Initial Expectations Research Articles

Development and validation of the project manager skills scale (PMSS): An empirical approach

This paper presents the development and validation of the Project Manager Skills Scale (PMSS), a novel instrument designed to quantify and evaluate the critical skills of project managers. The PMSS is anchored in a comprehensive literature review and expert feedback and identifies five key dimensions of project manager skills: Technical Skills, Managerial Competences, Communication Skills, Management Style-Leadership, and Technological and Methodological Competences. The discovery of an additional fifth dimension in this study underscores the multidimensional nature of project manager skills and deviates from the initial four-cluster expectation outlined in the project management literature. The research framework employed in this study incorporated exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Empirical data were gathered from 257 project managers. The criteria for respondent selection were familiarity with the concept of project management and current or past engagement in a project. The findings reveal the relative importance of each dimension and highlight the multifaceted nature of project management. The study emphasizes the need for a balanced skill set that encompasses technical expertise, managerial competences, communication skills, leadership qualities, and technological and methodological competences to achieve successful project outcomes. Despite its significant contributions, this study acknowledges its limitations in terms of geographical scope and sample diversity and suggests future research directions for the development of a universally applicable understanding of project manager skills.

How Real Interest Rate Influences Real GDP, CPI and Unemployment Rate in EU countries

The article aims to use linear regression model to analyze quantitative correlation of real interest rate and three economic indices, namely real GDP, CPI and unemployment rate based on data of France, Germany and Italy. When the government tries to control the economic condition by adjusting interest rate, a clear quantitative correlation between interest rate and some important economic indices can make the consequence more controllable. A research based on real data can also help avoid mistake due to inconsistency between theoretical model and real life. As a result, the final model reveals that real GDP is negatively correlated with real interest rate, while CPI and unemployment rate are both positively correlated with real interest rate in short term, which is opposite to the initial expectation of CPI and unemployment rate. Such consequence may suggest the government to consider the possible opposite result in short term when they try to adjust the price level by altering real interest rate, as well as the unexpected change in unemployment rate.

Effects of lockdowns on neurobiological and psychometric parameters in unipolar depression during the COVID-19 pandemic

Defying the COVID-19 pandemic required restriction measures of unprecedented scale, that may induce and exacerbate psychiatric symptoms across the population. We aimed to assess in vivo dynamic effects of mitigation strategies on human brain neurobiology, neuroplastic as well as psychometric parameters. Three structural magnetic resonance imaging measurements, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (sBDNF) analyses, and psychometric assessments (Beck Depression Inventory-II and Perceived Stress Questionnaire-20) were performed in healthy individuals and patients with a recurrent major depressive disorder in the period from September 2020 to July 2021. Group differences and changes over time in structural imaging, neuroplastic and psychometric parameters were assessed with linear mixed models. Analysis of data from 18 patients with a recurrent major depressive disorder and 28 healthy individuals showed clinically relevant scores for depression and stress in the patient group as well as significant cross-sectional differences in depression scores (F = 30.89, p < 0.001) and three subscales of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (Worries: F = 19.19, p < 0.001, Tension: F = 34.44, p < 0.001, Joy: F = 12.05, p = 0.001). Linear mixed models revealed no significant changes over time in cortical thickness of the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala (F = 0.29, p > 0.1) and no interaction with group (F = 0.28, p > 0.1). Further, analysis revealed no main effect of time and no interaction of time x group in depressive symptoms, perceived stress subscales, and sBDNF (all p > 0.1). Despite the limited sample size, the strength of this investigation lies in the multimodal assessment of peri-pandemic lockdown effects. Nine months of varying restrictions measures did not result in observable changes in brain morphology nor impact depressive symptoms in either psychiatric patients with a recurrent major depressive disorder or healthy individuals. While these neurobiological and psychometric data stand in contrast to initial expectations about the effects of restriction measures, they might inform future investigations of longitudinal effects of restriction measures on mental health.

What makes an awfully good oxymoron?

AbstractOxymorons combine two opposite terms in a paradoxical manner. They are closely intertwined with antonymy, since the union of antonymous items creates the paradoxical effect of the oxymoron and generates a new meaning. Compared to other forms of figurative language, oxymorons are largely underinvestigated. We explored what makes good oxymorons through a crowdsourcing task in which we asked participants to judge the acceptability, comprehensibility, effectiveness/aptness, commonness, pleasantness, and humoristic connotation of Italian adjective–noun oxymorons. We hypothesized that oxymorons featuring morphologically related antonyms (felice infelicità ‘happy unhappiness’) may be perceived to be better than oxymorons featuring morphologically unrelated antonyms (felice tristezza ‘happy sadness’) and that oxymorons constructed by complementaries (esatta inesattezza ‘exact inexactness’) may be perceived to be better than oxymorons constructed by contraries (bella bruttezza ‘beautiful ugliness’). The results confirmed only partially our hypotheses: oxymorons with complementaries were perceived as more acceptable, comprehensible, effective/apt, common, whereas no strong trend was found for the other two dimensions. Surprisingly, our analyses revealed that oxymoronic constructions containing morphologically unrelated words were perceived as more acceptable, comprehensible, effective/apt, common, pleasant, contradicting our initial expectations.

IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY FOR DARK HERITAGE INTERPRETATION: THE CASE OF ŽANIS LIPKE MEMORIAL

The article will focus on the use of immersive virtual reality experiences in the interpretation of the dark heritage for young audiences. Here, through a case study of the Žanis Lipke Memorial, a new virtual reality experience was tested with young people, evaluating the benefits and shortcomings of this tool in conveying the story of the largest Jewish rescue mission at the time of the Holocaust in Latvia. Given that every heritage institution aims to pass on the heritage to future generations, it is also essential for them to keep up with the practices of the new generation of the digital natives in their information-seeking, education and leisure-time habits, given that technology plays a pivotal role in their daily life. While virtual reality is often associated with the entertainment and gaming industries, it is also increasingly used in educational processes, in this case – as an interpretive tool in educating people about the Jewish rescue mission and Holocaust at the Memorial. Young people in the focus groups acknowledged the emotional, embodied and implicit learning aspects of the virtual reality experience, but also pointed out some spatial and technological shortcomings of it. While some had relatively low initial expectations about the innovativeness of the Memorial, in the end, most recognised that the high-quality, realistic and historically accurate immersive virtual reality experience, combined with a physical tour at the Memorial, provided a deeper understanding of the historical event in question.

Quantum Dot-Based Immunoassays: Unraveling Sensitivity Discrepancies and Charting Future Frontiers.

The 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry honors the groundbreaking contributions of Alexei Ekimov, Louis Brus, and Moungi Bawendi to the field of quantum dots (QDs). In this spirit, we developed a direct competitive QD fluorescence immunoassay (dc-QD-FLISA) to detect aristolochic acid type I (AAI), a potent carcinogen found in herbal remedies. Unexpectedly, the dc-QD-FLISA exhibited lower sensitivity than that of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA), contrary to our initial expectations. This discrepancy in the sensitivity prompted a comprehensive analysis of the entire experimental process. We propose that steric hindrance between QDs and antigen-binding sites on antibodies may significantly diminish the binding efficiency, reducing sensitivity within the dc-QD-FLISA method. Furthermore, issues such as buffer conditions, antibody handling, and separation methods are also contributing factors. We recommend site-directed QD modification and stringent consideration of the experimental conditions. This study not only provides insights into QD-based immunoassays but also highlights the need for future advancements in immunoassay technology in terms of augmenting sensitivity and specificity, potentially revolutionizing disease diagnosis, biomarker discovery, and biomedical research.

