free will.

Energy harvesting by flow-induced flutter in a simple model of an inverted piezoelectric flag

Two-dimensional numerical simulations are used to study the coupled fluid–structure–electric interaction of a simple model of an inverted piezoelectric flag, and to investigate the dynamics of the flow–structure interaction of this configuration as well as its energy harvesting performance. In particular, the dynamic response of the inverted flag as well as the associated flow patterns are examined for a range of inertia, bending stiffness and Reynolds numbers, and categorized into distinct vibrational states based on the symmetry of the motion as well as the amplitude. Simulations indicate that large-amplitude vibrations can be achieved over a large range of parameters and there is also evidence of lock-on between the flag flutter and the intrinsic wake shedding phenomenon. The initial inclination of the flag to the prevailing flow is found to significantly affect the flutter performance for inclination angles exceeding $15^{\circ }$. The state with large symmetric flutter is identified as being most promising for energy harvesting, and the effect of piezoelectric material parameters on the energy harvesting performance of this flutter state is examined in detail. The maximum energy efficiency of the flags is found to be approximately $7\,\%$, and the maximum occurs when there is a match between the time scales of flutter and the intrinsic time scale of the piezoelectric circuit. The simulations are used to examine a simple scaling law that could be used to predict the energy harvesting performance of such devices.