Initial Code Research Articles

SIMD architecture on FPGA for scientific computing aboard a space instrument

Abstract In this paper we propose a SIMD multiprocessor architecture to reach high performance in floating point operations by using FPGA devices. This architecture is used in an instrument that carries out the scientific analysis aboard the ESA's Solar Orbiter mission. We present a programming language and a compiler able to automatize the SIMD configuration process by using an initial sequential code. The proposed architecture squeezes the FPGA resources in order to reach the time constraints. The achieved FPGA system improves the ground-based system performance based on commercial CPUs regarding time and power consumption.

Genome analysis of orf virus isolates from goats in the Fujian Province of southern China.

Orf virus (ORFV), a species of the genus Parapoxvirus of the family Poxviridae, causes non-systemic, highly contagious, and eruptive disease in sheep, goat, and other wild and domestic ruminants. Our previous work shows orf to be ubiquitous in the Fujian Province of China, a region where there is considerable heterogeneity among ORFVs. In this study, we sequenced full genomes of four Fujian goat ORFV strains (OV-GO, OV-YX, OV-NP, and OV-SJ1). The four strains were 132–139 kb in length, with each containing 124–132 genes and about 64% G+C content. The most notable differences between the four strains were found near the genome termini. OV-NP lacked seven and OV-SJ1 lacked three genes near the right terminus when compared against other ORFVs. We also investigated the skin-virulence of the four Fujian ORFVs in goats. The ORFVs with gene deletions showed low virulence while the ORFVs without gene deletions showed high virulence in goats suggesting gene deletion possibly leads to attenuation of ORFVs. Gene 134 was disrupted in OV-NP genome due to the lack of initial code. The phylogenetic tree based on complete Parapoxviruse genomes showed that sheep originated and goat originated ORFVs formed distinctly separate branches with 100% bootstrap. Based on the single gene phylogenetic tree of 132 genes of ORFVs, 47 genes can be easily distinguished as having originated from sheep or goats. In order to further reveal genetic variation presented in goat ORFVs and sheep ORFVs, we analyzed the deduced amino acid sequences of gene 008, multiple alignment of amino acid sequences of gene 008 from the genome of five goat ORFVs and four sheep ORFVs revealed 33 unique amino acids differentiating it as having sheep or goats as host. The availability of genomic sequences of four Fujian goat ORFVs aids in our understanding of the diversity of orf virus isolates in this region and can assist in distinguishing between orf strains that originate in sheep and goats.

Optimising Performance through Unbalanced Decompositions

GS2 is an initial value gyrokinetic simulation code developed to study low-frequency turbulence in magnetized plasma. It is parallelised using MPI with the simulation domain decomposed across tasks. The optimal domain decomposition is non-trivial, and complicated by the different requirements of the linear and non-linear parts of the calculations. GS2 users currently choose a data layout, and are guided towards processor count that are efficient for linear calculations. These choices can, however, lead to data decompositions that are relatively inefficient for the non-linear calculations. We have analysed the performance impact of the data decompositions on the non-linear calculation and associated communications. This has helped us to optimise the decomposition algorithm by using unbalanced data layouts for the non-linear calculations whilst maintaining the existing decompositions for the linear calculations, which has completely eliminated communications for parts of the non-linear simulation and improved performance by up to 15% for a representative simulation.

Combined Tracking Strategy Based on Unscented Kalman Filter for Global Positioning System L2C CM/CL Signal

<p>In a global positioning system receiver, the tracking algorithm plays a dominant role since the code delay and Doppler frequency shift need to be accurately estimated as well as their variation over time need to be continuously updated. Combine unscented Kalman filter (UKF) with CM/CL signal to improve the signal tracking precision is proposed. It allow weighting assignment between CM code and CL code incoming signal, masked by a mass of noise, and to describe a UKF tracking loop aiming at decreasing numerical errors. UKF here involves state and measuring equations which calculate absolute offsets to adjust initial code and carrier phase then dramatically decrease the tracking error. In particular, the algorithm is implemented in both open space and jammed environment to highlight the advantages of tracking approach, by comparing single code and combined code, UKF and EKF tracking loop. It proves that signal tracking based on UKF, with low energy dissipation as well as high precision, is particularly appealing for a software receiver implementation.</p>

Dying for Advice: Code Status Discussions between Resident Physicians and Patients with Advanced Cancer--A National Survey.

Patients with treatment-resistant advanced cancer rarely benefit from cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) but infrequently discuss end-of-life care with physicians until hospitalized. Admitting resident physicians may conduct initial code status discussions, but may elicit patients' preferences without providing necessary guidance. We surveyed residents' approach to code status discussions to identify barriers hindering informed decision making. We developed an online case-based survey and enrolled subjects via e-mail requests to program directors. U.S. internal medicine residents (n=358; response rate 22.0%) from 19 programs participated. We measured respondents' likelihood of discussing prognosis and benefit of CPR, likelihood of offering code status recommendations, preference for discussing code status independent of attending physicians, and satisfaction with end-of-life discussions. Nearly all residents felt CPR would be unhelpful. Yet fewer than half (46.7%) were likely to discuss an estimate of prognosis and the value of CPR with the patient. Only 30% were likely to offer a recommendation on CPR. A majority (69%) of residents who were unwilling to offer a recommendation stated that deference to patient autonomy prevented them from providing guidance. Residents preferred to discuss code status independent of attendings, primarily due to a sense of responsibility. Ultimately, only a minority was satisfied with end-of-life discussions. U.S. internal medicine resident physicians are unlikely to discuss prognosis or offer recommendations on CPR in treatment-refractory cancer principally because of a conflict with their concept of patient autonomy. Given the futility associated with CPR in this setting, these data define an unmet need in training and practice.

Pixuvri<sup>®</sup> (Pixantrone Dimaleate, BBR 2778): From Lab to Market

This review will trace the steps in the development of pixantrone dimaleate (initial code BBR 2778, Pixruvi®), an anthracenedione chemotype, as a chemotherapeutic agent. This drug exhibits reduced cardiotoxicity in comparison to anthracyclines and mitoxantrone. Synthetic pathways, biological evaluations and mechanistic considerations will be discussed. On May 10, 2012, the European Medicines Agency granted a conditional marketing approval to CTI Biopharma for pixantrone dimaleate for the treatment of adults suffering from multiple relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas (NHL). Potential applications of pixantrone dimaleate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other maladies will be presented. Keywords: BBR-2778, cardiotoxicity, non-Hodgkin, lymphoma, pixantrone, Pixuvri®.

Extended MHD simulations of infernal mode dynamics and coupling to tearing modes

A numerical study of pressure driven magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities in a low-shear tight aspect ratio configuration is presented. When the magnetic shear is sufficiently small over an extended region in the core, enhanced instability occurs due to the coupling to poloidal sidebands, which itself occurs due to toroidicity. Numerical simulations have been performed with the initial value code XTOR-2F both in the ideal and resistive MHD frame. Two-fluid effects (plasma diamagnetic flows) have been retained as well. The predictions of the XTOR-2F code on the amplitude of the growth rate, and on the rotation frequency of the modes, have been compared with analytic linear theory of infernal modes. Qualitative agreement has been found between numerical and analytical results, in spite of the tight aspect ratio configuration. The intermediate scaling γ ∼ S−3/8, predicted by the linear theory (Brunetti et al 2014 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 56 075025), is recovered by the numerical results. A study of the nonlinear evolution of the magnetic island of the tearing sideband has been performed and the results from the simulations are compared with Rutherford’s theory.

Telestroke assessment on the move: prehospital streamlining of patient pathways.

