Homogeneous Distribution Research Articles

Long-term effects of combined exposures to simulated microgravity and galactic cosmic radiation on the mouse lung: sex-specific epigenetic reprogramming.

Most studies on the effects of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) have relied on terrestrial irradiation using spatially homogeneous dose distributions of mono-energetic beams comprised of one ion species. Here, we exposed mice to novel beams that more closely mimic GCR, namely, comprising poly-energetic ions of multiple species. Six-month-old male and female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 0 Gy, 0.5 Gy, or 1.5 Gy simplified simulated 5 ion GCR (GCRsim). Exposure to microgravity was simulated using hindlimb unloading (HLU). At nine months post exposure, the mice were terminated to assess for the presence of exposure-induced epigenetic alterations. DNA hypermethylation in the 5'-untranslated regions of Lx_III, MdFanc_I, and MdMus_II families of the Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element 1 (LINE-1) was observed in the lungs of male mice. These effects were accompanied by increases in the expression of DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a, and methyl-binding protein, MecP2. Trends towards DNA hypomethylation, although insignificant, were observed in the lungs of female mice in the HLU + 1.5Gy GCRsim group. Altogether, our findings suggest persistent and sex-specific epigenetic reprogramming in the mouse lung and suggests that the DNA methylation status of LINE-1 can serve as a robust and reliable biomarker of previous radiation exposure.

An International Survey on the Use of a Polyrevitalizing Solution With or Without Other Aesthetic Procedures in the Daily Practice of Aesthetic Physicians.

NCTF135HA, a versatile polyrevitalizing solution, is a potent agent for enhancing skin quality, radiance, moisture, vitality, and diminishing fine wrinkles caused by aging factors. Data demonstrate a divergence in its application from skin quality enhancement to treatment of vitiligo lesions. To know more precisely about the protocol of use among providers, alone or in combination with other procedures, we performed an international survey. A Steering Committee of dermatologists, aesthetic surgeons, and physicians developed a 32-question questionnaire based on a literature review. Hosted online from January to March 2024, it targeted healthcare professionals experienced in polyrevitalization. Responses were analyzed anonymously and reported descriptively. Practitioners adopt a balanced approach: half of their patients receiving classic Polyrevitalization (NCTF135HA alone) and the other half undergoing combination therapy (NCTF135HA with another aesthetic procedure). Most administer NCTF135HA across multiple sessions, typically three (39.7%). In combination therapy, 55.5% of practitioners use NCTF135HA for medical purposes, targeting Melasma (53.1%) and Rosacea (45.0%) for instance. Aesthetic use is prevalent, with 94.2% employing NCTF135HA for skin wrinkles (79.9%), and refreshment, rejuvenation, and hydration (73.4%). Combining NCTF135HA with hyaluronic acid (71.2%) and botulinum toxin (49.1%) is common, alongside microneedling (50.2%), peelings (32.4%), and fractional radiofrequency (25.6%). Our survey showed a homogenous distribution of NCTF135HA utilization, indicating a consensus on its application across diverse demographics. This consistency highlights its widespread acknowledgment and efficacy in various aesthetic and clinical settings. Limitations include a large respondent group from Mexico and many respondents with less than 10 years of experience.

Anode-Free Zinc-Bromine Batteries Enabled by a Simple Prenucleation Strategy.

The design of anode-free zinc (Zn) batteries with high reversibility at high areal capacity has received significant attention recently, which is quietly challenging yet. Here, a Zn alloyed interface through electroplating is introduced, providing homogeneous Zn prenucleation sites to stabilize subsequent Zn nucleation and plating. By employing Zn-Cu alloy as a module, the complementary simulations and characterizations confirm that the prenucleation alloyed interfaces achieve a homogeneous electric field distribution and greatly enhance the stability of the Zn anode. