Initial Disagreement Research Articles

Better Than Magritte: How Drama on the Radio Became Radio Drama

Using British radio and stage drama as its example, this article explores how a new medium took over an old genre and, after attempting to reproduce it closely, gradually modified it into something more suited to its own character. Initial disagreements about the significance of radio's blindness were attributable to the unreliability of pure sound as an epistemological guide. Yet this unreliability is a source of radio's unique dramatic strengths: It is a "theater of the invisible," severing drama's recent connection with spectacle and renewing its pristine association with speech. Radio drama has, in its turn, influenced the conventional theater.

Perturbation et négociation dans l'entretien de recrutement

En nous appuyant sur des enregistrements audio d'un entretien d'embauché, nous analysons les procédures conversationnelles utilisées par les deux participants pour réduire leur désaccord. Le problème porte sur le décalage entre l'offre de la société qui recrute et la demande de salaire d'un candidat à un poste de formateur. L'analyse montre l'imbrication de deux pratiques : la première, spécialement destinée à la négociation, permet de sonder la possibilité de changement de la requête du postulant, d'estimer ses revenus actuels et d'établir le "plancher" de la négociation. Cette séquence s'enchevêtre avec une seconde trajectoire, utilisée pour résoudre la "perturbation" provoquée par le décalage initial et pour sauver l'entretien.

X-ray and magnetic single-crystal analysis of the crystallographic structure of the Y 3(Fe 0.933V 0.067) 29 compound

The formation of a sizeable single crystal of the Nd 3(Fe,Ti) 29-type phase, namely Y 3(Fe 0.933V 0.067) 29 is reported. It was prepared by the solid-state transformation of a Y 2(Fe,V) 17 single crystal whose chemical composition is Y 3(Fe,V) 29. Initial disagreement between powder and single-crystal X-ray data has been resolved by performing magnetization measurements on single crystal. These measurements show a peculiar behaviour and have been quantitatively analysed by considering that the crystal is actually twinned. Refinement of the single-crystal data is then re-examined and confirms the monoclinic structure already reported for this system.

Using a multi‐disciplinary research team to carry out research in IS

The use of a multi‐disciplinary research team can often enhance the investigation of IS phenomena ‐ particularly when the construct under study is multi‐dimensional. This paper explores the challenges and benefits of carrying out IS research with a multi‐disciplinary team. By way of illustration a study is described which purposefully pulled together researchers from different (but related) disciplines to carry out an IS research project. The challenges confronting the team included miscommunication, initial disagreement concerning research constructs, and the amount of time required for meetings. The benefits far outweighed the difficulties. Benefits accrued to the study itself and to the research participants. The study was more holistic and included better construct definition. The participating researchers benefited from critically examining their own views and outlooks whilst being exposed to viewpoints from other disciplines.

Follow‐up after periapical surgery: the value of the one‐year control

A total of 474 teeth treated with periapical surgery were examined after one year. Complete healing was unequivocally demonstrated for 250 teeth. Two hundred and fourteen teeth were scheduled for further follow-up, and of these, 194 (91%) could be followed until a stable situation was recorded. Of 41 cases judged as completely healed after one year, but with initial observer disagreement, only 2 (5%) failed later. The 76 cases showing incomplete healing (scars) after one year with few exceptions ended as completely healed or persisted as incomplete healings. The uncertain group (n = 72) was equally re-distributed as successes (completely or incompletely healed) or failures at the end control. Five cases showing no healing after one year all ended as failures. Based on these findings it is concluded that the one-year control will provide a valid diagnosis for the majority of cases. Only a minor number, the uncertain healings, need further follow-up.

Is a Chest Radiograph Necessary in the Evaluation of Every Febrile Infant Less Than 8 Weeks of Age?

This study was designed to examine the relationship between respiratory signs and the likelihood of having an abnormal chest radiograph in a sample of febrile infants less than 8 weeks of age. The sample consisted of 242 infants who were admitted during a 3-year period with temperatures greater than or equal to 38 degrees C (100.4 degrees F) and had a chest radiograph. The house officer recorded the presence of respiratory signs and symptoms including rhinorrhea, tachypnea, cough, rales, wheezes, retractions, and rhonchi. Each chest radiograph was reviewed independently according to predetermined criteria by a senior radiology resident and an attending pediatric radiologist. Interobserver agreement was 91%. Both observers were blind to the infants' respiratory signs. The chest radiograph interpretations were compared with the presence of respiratory signs. Of the 242 cases, 228 had chest radiographs available for interpretation. Of these, 27 chest radiographs (12%) were identified as abnormal, including 6 where there was initial disagreement as to the presence of an abnormality. Twenty-five (31%) of 80 infants with any respiratory signs had an abnormal chest radiograph, whereas only 2 (1%) of 148 asymptomatic infants did. The sensitivity of respiratory signs was 93% (confidence interval = 76% to 99%). These findings suggest that in the absence of respiratory signs, febrile infants are unlikely to have an abnormal chest radiograph.

Treatment of families during life transitions: matching treatment to family response.

This article examines the conceptualization and treatment of families during normative and non-normative life transitions. Variables identified by individual and family developmental theorists account for some variation in responses of families to life transitions. Three family variables are identified as critical to practitioners' understanding of families: disruption of time schedules, number of new decisions involving initial disagreement, and pretransition family conflict. Different responses are hypothesized for families high or low on each variable. Six treatments of families are identified: historical family therapy, structure/process family therapy, experiential family therapy, psychoeducational approaches, family crisis intervention, and enrichment. The likelihood of success of each treatment is predicted on the basis of a family's response to the transition.

The National Bureau of Standards Rocky Flats Soil standard reference material

The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in collaboration with a number of environmental laboratories of the ICRM has recently issued a soil standard certified for radionuclidic concentrations of activation and fission products and natural radionuclides. Initial disagreements between laboratories of measured concentrations have led to a careful examination of the characteristics of the sample and the radiochemical procedures employed by the participants. A number of assay problems were identified and are discussed. The sample was found to contain an average of approximately 1.8 “hot” ( 239+240Pu) particles per bottle of 90 g of soil. A statistical analysis of over seventy measurements was used to determine that the homogeneity of the material excluding hot particles is satisfactory. A sampling method for using this material for quality control of plutonium measurements which minimizes the effect of hot particles is described.

Divided Loyalties: Whistle-Blowing at BART.

When three engineers of Bay Area Rapid Transit District were fired in 1972 for publicizing what they perceived to be safety defects in the automatic train control (ATC), it set off this study of a professional's relationship with his employing organization. The book, divided into four chronological parts, was not to develop a single explanation of events surrounding the incident. Each of four perspectives--those of the engineers, of BART management, of the BART board of directors, and of the professional societies--was researched and presented by a different author. To explore the phenomenon of whistle-blowing, it is necessary to identify organizational conditions--authority structure, lines of communication, and opportunities to participate in decision making--that give rise to initial disagreement with some organizational practice. This social science research considers the roles of selling the BART project to the public, of political pressures, or inadequate funding mechanisms, and of consultants, concluding that technical professionals often ignore the importance of non-technical influences upon the decision-making process.

Detection of rubella antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition, indirect fluorescent-antibody test, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Using hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) as a reference method, 292 (40 nonimmune, 252 immune) human serum samples were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immune status and quantitation of rubella antibodies. The overall agreement with HAI for immune status was 99.7% (291/292) with IFA and 98.6% (288/292) with ELISA. Two specimens (0.7%, 2/292), negative by HAI, were equivocal by ELISA. Initially a 6.5% (19/292) overall disagreement was obtained for immune status evaluation between HAI and IFA, which was reduced to 0.3% (1/292) upon repeat testing. All of these samples were near the immune/nonimmune cutoff point (95 samples), reflecting an initial disagreement of 20% (19/95) in this category (HAI titers less than 1:20). Likewise, an initial overall disagreement of 4.5% (13/292) was obtained between HAI and ELISA which was reduced to 0.7% (2/292) upon repeated testing. Eleven of the 13 samples were near the immune/nonimmune cutoff point, reflecting an initial disagreement of 11.6% (11/95) with sera having an HAI antibody titer of less than 1:20. Quantitation of rubella antibodies by IFA showed an overall correlation with HAI of 86.6% within less than twofold titer and 99.3% within less than fourfold titers. In testing the ability of ELISA to quantitate antibody, a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.996 was obtained by plotting the measured average optical density (405 nm) of ELISA against the corresponding log of HAI titer. Both IFA and ELISA showed good correlation with HAI for immune status evaluation and for quantitation of rubella antibodies. Technically the HAI was the most cumbersome to perform, whereas IFA was the least technically demanding. Originally, 308 samples were tested; 16 samples (5.2%) could not be evaluated by IFA because of a high level of nonspecific fluorescence. The strict requirement of controlling the temperature range (23 to 24 degrees C) during substrate hydrolysis proved to be a problem with the ELISA test in our laboratory.

Delay of the reinforcing opportunity to speak in reply under invariable initial disagreement

Speaking in reply has the functional properties of reinforcement, and delay of the opportunity to speak in reply has the functional properties of delay of reinforcement. In an experimental conversation modeled on discrete-trials instrumental conditioning, instrumental response speeds were faster when the opportunity to speak in reply was immediate rather than delayed (N = 80, p<.05). Invariable initial disagreement impairs acquisition, but not sufficiently to prevent a sizeable delay of reinforcement effect.

Prior exercise of freedom and reactance

A communication that contains a particularly strong intent to influence caneasily lose persuasive impact or even bring about a “boomerang” effect. Such “boomerang” phenomena have often been attributed to “psychological reactance”, a motivational state created when freedoms are threatened or usurped. The first experiment reported here examined two factors that inhibited reactance effects. (A) The more that subjects were in initial disagreement with the communicator, the less likely they were to respond with boomerang change to a high pressure communication. (B) Among subjects who initially agreed with the communicator, a successful blocking of reactance effects was produced by asking them to write a short precommunication essay taking a position contrary to the communication. This latter effect was replicated in Experiment II.

The use of amniotic fluid bubble stability, L/S ratio, and creatinine concentration in the assessment of fetal maturity

Amniotic fluid bubble stability and creatinine concentration are analyzed in relation to the L/S ratio and clinical outcome. Bubble stability by the standard method1 showed 20.5 per cent (31/151) initial disagreement between two laboratories, 53.6 per cent (81/151) correlation with L/S ratio, and did not correlate well with patient outcome. However, a “foamy” test, i.e., foam noticeable at a distance, in both 1:1 and 1:2 dilutions, indicated an elevated L/S ratio and mature pulmonary outcome. Amniotic fluid creatinine levels showed an estimated 5 to 6 per cent risk for RDS at levels we formerly thought to be safe (≥ 2.0 mg. per 100 ml. with maternal serum ≤ 0.9 mg. per 100 ml.), and has many false-negative values. Fetal maturity can be estimated with clinical data and amniotic fluid analysis. Amniotic fluid sampling is necessary in all instances where the clinical data leave a reasonable doubt of actual gestational age and in all cases for elective preterm delivery. We recommend a sequential approach to amniotic fluid analysis. First a bubble stability test (a “foamy” at both 1:1 and 1:2 dilutions indicates pulmonary maturity). If the bubble stability test is not “foamy”, an L/S ratio. The risk of RDS associated with creatinine concentration makes this test unacceptable in any case of elective delivery; however, it may be useful as a weighing factor in emergency situations where phospholipid analysis is unavailable.

Beam effects in AES revealed by XPS

The XPS and AES analyses of virgin surfaces are frequently in disagreement; for example, the carbon and oxygen levels appear much larger by XPS. By rastering an electron beam over the area analysed by XPS it is shown that the XPS analysis changes to become more comparable to that by AES. The initial disagreement is thus due to the interaction of the electron beam used in AES with the surface. SIMS has been used as well as XPS in a preliminary study of the beam interaction with the surface.