Analysis of The Expectations of Gresik Residents in Searching for Tourist Information Through Hashtags and Geotags on Instagram

This research aims to analyze the process of forming tourists' expectations through the use of information search features such as hashtags and geotags on the social media platform Instagram. Social media has transformed how information is disseminated and consumed through usergenerated content. On Instagram, users are not only passive consumers but also active providers and consumers of information. They can freely share their travel experiences through posts that are tagged with hashtags and geotags. By searching using hashtags and geotags, tourists' initial expectations are formed. This research utilizes a case study method with a qualitative approach, conducting interviews with 10 individuals through purposive sampling, and content analysis to examine the formation of tourist expectations through hashtags and geotags on Instagram. The results of the study indicate that user interaction through hashtags and geotags plays a crucial role in shaping expectations. Search features such as hashtags and geotags support the formation of tourists' initial expectations, encompassing the geographical overview of a place to nearby accommodations. Additionally, visually appealing content and information contained in tags or captions also play a vital role in users' decision-making

The Role of Subjective Socioeconomic Status in Predicting Academic Performance: Exploring the Mediating Influence of Sense of Belonging among Students in a Distance Learning University.

Building upon existing research conducted in face-to-face universities, our research explored whether, in the context of a distance learning institution, the positive association between subjective socioeconomic status and academic performance can be explained by students' sense of belonging. To that end, we conducted a three-wave correlational study with 2,261 students enrolled in Social Psychology in a distance learning university. At the start of the academic year, we measured participants' subjective socioeconomic status relative to other students alongside their initial expectations in terms of time investment and grades and other relevant covariates. Midway through the course, we assessed their sense of belonging to the university and, at the end, we recorded their grades. Results suggested that sense of belonging potentially serves as a mediating factor in the positive relationship between subjective socioeconomic status and grades even after accounting for variables like initial grade expectations, time commitment, gender, age, and employment situation. These findings emphasize the pivotal role of students' psychological connection to the university in shaping their academic achievement, even within the expanding landscape of distance education.

Occurrence of COVID-19 in cystic fibrosis patients: a review.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic ailment caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. This autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by diverse pathobiological abnormalities, such as the disorder of CFTR channels in mucosal surfaces, caused by inadequate clearance of mucus and sputum, in addition to the malfunctioning of mucous organs. However, the primary motive of mortality in CF patients is pulmonary failure, which is attributed to the colonization of opportunistic microorganisms, formation of resistant biofilms, and a subsequent decline in lung characteristics. In December 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of the radical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a worldwide public health crisis, which unexpectedly spread not only within China but also globally. Given that the respiration system is the primary target of the COVID-19 virus, it is crucial to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the pathogenesis and mortality of CF patients, mainly in the context of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Therefore, the goal of this review is to comprehensively review the present literature on the relationship between cystic fibrosis, COVID-19 contamination, and development of ARDS. Several investigations performed during the early stages of the virus outbreak have discovered unexpected findings regarding the occurrence and effectiveness of COVID-19 in individuals with CF. Contrary to initial expectancies, the rate of infection and the effectiveness of the virus in CF patients are lower than those in the overall population. This finding may be attributed to different factors, including the presence of thick mucus, social avoidance, using remedies that include azithromycin, the fairly younger age of CF patients, decreased presence of ACE-2 receptors, and the effect of CFTR channel disorder on the replication cycle and infectivity of the virus. However, it is important to notice that certain situations, which include undergoing a transplant, can also doubtlessly boost the susceptibility of CF patients to COVID-19. Furthermore, with an increase in age in CF patients, it is vital to take into account the prevalence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in this population. Therefore, ordinary surveillance of CF patients is vital to evaluate and save the population from the capability of transmission of the virus given the various factors that contribute to the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in this precise organization.

The relative effect of job demands, resources, and personal resources on teaching quality and students’ engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic’s school closures and the distance education that resulted from it, teachers were faced with an increasing workload and significant changes in their working environment. Because increased workload can result not only in worsened mental health and lower work motivation, but also in worsened learning outcomes, this article explores how teacher-perceived job demands, job resources, and personal resources are related to teachers’ assessment of teaching quality and student engagement during the pandemic. Using the data of 1,422 8th grade teachers in Slovenia from the IEA Responses to Educational Disruptions Survey (REDS) survey, this study also explores the perceived level of support from different institutional actors and the utility of Job demands-resources model for this specific group of workers in a specific work setting. The results show that the teachers of 8th graders in Slovenia perceived a higher level of support from their closest working environment compared to the national bureaucracy. In terms of job demands, the increased workload in preparing the lessons had negative effect on both teaching quality and student engagement, while the reported increase in time spent on direct work with students and social support received (a job resource) contributed positively to both outcome variables. In line with theoretical expectations, personal resources were positive predictors of teaching quality and student engagement in our model. Compared with the initial expectations this study had based on the underlying theoretical model, the results paint a complex relationship between job characteristics and learning outcomes during distance learning. Thus, some of the challenges both teachers and policy-makers face and will continue to face in possible similar situations are discussed.

The effects of context and characteristics of women entrepreneurs on innovation performance

Drawing on institutional and upper echelons theories, this study delves into the underexplored intersection of gender, context, and innovation performance among women entrepreneurs in Ecuador. Based on a sample of 45 women entrepreneurs, the study employs a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and identifies six distinct paths to innovation performance. Contrary to initial expectations, our research findings substantiate that both institutional and social factors play a key role in fostering innovation in women-led firms in Ecuador. This innovation is facilitated by establishing close and frequent interpersonal connections, as well as by the age of the female entrepreneurs. Conversely, certain individual variables traditionally associated with innovation, such as education level or prior experience, manifest only sporadically. Our research enriches the discourse in gender and innovation studies by employing a multilevel approach and provides valuable insights into female entrepreneurial leadership’s contribution to advancing developing economies. JEL CLASSIFICATION: O32; J16

Prevalence of Exercise Related Amenorrhea in Females

Background: Amenorrhea in physically active women is a significant health concern, often associated with intensive exercise and dietary patterns. Understanding its prevalence and influencing factors is essential for devising effective health interventions and promoting women's health in sports. Objective: The study aimed to explore the prevalence of amenorrhea among women regularly engaged in sports or gym activities and to identify key factors affecting menstrual health in this demographic. Methods: This cross-sectional survey, spanning six months, included 71 female athletes aged 13-37 from two fitness centers in Lahore. The research employed non-probability convenient sampling. Data collection was achieved using the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) and the Female Athlete Screening Tool (FAST). Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. Results: The participants' mean age was 28.35 ± 5.02 years, with an average BMI of 27.90 ± 3.6. Among them, 18.3% had a normal BMI, 52.1% were underweight, and 29.6% were obese. LEAF-Q results indicated that 70% of participants experienced moderate menstrual disturbances, while 20% had slight disturbances without a clinical diagnosis of amenorrhea. The overall prevalence of amenorrhea was 1.41%. Influential factors included BMI, education, awareness, and guidance from fitness professionals. Conclusion: Contrary to initial expectations of a higher prevalence, the study discovered a relatively low occurrence of amenorrhea (1.41%) among active women. This underlines the importance of targeted educational and support interventions in fitness settings to manage menstrual health. Future research should further examine the interplay between exercise, diet, and menstrual health to improve care for female athletes.

Stop trying to predict elections only with twitter – There are other data sources and technical issues to be improved

Since the popularization of social media (SM) platforms, researchers have been trying to use their data to predict electoral results. Previous surveys point out that the most used approach is based on volume and sentiment analysis of posts on Twitter. However, they are almost unanimous in presenting that the results are not better than chance. In this context, this study aims to investigate the feasibility of predicting electoral results based only on Twitter, discover the main issues, and draw guidelines for future alternative directions. For this, we reviewed the evolution of election polling and predictions, including the “polling crises” of 1936 and 1948, and their similarities with current approaches. We also built on the official SM platforms' documentation and on our experience collecting and analyzing large-scale data from many SM platforms. Lastly, we analyzed nine reviews on predicting elections with SM data from 2013 to 2021. We observed that, contrary to initial expectations, most of the current research with Twitter has been unable to solve many of the challenges encountered since initial studies, and also shares many of the characteristics of unsuccessful straw polls performed before 1936. We illustrate that by highlighting the impracticability of polling over Twitter due to several biases and technical barriers, the need for external data, the high dependency on the arbitrary decisions of researchers, and the constant change in platforms' scenarios, that may invalidate specific models. Lastly, we indicate some of the possible future directions, such as a focus on creating repeatable processes; the use of SM data as part of statistical models, instead of polling; diversifying the input data sources, including multiple SM platforms and non-SM data such as polls and economic indicators; using machine learning for regression of the vote share, rather than for sentiment analysis; and dealing with the uncertainty of the highly divergent polling results.

