Initial Toluene Concentration Research Articles

Adsorption of toluene on mesoporous materials from waste solar panel as silica source

The adsorption of toluene was tested with MCM-41 and mesoporous silica materials (S-MCM) synthesized from waste solar panel. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied to characterize the prepared samples. In addition, the adsorption capacities of MCM-41 and S-MCM were almost the same which was observed according to the breakthrough experiments. The adsorption capacity of toluene in S-MCM was 57, 104, 200 and 277mgg−1 for initial toluene concentrations of 250 to 1500ppm respectively. The effects of the operation parameters, such as contact time and initial concentration on adsorption performance, were also tested in this study.

Photocatalytic Oxidation Processes for Toluene Oxidation over TiO2 Catalysts

Gas-solid heterogeneous photooxidation of toluene over TiO2 catalyst was studied to investigate the factors controlling the catalytic activities. The toluene photooxidation behavior on TiO2 was strongly affected by the formation and oxidation behavior of intermediate compounds on TiO2, and their accumulation decreased the reaction rate for toluene photooxidation. The formation and oxidation behavior of the byproduct compounds depended on the initial concentration of toluene and water vapor. In situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies revealed that water vapor promoted the cleavage of the aromatic ring and facilitated CO2 formation. At the reaction temperature of 300 K, the deposition of Pt on TiO2 suppressed CO formation, whereas catalytic activity was decreased due to the increase in the amount of intermediate compounds. On the other hand, Pt/TiO2 showed higher activity than TiO2 at 353 K, in spite of the increase of the intermediate compounds.

Application of Statistical Tool for the Optimization of Biofiltration of Toluene Using Corn Stacks as Packing Material

In this work, statistical design was applied for the optimization of process parameters for the biofiltration of toluene using mixed microorganisms obtained from pharmaceuticals wastewater sludge in a packed bed biofilter. The effects of process parameters such as gas flow rate, initial toluene concentration, height of the packing material, and temperature on removal efficiency (RE) of toluene was studied and optimized using response surface methodology. Using Box–Behnken Design, 30 experiments were carried out for the four test variables. From the results, the optimum condition for maximum RE was found to be: gas flow rate—0.01 m3 h−1, initial toluene concentration—0.25 g m−3, packing height—0.75 m, and temperature—31 °C. At these optimized conditions, the removal efficiency of toluene was found to be 95 %. A high R 2 value of greater than 0.9 indicates the fitness of the model to predict the experimental data. Biokinetic studies led to a good fit between experimental data and mathematical equations, yielding a calculated maximum toluene degradation rate of 140.42 g m−3 h−1 with a half-velocity constant, K S, of 0.076 g m−3.

Fractionation of multi-component hydrocarbon droplets in water at supercritical or near-critical conditions

The mixing of a hydrocarbon droplet, containing a mixture of toluene and either n-decane or tetralin, in a reservoir of supercritical or near-critical water is modeled. This study is an extension of our previous work on the mixing of a single-component hydrocarbon droplet in SCW. The current study provides microscale information, such as multi-component partitioning, and insight into large scale mixing in applications that include supercritical water oxidation, supercritical water desulfurization, etc. Transport, thermodynamics, and phase equilibrium sub-models are used to estimate the relevant physical properties. Results show that fractionation, i.e., the preferred dissolution of a specific hydrocarbon component into the water-rich phase, characterizes the transport and mixing process at various water temperatures. We find that the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) for binary water–HC mixtures control the mixing or fractionation of ternary water–HC–HC mixtures. Fractionation is: modest at water temperatures less than the water–toluene binary UCST (which is the lower UCST); substantial at water temperatures greater than the water–toluene binary UCST but less than the water–decane binary UCST (which is the higher UCST); and negligible at water temperatures greater than the ternary UCST. At water temperatures when fractionation is noticeable, the less water-soluble hydrocarbon (e.g., decane) composition in the droplet may increase over time and the water fraction in the droplet may go through a maximum, as more of the more water-soluble hydrocarbon (e.g., toluene) diffuses into the water-rich phase than the less water-soluble hydrocarbon. Varying the initial toluene concentration can either increase or decrease the droplet radius depending on the water temperature relative to the UCSTs.

Decomposition of Toluene in a Rotating Glidarc Discharge Reactor

Decomposition of toluene as a typical aromatic volatile organic compound was experimentally investigated in a rotating gliding arc discharge nonthermal plasma reactor. The experiments were conducted at a gas flow rate of 5.4–10.8 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{m}^{3}\hbox{h}^{-1}$</tex></formula> . Important parameters, including applied voltage, gas flow rate, initial concentration, and water vapor concentration, were investigated. The results showed that a higher applied voltage results in higher toluene removal and higher power deposited into a discharge system; the decomposition achieved was highly dependent on the total gas flow rate. Under the fixed specific energy density (SED), both toluene removal efficiency and energy efficiency decrease with the increase in gas flow rate. The removal efficiency of toluene decreased with an increase in the initial concentration, whereas the absolute removal amount and energy efficiency increased. For example, the removal efficiency decreased from 77% to 56% with the initial toluene concentration ranging from 200 to 2000 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{m g}^{-3}$</tex></formula> as the SED was 266 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{J L}^{-1}$</tex></formula> ; the toluene removal efficiency evidently increased as the water vapor concentration increased from 0.5945 to 1708.3435 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{mg m}^{-3}$</tex></formula> . A dynamics model was developed to describe the relation of the removal efficiency with SED and initial concentration.

Photodegradation of volatile organic compounds using zirconium-doped TiO2/SiO2 visible light photocatalysts

Visible light responsive zirconium-doped TiO2/SiO2 photocatalysts were prepared via the sol–gel process. The photocatalysts were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (BET), and UV–Vis spectrophotometery. The Zr/TiO2/SiO2 photocatalyst had an anatase TiO2 crystalline structure, a high specific area, small crystal size, and visible light response. The XPS spectra of the Zr/TiO2/SiO2 catalysts indicated that Si and Zr were doped into the TiO2. The photocatalysts were tested in the photodegradation of toluene and xylene. To optimize the reaction, the catalyst surface area, initial toluene and xylene concentrations, and light intensity of UV and visible light were varied. The photocatalytic activity of the Zr/TiO2/SiO2 catalyst was considerably greater than that of commercial TiO2 (Degussa P25) under both UV and visible light irradiation. Light intensity and initial concentration were key factors influencing the photocatalytic degradation rate.

Photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticle coatings applied on autoclaved aerated concrete: Effect of weathering on coating physical characteristics and gaseous toluene removal

Autoclaved aerated concrete has been coated by TiO2 nanoparticles through a dip-coating (DC) and a novel vacuum saturation (VS) method to investigate the weathering resistance and gaseous toluene removal potential of both coating types. The effect of intensive weathering – corresponding to a period of about 25 years – on the coating characteristics was studied in terms of TiO2 content, coating thickness and color changes. Toluene removal was investigated in a lab-scale flow-through photoreactor at 24°C and 52% relative humidity, and results obtained immediately after application of the coatings and after two weathering stages were compared. Weathering of the DC and VS coated samples resulted into a decrease of the coating layer thickness of more than 98%, confirmed by a decline in TiO2 content by more than 99% and 93%, respectively. Surprisingly, toluene removal efficiencies before and after weathering kept constant at about 95% for both coating types, corresponding to an elimination rate of 60–70mg/(m2h) at an initial toluene concentration of 15ppmv and a gas residence time of 3min. Increasing the toluene load by applying higher toluene inlet concentrations (up to 35ppmv) and lower gas residence times (1min) did decrease the toluene removal efficiency to 32–41%, but elimination rates increased up to 214mg/(m2h), being a factor of 1.6–4.5 times higher than reported in recent work.

Influence of pH on the uptake of toluene from water by the composite poly (4-vinylpyridinium)-maghnite

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the degree of α ionization on the rate uptake of organic pollutant (toluene) by poly (4-vinylpyridinium)-maghnite. Two-step experiment was carried out where the organophilic maghnite adsorbent was prepared in the first step and toluene was adsorbed on maghnite in the second step. This material organophilic maghnite was prepared by exchanging the organic polycation as poly (4-vinylpyridinium) chloride (PVPS) for sodium (Na + ) on the layer surface of clay. This process of wastewater treatment is of interest for the wastes stabilisation in which toluene contaminations occurs. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of initial toluene concentration. The results show that the two-step process is an efficient, simple and low cost technological way for the removal of organic pollutants from water.

Influence of pH on the uptake of toluene from water by the composite poly (4-vinylpyridinium)-maghnite

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the degree of α ionization on the rate uptake of organic pollutant (toluene) by poly (4-vinylpyridinium)-maghnite. Two-step experiment was carried out where the organophilic maghnite adsorbent was prepared in the first step and toluene was adsorbed on maghnite in the second step. This material organophilic maghnite was prepared by exchanging the organic polycation as poly (4-vinylpyridinium) chloride (PVPS) for sodium (Na+) on the layer surface of clay. This process of wastewater treatment is of interest for the wastes stabilisation in which toluene contaminations occurs. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of initial toluene concentration. The results show that the two-step process is an efficient, simple and low cost technological way for the removal of organic pollutants from water. Key words: Adsorption, organic pollutant, P4VP, maghnite, organoclay.

Biological treatment of toluene contaminated wastewater by Alcaligenese faecalis in an extractive membrane bioreactor; experiments and modeling

Conventional wastewater treatment methods are not efficient in treating wastewaters contaminated with volatile hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX). The aim of this study is to enhance the efficiency of an extractive membrane bioreactor (EMBR) in treating toluene contaminated wastewater by usage of pure culture of Alcaligenese faecalis. Toluene was used as a model of toxic contaminant because of its wide presence in wastewaters contaminated with petrol derivatives. The Haldane kinetic model adequately described the dynamic behavior of the toluene biodegradation by the strain of A. faecalis over a wide range of initial toluene concentrations (50-1,000 mg L(-1)) with kinetic constants micro(max) = 0.066 h(-1), k(s) = 91.7 mg/L and k(I) = 278.2. Overall mass transfer coefficient has been measured and described as resistance in the series model. No biofilm formed on the exterior surface of the membrane; however in previous works the layer of the biofilm on the exterior surface of the membrane acts as a mass transfer resistance. A mathematical model was developed to predict the pollutant concentration profile along the tube side of the membrane modules.

Vacuum Ultraviolet-Irradiated Photocatalysis: Advanced Process for Toluene Abatement

Photocatalysis with irradiation of a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamp (VUV-PCO) was used to remove toluene in air. Two parallel reactions with irradiation of a 254 nm lamp (254 nm-PCO) and without TiO2 (i.e., VUV photolysis) were conducted for comparison. The influencing factors of relative humidity, initial toluene concentration, and air flow rate were investigated. The results showed that VUV-PCO achieved much higher toluene removal efficiency and better PCO durability than 254 nm-PCO under different operating conditions. 82.3% toluene conversion was obtained with 1.8 ppm outlet O3 concentration in the former, but only 14.5% with 30 ppm outlet concentration of O3 was obtained in the latter under the conditions of 1% humidity, 50 ppm initial toluene concentration, and 1 L/min⁡ flow rate. Energetic photons from the VUV lamp could efficiently destruct toluene directly. O3 formed from VUV irradiation of O2 enhanced the toluene abatement by catalytic ozonation and inhibited the recombination of electron/hole pairs and deactivation of the photocatalyst. VUV-PCO could simultaneously overcome the limitations of the conventional PCO process. It is a promising technology for toluene abatement.

Assessing the correlation between anaerobic toluene degradation activity and bssA concentrations in hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer material

The assessment of biodegradation activity in contaminated aquifers is critical to demonstrate the performance of bioremediation and natural attenuation and to parameterize models of contaminant plume dynamics. Real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to target the catabolic bssA gene (coding for benzylsuccinate synthase) and a 16S rDNA phylogenetic gene (for total Bacteria) as potential biomarkers to infer on anaerobic toluene degradation rates. A significant correlation (P = 0.0003) was found over a wide range of initial toluene concentrations (1-100 mg/l) between toluene degradation rates and bssA concentrations in anaerobic microcosms prepared with aquifer material from a hydrocarbon contaminated site. In contrast, the correlation between toluene degradation activity and total Bacteria concentrations was not significant (P = 0.1125). This suggests that qPCR targeting of functional genes might offer a simple approach to estimate in situ biodegradation activity, which would enhance site investigation and modeling of natural attenuation at hydrocarbon-contaminated sites.

An SOA Model for Toluene Oxidation in the Presence of Inorganic Aerosols

A predictive model for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation including both partitioning and heterogeneous reactions is explored for the SOA produced from the oxidation of toluene in the presence of inorganic seed aerosols. The predictive SOA model comprises the explicit gas-phase chemistry of toluene, gas-particle partitioning, and heterogeneous chemistry. The resulting products from the explicit gas phase chemistry are lumped into several classes of chemical species based on their vapor pressure and reactivity for heterogeneous reactions. Both the gas-particle partitioning coefficient and the heterogeneous reaction rate constant of each lumped gas-phase product are theoretically determined using group contribution and molecular structure-reactivity. In the SOA model, the predictive SOA mass is decoupled into partitioning (OM(P)) and heterogeneous aerosol production (OM(H)). OM(P) is estimated from the SOA partitioning model developed by Schell et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106, 28275-28293 ) that has been used in a regional air quality model (CMAQ 4.7). OM(H) is predicted from the heterogeneous SOA model developed by Jang et al. (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 3013-3022 ). The SOA model is evaluated using a number of the experimental SOA data that are generated in a 2 m(3) indoor Teflon film chamber under various experimental conditions (e.g., humidity, inorganic seed compositions, NO(x) concentrations). The SOA model reasonably predicts not only the gas-phase chemistry, such as the ozone formation, the conversion of NO to NO(2), and the toluene decay, but also the SOA production. The model predicted that the OM(H) fraction of the total toluene SOA mass increases as NO(x) concentrations decrease: 0.73-0.83 at low NO(x) levels and 0.17-0.47 at middle and high NO(x) levels for SOA experiments with high initial toluene concentrations. Our study also finds a significant increase in the OM(H) mass fraction in the SOA generated with low initial toluene concentrations, compared to those with high initial toluene concentrations. On average, more than a 1-fold increase in OM(H) fraction is observed when the comparison is made between SOA experiments with 40 ppb toluene to those with 630 ppb toluene. Such an observation implies that heterogeneous reactions of the second-generation products of toluene oxidation can contribute considerably to the total SOA mass under atmospheric relevant conditions.

Al,Cu-pillared clays as catalysts in environmental protection

In order to perform water purification from toluene Al,Cu-pillared clay (PILC) was synthesized and tested as catalyst in the oxidation of toluene. Two different catalytic reactions at moderate temperatures were investigated: catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) using Al,Cu-PILC and electrooxidation in acidic solution using Al,Cu-PILC based electrode. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that pillaring was successful. Chemical analysis confirmed the incorporation of Al 3+ and Cu 2+ species in the PILCs. The Cu 2+ species were proven to be the active ones in both reactions. CWPO in the presence of Cu containing PILC resulted in efficient catalytic degradation of toluene. Steady state voltammograms for Al,Cu-PILC based electrode in acidic toluene solution showed broad anodic peak at about 1.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl ascribed to the electrooxidation of toluene. Another peak ascribed to toluene oxidation products occurred at 0.5 V. Anodic peak currents corresponding to these peaks linearly increased with the initial toluene concentration. Both CWPO and electrooxidation confirmed the possibility of use of the synthesized Al,Cu-PILC in the toluene oxidation and might be employed in the environmental protection.

A NOVEL PLASMA REACTOR FOR TOLUENE DECOMPOSITION IN CONTAMINATED AIR FLOW

A new type of wire-cylinder plasma reactor, in which air flow shapes into gas torches is developed. The decomposition performance of toluene in contaminated air flow induced by pulsed corona discharge in the reactor is investigated experimentally under atmosphere pressure and room temperature. It is found that the decomposition efficiency is affected dramatically by air introduction way, and the ejection stimulates the decomposition of toluene compared with the conventional method. The decomposition efficiency difference reaches to 14.4% at voltage of 34kV. The direction of electric field effect on decomposition is proved experimentally. The decomposition efficiency is improved when the direction of electric field is consistent with the flow direction. The difference of decomposition rates reaches to 42.5% at voltage of 34kV. The experimental results utilizing the gas ejection mode show that the decomposition efficiency increases with the increase in voltage when the applied voltage is lower than the spark voltage. When the voltage is too high, spark discharge is created between two electrodes and the decomposition efficiency decreases. The decomposition efficiency by small capacitance discharge is higher in the range of low voltage, but the advantages of larger capacitance appear gradually with the increase in voltage. The decomposition efficiency decreases with the increase in initial concentration of toluene. When environment humidity is too high, not only the decomposition efficiency decreases but also the oxidation is not complete and CO is created.

Formation of hydroxyl radicals and oxidation of toluene under corona discharge with water vapor as radical source

With water vapor as the radical source, hydroxyl radicals (·OH) of strong oxidation property were formed by corona discharge, which was directly detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) technology. These ·OH could efficiently degrade gaseous organic pollutants so as to reduce the toxicity of waste gas. The experimental result of toluene degradation under DC corona discharge showed that the degradation efficiency of toluene was nearly 100% in the medium of air containing saturated water vapor under the condition that interelectrode voltage was 20 kV, discharge current was 0.1 mA, reaction time was 120 s and initial concentration of toluene was 168 mg/m3, respetively. Seven intermediate products of toluene oxidation dissolving in liquid phase were also determined. The empolyment of environmental friendly ·OH provides a new approach for the removal of gas pollutants.

A new method to determine the microbial kinetic parameters in biological air filters

This paper presents a new method to determine kinetic parameters of the biodegradation of various pollutants in a biofilter. Toluene, a readily biodegradable volatile organic compound, and methane, a hydrocarbon and a greenhouse gas, have been chosen as the target pollutants. The new protocol utilized biomass immobilized on bed pellets; these directly sampled from a continuous steady-state biofilter. The comparison of this method with the conventional experimental protocol utilizing micro-organisms suspended in a liquid medium was made using the pollutant toluene. Indeed, with both methods, the kinetic parameters have been evaluated by following the microbial growth in batch, thermostated reactors, using determined amounts of pollutant substrate. This experiment has confirmed the pertinence of the new procedure. The interesting features of the new method are that: (1) it is easy to operate (no preliminary treatment of the bed samples) and (2) it provides reproducible parameters that represent the real biofilter case more adequately than liquid cultures. In addition, modeling of the experimental specific growth rates in the case of toluene has shown that the values obtained with the use of solid extracts can be correlated by a Haldane's formulation, where μ * = 17.6 day - 1 , K h = 13.2 g m - 3 , and K i = 2.5 g m - 3 . The maximum specific growth rate ( 3.1 day - 1 ) was reached for an initial concentration of toluene near 5.0 g m - 3 . The determination of the experimental specific growth rates of micro-organisms in the methane biofilter has also been performed. This study allowed highlighting two methane concentrations’ ranges: from 1000 to 14 500 ppmv and from 14 500 to 27 000 ppmv. For the first range, the Monod model proves to be suitable with the kinetic parameters: μ max = 0.43 day - 1 and K m = 5.37 g m - 3 . For the second range, neither the Monod nor the Haldane's formulation could directly be used. However, a mathematical adjustment of the Monod model allows to find kinetic parameters μ max ′ = 1.09 day - 1 and K m ′ = 7.59 g m - 3 . The biomass yields for the tested methane concentrations have also been determined and showed two different tendencies, depending on the same two ranges. For the first range of methane concentrations, the biomass yield was quite constant with an average value around 0.36 g biomass ( g methane ) - 1 while for the second range, it could be approached by a polynomial second-order regression. The maximum value of the biomass yield obtained on the second range was 0.8 g biomass ( g methane ) - 1 at a methane initial concentration of 20 000 ppmv.

Detection of hydroxyl radical in plasma reaction on toluene removal

A new method was introduced to detect the concentration of OH radical in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reaction. A film, which was impregnated with salicylic acid, was used to detect OH radical in plasma reaction at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Salicylic acid reacts with OH radical and produces 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA). Then, a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was carried out to detect the concentration of 2,5-DHBA. Therefore, OH radical in nonthermal plasma reaction could be calculated. In this plasma reaction, the applied voltage was controlled at 10 kV, the initial concentration of toluene was 400 mg/m3, and the gas flow rate was 300 ml/min. It was observed that when the film was placed away from the plasma area, 2,5-DHBA could not be detected by HPLC, although the sampling time lasted for 48 h. On the other hand, when the film was placed in the plasma area and the sampling time being too long (> 4 h), the concentration of 2,5-DHBA was also below detection limit, and it could not be detected by HPLC. However, when the film was placed in the plasma reaction field with the sampling time being 3 h, the concentration of OH radical was calculated to be 10.54 x 10(12) cm(-3). In addition, concentration of OH radical was investigated under different humidity, such as 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0%. The results showed that the amount of OH radical stayed at order of magnitude of 10(12) cm(-3) and increased with the increase of humidity.

Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) by Photocatalytic Reaction in a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) Photoreactor

The photocatalytic degradation characteristics of TCE, acetone, and toluene have been determined in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) photoreactor system over TiO2/silica gel photocatalyst. The conversions of acetone and toluene decrease with the initial acetone and toluene concentrations in the CFB reactor. Water vapor enhances the photo-degradation rate of toluene, but inhibits it for trichloroethylene (TCE) and acetone. The photocatalytic conversions of TCE and acetone exhibit a maximum value at 318 K but that of toluene exhibits a maximum value at 298 K. The optimum oxygen concentration for the maximum degradation of acetone and toluene are found to be approximately 10% and 7%, respectively. The present circulating fluidized bed (CFB) photoreactor system is an effective tool for higher degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with efficient utilization of photon energy.

Decomposition of volatile organic compounds by a novel electrode system integrating ceramic filter and SPCP method

We developed a new efficient apparatus for gas treatment in which a ceramic filter and SPCP (surface corona discharge induced plasma chemical process) were integrated. In this study, the feasibility of the reactor to decompose volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and performance were evaluated. The efficiency was examined against various conditions of initial concentration of VOCs, as trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene and benzene, and by using variable flow rates of carrier gases (air, nitrogen, and mixture of nitrogen and oxygen or water vapor). TCE was decomposed effectively within the reactor system, especially when the carrier gas contains oxygen or water as an oxygen source, whilst the decomposition efficiency was low with the nitrogen carrier. With a sufficient oxygen source, no organic by-products were detected in the treated gas, and TCE was oxidized to inorganic substances. Toluene and benzene were efficiently decomposed as well. For performance evaluation of such non-thermal plasma reactors for VOC treatment, we proposed a new parameter which is derived with substance based energy density, mSED (J/mol). The new parameter has merit to express the performance with a single parameter for a range of discharge power, flow rates, and initial concentrations of the gas to be treated. With the parameter proposed, the evaluation resulted in a new reactor in this study that has as high a performance as a conventional packed-bed reactor, and their performances are higher than pulse corona (PC), and dielectric barrier discharge reactors.