Thrombolysis as a treatment for ischemic stroke is only indicated within the first 3 to 4.5 hours after onset of symptoms, and is more efficacious the earlier it is given.1,2 Patients must thus seek help, receive a clinical diagnosis, and reach a center of care for imaging and treatment without delay. This is a problem in remote and rural areas, leading to a relative disadvantage for rural dwellers: symptom-to-needle time is nevertheless often too long even for people in major urban centers. In the Scottish Highlands, for example, the total amount of time taken from calling for help, transfer to the nearest diagnostic center, undergoing computed tomography scanning to exclude contraindications to thrombolysis treatment, and then receiving thrombolysis often exceeds the 4.5-hour limit.3 The ambulance service reports that the more rural the patient’s location, the longer their response time is likely to be, reflecting the geography and road network as well as the limited number of vehicles.4 Even among patients with stroke in the Highlands who make it to hospital within the 4.5-hour thrombolysis window, mean times from onset to thrombolysis range from 130 to 210 minutes at the various hospitals audited, and <8% of patients with stroke actually receive the treatment at all.5 Scotland has a telestroke program run by the Scottish Center for Telehealth and Telecare, featuring 5 networks around the country.6 They use videoconferencing from the acute hospital site where local physicians can discuss their patients with specialists many miles away. This service has been running successfully since 2008, and thus the idea of using communications technology in stroke assessment is already in place and being successfully used. However, this service is hospital-based, providing support to smaller institutions rather than in prehospital situations. Initial code stroke systems were set up …

Role asymmetry and code transmission in signaling games: an experimental and computational investigation.

In signaling games, a sender has private access to a state of affairs and uses a signal to inform a receiver about that state. If no common association of signals and states is initially available, sender and receiver must coordinate to develop one. How do players divide coordination labor? We show experimentally that, if players switch roles at each communication round, coordination labor is shared. However, in games with fixed roles, coordination labor is divided: Receivers adjust their mappings more frequently, whereas senders maintain the initial code, which is transmitted to receivers and becomes the common code. In a series of computer simulations, player and role asymmetry as observed experimentally were accounted for by a model in which the receiver in the first signaling round has a higher chance of adjusting its code than its partner. From this basic division of labor among players, certain properties of role asymmetry, in particular correlations with game complexity, are seen to follow.

An empirical study of the effect of file editing patterns on software quality

ABSTRACTDevelopers might follow different file editing patterns when handling change requests. Existing research has warned the community about the potential negative impacts of some file editing patterns on software quality. However, very few studies have provided quantitative evidence to support these claims. In this paper, we propose four metrics to identify four file editing patterns: concurrent editing pattern, parallel editing pattern, extended editing pattern, and interrupted editing pattern. Our empirical study on three open source projects shows that 90% (i.e. 1935 out of 2140) of files exhibit at least one file editing pattern. More specifically (1) files that are edited concurrently by many developers are 1.8 times more likely to experience future bugs than files that are not concurrently edited; (2) files edited in parallel with too many other files by the same developer are 2.9 times more likely to exhibit future bugs than files individually edited; (3) files edited over an extended period of time are 1.9 times more likely to experience future bugs than other files; and (4) files edited with long interruptions have 2.0 times more future bugs than other files. We also observe that the likelihood of future bugs in files experiencing all the four file editing patterns is 3.9 times higher than in files that are never involved in any of the four patterns. We further investigate factors impacting the occurrence of these file editing patterns along three dimensions: the ownership of files, the type of change requests in which the files were involved, and the initial code quality of the files. Results show that a file with a major owner is 0.6 times less likely to exhibit the concurrent editing pattern than files without major owners. Files with bad code quality (e.g. high McCabe's complexity, high coupling between objects, and lack of cohesion) are more likely to experience the four editing patterns. By ensuring a clear ownership and improving code quality, the negative impact of the four patterns could be reduced. Overall, our findings could be used by software development teams to warn developers about risky file editing patterns. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

A progressive transmission strategy for GIS vector data under the precondition of pixel losslessness