The Rise and Decline of the Australian Building Industry Employees Union in Brisbane, 1912-18

The division of Queensland unionism into two blocs, the State-wide Australian Workers Union (A.W.U.) and the metropolitan unions centred in Brisbane, occurred in the five years following the general strike of 1912. The old Australian Labour Federation (A.L.F.) was replaced by an enlarged A.W.U. throughout much of the State, while in the city the decline and dissolution of the Brisbane District Council of the A.L.F. left the metropolitan unions during much of 1913 and 1914 without an effective central organisation. The A.W.U. attempted to move into the metropolitan area on a number of occasions and resistance to this only began to appear with the formation of the Brisbane Industrial Council in 1914. When the building trades unions tried to create a single union to cover all the crafts in the building industry, they became involved in this conflict. Under the influence of the Labour Press' campaign for industrial unionism and the Industrial Workers of the World ideal of the One Big Union (O.B.U.), they had made several attempts before 1912. These included schemes for federating the building trades or amalgamating them either within or outside the A.L.F. Like the proposals for collective wage claims and strike action in the industry, these plans failed to materialise for reasons which were again to hamper the unions' moves towards amalgamation between 1912 and 1914. It took the threat of dominance by the A.W.U. to finally force these unions to co-ordinate their actions more effectively, and in 1915 they formed the Australian Building Industry Employees Union (A.B.I.E.U.), an industrial union similar to those appearing in other States. But the disunity which was never far below the surface re-emerged immediately following its creation, and the union never looked like succeeding after the Brisbane Industrial Council and the craft unions refused it recognition. Its decline was due less to the craft unions' opposition to the concept of industrial unionism than to the initial disagreement between rival groups over the method of achieving amalgamation and to the tactics of the men who controlled the A.B.I.E.U. As had happened earlier, diversity of opinion and organisation within the building trades group of unions again proved the stumbling block.

The crystal structure of tetrahedrite, Cu12Sb4S13

Tetrahedrite, Cu 12 Sb 4 S 13 , has a curious superstructure based on the sphalerite arrangement. This structure was proposed by P auling and N euman in 1934 on the basis of a limited number of measured intensities. Least-squares refinement in this study reduced an initial disagreement index of 27.9% to 3.9% and thus confirmed the correctness of the structure. The absolute configuration of the structure was established. Tetrahedrite contains two sorts of copper atoms. A first type is coordinated by four sulfur atoms at 2.342 Å which form a nearly regular tetrahedron. The second type of copper atom is in an unusual triangular coordination, being bonded only to one sulfur atom at 2.234 Å and two at 2.272 Å. This group is planar, and the copper atom has a highly anisotropic thermal motion. The antimony atom is bonded to three sulfur atoms at 2.446 Å, which form bond angles of 95° 8′, but has six additional sulfur neighbors at the van der Waals distance of 4.033 Å. The polyhedra are linked in a complex manner which is discussed in detail.

Confirmation of the Crystal Structure of Tetrahedrite, Cu 12 Sb 4 S 13

The crystal structure of tetrahedrite, proposed in 1934 by Pauling and Neuman, has been confirmed. Least-squares refinement reduced the initial disagreement factor from 27.9 to 4.9 percent. Antimony displays three short orthogonal bonds to sulfur atoms. Two types of copper are tetrahedrally and triangularly coordinated by sulfur, respectively.

Observer error in serial radiography

Summary 500 pairs of chest radiographs of patients attending a chest clinic were examined independently by two physicians and a radiologist. The films were assessed as showing no change, improvement or deterioration. There was agreement in 424 (85 per cent). In 49 (64 per cent) of the 76 cases in which there was initial disagreement the original opinion of the physician was accepted after discussion of the films. In only 11 instances (2 per cent) was it thought that a physician's incorrect assessment might have delayed or prevented some action on his part; and only 2 patients (0·4 per cent) could be said to have suffered in any way, neither seriously.

Three situational determinants of conformity to social norms.

present study has been concerned with the determinants of conformity to group norms. The variables under investigation were: (a) the extent of initial disagreement between the individual's and the group's opinion (known as 'distance'); (b) the number of occasions the individual was exposed to the group norm (known as 'exposures'); and (c) the size of the group . . ... In general, greater distance makes for greater conformity . . ... Conformity occurs within the first few exposures to the group norm. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)