Exploring the Cargo Potential: A Comprehensive Analysis of Kertajati Airport

Kertajati Airport was constructed to cater the growing demand from West Java Province and its surrounding areas, aiming to address the limitations faced by the previous airport, Husein Sastranegara International Airport in Bandung. The intention was to relieve pressure from Soekarno-Hatta International Airport and accommodate passengers from the former airport. However, since its inauguration in 2018, the airport's activities have fallen short of initial expectations. In response to this challenge, the West Java Provincial Government has strategized to reposition Kertajati Airport as a dedicated cargo-centric facility, aiming to pivot its focus to a financial solution. This study encompasses an in-depth analysis of the cargo potential, considering the key commodities within West Java, strategies for cargo transfer from Soekarno-Hatta and Husein Sastranegara airports, estimated travel time and associated costs to Kertajati Airport, and the most efficient aircraft types for cargo transportation. The findings reveal that Kertajati Airport's catchment area encompasses 19 districts/cities (70%) within West Java and 3 districts/cities (9%) in Central Java. The demand forecasting analysis projects the volume for international and domestic cargo in 2028 originating from Soekarno-Hatta Airport, indicating a 13% transfer, are 62 tons and 56 tons, respectively. Concurrently, the anticipated demand volume for international and domestic cargo transfer from Husein Sastranegara Airport in 2023 are 4 tons and 30 tons, respectively. The concentration of cargo potential lies prominently in areas rich in key commodities, notably Bandung City, Bandung Barat District, Tasikmalaya District, Garut District, and Sumedang District. The results indicate that there is a potential to promote the Kertajati Airport into a cargo-centric facility. More deep research with more data will give more confidence to focus in developing this facility.

To what extent are early alliance perceptions a function of romantic partners' initial expectations for couple therapy?

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the association between clients' initial outcome expectations and their subsequent perceptions of the expanded therapeutic alliance. Romantic partners (N = 252) who received at least four sessions of systemic couple therapy from thirty‐one therapists from the Marriage and Family Therapy Practice Research Network (Johnson et al., 2017; www.mft‐prn.net) completed an outcome expectation measure before session 1 and a therapeutic alliance measure before session 4. Results showed a strong association between expectations and alliance (r = 0.51). While fourteen per cent of the variability in session 4 alliance scores was uniquely attributable to therapists, 31.6 per cent of the variability in the expectations/alliance association was uniquely attributable to couples, with only 6.1 per cent uniquely attributable to individual clients. Taken together, these results suggest that, while some therapists are better at developing strong alliances, couple and client factors associated with expectations for therapy set the stage for how the expanded alliance develops.

A dark side of retargeting? How advertisements that follow users affect post-purchase consumer behavior: Evidence from the tourism industry in Saudi Arabia

This study aims to explore the complex effects of post-purchase retargeting ads on consumer behavior, with a focus on expectation confirmation, satisfaction, and repurchase intentions. Additionally, it examines the influence of time spent online on these effects. Anchored in expectation confirmation theory (ECT), the study analyzes responses from 396 Saudi Arabian e-tourism customers who encountered competitive retargeting ads after purchasing an e-tourism package. The analysis employs partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and multigroup analysis (MGA) to test the hypotheses. A notable finding is the direct negative impact of retargeting ads on expectation confirmation: increased exposure to such ads post-purchase seems to diminish the perception that initial expectations of the product or service are being met. The negative effect of these ads also indirectly influences satisfaction and repurchase intentions. Furthermore, the MGA results indicate variations in this negative impact based on the time spent online. Specifically, the more time consumers spend online, the stronger the negative impact, leading to a significant decrease in satisfaction and repurchase intentions. These insights reveal the complex nature of post-purchase retargeting ads and underscore the importance of accounting for consumers’ online behavior. They offer valuable direction for marketers to refine retargeting strategies to better resonate with consumer expectations.