It is well known that the final results of geographic information system (GIS) mapping are composed of rasterized pixels in most display devices. Based on this, pixel equivalence is proposed as two vector data that can produce the same raster image on a device under the same mapping processes and parameters. Moreover, if between the two data, one is considered the original data and the other is its reduced-quantity version, then the latter can be regarded as pixel losslessness relative to the former. In this case, the reduced-quantity version can be used instead of the original data to produce the same result from the perspective of visualization. The aim of this article is to explore how to produce the transmitted data, including an initial code and a series of increments that are used for progressive transmission, to retain pixel losslessness. By illustrating that the vector data can be represented by a vertex or ordered sequence of vertices, this article introduces the detailed concepts of pixel equivalence and pixel losslessness of vector data. Then, the requirements for pixel equivalence between two vertices are deduced by analyzing the coordinate transform processes under specific assumptions. The method to generate an initial code and a series of increments related to a single vertex is proposed to produce vertices that are pixel equivalence to the original vertex under different coordinate transform processes. By discussing the traversing mode of the ordered sequence of vertices based on quadtree cells, a coding algorithm is proposed to develop the progressive transmission related to the multi-vertex and to generate reduced-quantity versions to retain pixel losslessness. Finally, experiments are designed to demonstrate that, under the precondition of pixel losslessness, the proposed progressive transmission method can significantly reduce the amount of transmitted data in the network environment.

Clonal Selection Algorithm Based on Manifold Distance for Image Compression

In this paper for LBG algorithm is very sensitive to initial code book, clonal selection algorithm is introduced and splitting method is adopted to generate the initial code book. Besides, because similarity metric based on euclidean distance can only reflect local consistency of the clustering instead of the clustering global consistency, clonal selection clustering method in terms of manifold distance is put forward to produce and optimize the final code book. Furthermore, it is proved through the experiment that algorithm of clonal selection code book design based on themanifold distance(MDCSA) is characterized by better performance .

Incompatibility of the Digital Economy Act 2010 subscriber appeal process provisions with Article 6 of the ECHR

Through case-law research, this paper critically assesses the compatibility of the Digital Economy Act 2010 (DEA) subscriber appeal process provisions (Section 13 of the DEA) with Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Drawing on the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case-law, Ofcom's Initial Obligations Code (the Code), and the DEA judicial review decision, namely, BT PLC and Talk Talk PLC v Secretary of State for Business Innovation and Skills and others, this paper focuses on the three Strasbourg Court principles of equality of arms, admissibility of evidence, and presumption of innocence, in an effort to determine whether Section 13 of the DEA infringes them, and whether this constitutes a breach of a subscriber's right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the ECHR. The paper examines these three ECtHR principles. It contrasts such principles with the Code's provisions, and considers the compatibility of Section 13 of the DEA with Article 6 of the ECHR. It concludes that the DEA subscriber appeal process provisions do indeed infringe these principles, thus constituting a violation of subscribers' right to a fair trial. It also recommends that the UK government start taking seriously human rights in general, and Article 6 of the ECHR in particular.

Coordination of Joint Search in Distributed Innovation Processes: Lessons from the Effects of Initial Code Release in Open Source Software Development

This paper casts light on the role of initial code release for providing coordination of joint search processes, i.e., search processes that involve several agents who search together. We develop hypotheses about the role of initial code release for providing coordination, and for whether development projects remain active. We test these hypotheses on a dataset of 5703 open source software projects registered on SourceForge during a two-year period. We find that initial code release is indeed associated with improved coordination, and a higher chance that software development projects will actually release further code subsequently. We contribute to theory on coordination in joint search, common in distributed innovation settings.

Diagnosestellung und Diagnosecodierung von Demenzen im Spiegel der Abrechnungsdaten der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung

On the basis of data from one German Sickness Fund we analyzed which medical discipline coded the incident diagnosis of dementia in ambulatory medical care in Germany, which type of dementia was coded and how the initial code eventually changed during the year of incidence. Claims data of 1,848 insured people aged ≥ 65 years in 2004 with incident dementia were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics. The diagnosis within the first quarter of the incidence year was coded by the GP in 71%, by a psychiatrist or neurologist in 14%, by both in 6% and by other disciplines in 9% of the cases. The percentage of unspecified diagnoses was 62% among GPs and 46% among psychiatrists or neurologists, a number differing largely from epidemiological studies. In 27% of the cases patients received two or more different dementia diagnoses during the incidence year. Studies and care concepts regarding dementia on the basis of diagnosis codes in ambulatory claims data should be interpreted with great caution.

A New Test for Initial Code Acquisition of Correlated Cells

This paper proposes a new testing procedure, namely, the twin test, for performance improvements of initial code acquisition, taking into account several correlated cells at once. We derive a closed-form expression to analytically express the system probabilities in terms of a new function: the extended modified generalized-Q (EMGQ) function. The analytical results, which are substantiated by computer simulations, show that the twin test can offer better performance than the conventional scheme based on the cell-by-cell detection, with a negligible increase in the computational complexity of the system.

Numerical comparisons of gyrokinetic multi-water-bag models

In this paper we present two new codes devoted to the study of ion temperature gradient (ITG) driven plasma turbulence in cylindrical geometry using a drift-kinetic multi-water-bag model for ion dynamics. Both codes were developed to complement the Runge–Kutta semi-lagrangian multi-water-bag code GMWB3D-SLC described in [1]. The CYLGYR code is an eigenvalue solver performing linear stability analysis from given mean radial profiles. It features three resolution schemes and three parallel velocity response models (fluid, multi-water-bag, continuous Maxwellian). The QUALIMUWABA quasilinear code is an initial value code allowing the study of zonal flow influence on drift-waves dynamics. Cross-validation test performed between the three codes show good agreement on both temporal and spatial characteristics of unstable modes in the linear growth phase.

Nonlinear dynamics of multiple neoclassical tearing modes in tokamaks

Numerical simulations investigating the interaction of co-existent 2/1 and 3/1 neoclassical tearing modes are presented. The results obtained from an initial value 3D toroidal code that solves a set of generalized reduced MHD equations exhibit a host of complex phenomena arising from the coupling of the two modes. These include a modification of the island saturation widths of the two modes, a significant modification in the perpendicular flow patterns in the vicinity of the islands, and the excitation of geodesic acoustic mode like oscillations that lead to concomitant oscillations in the kinetic and magnetic energies of the islands. These oscillations only occur in the presence of the neoclassical stress tensor contribution and are absent for two coupled classical tearing modes.

Initial Code Acquisition in LTE Systems

Recently, the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard has been developed in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as the future wireless communication system. Cell search is a basic procedure of any cellular communication system by which a mobile terminal finds a cell for potential connection to, and then decodes all the information required to register. This paper presents a review of the state of the art solutions and recent patents in the fields of cell search and synchronization for LTE and wireless systems. Moreover, a recently introduced innovative acquisition technique is illustrated and depicted in details. Performance analysis is conducted in comparison with the conventional state of the art solution, evaluating the probability of detection under different multi-path standard channels. Keywords: Code acquisition, LTE systems, synchronization, spread-spectrum communications, wireless communications.

Information System Costs of Utilizing Electronic Product Codes in Achieving Global Data Synchronization within the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Network

Numerous benefits of implementation of global data synchronization (GDSN) in the pharmaceutical supply chain have been identified, including reduced counterfeiting, decreased medication errors, increased supply chain efficiency, and standardized regulatory evolution. For this study, a complete GDSN supply chain framework was developed as a model for the industry to achieve Global Standard (GS1) standards. Each supply chain member must have a strong enterprise resource planning (ERP) information system to accommodate the initial electronic product code information services (EPCIS). A web-based Datapool—which connects the manufacturer, distributor, and retailer—will assist in reaching the data synchronization stage. The most important step is to have an open standard of GS1 global registry to enable the Epedigree to be traced through the supply chain system. When combined with EPCIS, as well as electronic product code global (EPCglobal) standardization and GS1 Global Registry, the supply chain can achieve global data synchronization and traceability. The comprehensive GDSN framework provided in this study provides the pharmaceutical industry an estimate of the total costs of attaining a global data synchronization network.