Editorial Presentation - Perspectives on innovation governance: challenges and dilemmas

Editorial Presentation - Perspectives on innovation governance: challenges and dilemmas

Low-cost colorimetric setup for concentration measurement of manganese ions based on optical absorbance

This study presents a cost-effective setup for measuring the concentration of Mn&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; ions using colorimetry. The current method involves a calibration curve created with expensive and large commercial laboratory-based instruments, limiting its use in financially constrained situations. To address this issue, the study proposes a low-cost setup consisting of a light-emitting diode and photodiode that utilizes colorimetric and absorbance effects for Mn&lt;sup&gt;2+ &lt;/sup&gt;concentration measurement. Mn&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; colorimetric samples were prepared using the 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) method with concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 mg/L. The samples were tested using the proposed setup, followed by a spectrophotometry test to determine the optimal configuration for the setup. The validity of the setup was confirmed by measuring the voltage and calculating the optical absorbance, which exhibited a good correlation with the concentration, consistent with the initial expectation. The correlation coefficient for voltage and absorbance against Mn&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; concentration was found to be 0.9976 and 0.9987, respectively, indicating good linearity and suitability as a calibration curve for Mn&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; detection and measurement. Consequently, the study’s objectives were successfully achieved, and the proposed setup is considered a viable platform for more complex applications, such as real-time monitoring activities.

Reassessing the Impact of Fear Appeals in Sustainable Consumption Communication: An Investigation into Message Types and Message Foci

In the face of escalating environmental challenges, effective communication has assumed unprecedented significance. This study addresses a critical research gap concerning the utilization of fear appeal in promoting sustainable consumer behavior. Rather than treating fear appeals as a singular construct, this research decomposes them into distinct components to explore the nuanced impacts of various fear appeal aspects. Additionally, we investigate how different message foci influence the effectiveness of various fear appeals in promoting sustainable consumption. To achieve these objectives, we designed an experimental study encompassing eight distinct scenarios, achieved through the manipulation of four types of fear appeal and two types of message focus. Participants were randomly assigned to one of these scenarios. Our findings reveal noteworthy differences in purchasing intentions, particularly in the context of various fear appeal types. Specifically, we observed significant variations between the economic fear appeal and the physical fear appeal, as well as between the self-esteem fear appeal and the physical fear appeal. Surprisingly, our analysis of the moderating effect of different message foci did not align with our initial expectations. The outcomes of this research offer valuable insights for green marketers, empowering them to employ diverse facets of fear appeal in their marketing strategies with greater flexibility and efficiency. These findings underscore the evolving landscape of sustainable consumer behavior and the evolving role of communication in addressing environmental challenges.

Analyzing the Mediating Role of Service Quality in the Relationship between Service Quality and Patient Satisfaction at Rafic Hariri University Hospital

Purpose: This study delves into the intricate web of relationships between tangible elements, responsibility, reliability, empathy, and patient satisfaction, with a specific focus on Rafic Hariri University Hospital Theoretical framework: The Expectancy-Disconfirmation Theory provides valuable insights into understanding patient satisfaction in the context of healthcare services. According to this theory, patient satisfaction is influenced by the comparison between their initial expectations and their subsequent perceptions of the actual service received Design/Methodology/Approach: With a sample size of 398 participants, a structured equation model was employed to analyze the mediating role of service quality in this context. The healthcare industry's dynamic nature necessitates a comprehensive understanding of factors influencing patient satisfaction for continuous improvement. Findings: Service quality emerges as a mediator in this framework, acting as a bridge between the aforementioned factors and patient satisfaction. The mediating role of service quality implies that the impact of tangible elements, responsibility, reliability, and empathy on patient satisfaction is channeled through the lens of service quality. This emphasizes the vital role that hospital management and staff play in not only directly affecting patients but also indirectly through the quality of services rendered Research, Practical &amp; Social implications: Rafic Hariri University Hospital, as the backdrop for this study, provides a specific context in which to examine these relationships. With a diverse patient population and a reputation for delivering high-quality healthcare, this hospital offers valuable insights into the dynamics of patient satisfaction. Originality/Value: The findings shed light on the critical role of service quality as a mediator and underscore the importance of maintaining high standards across tangible elements, responsibility, reliability, and empathy to enhance patient satisfaction.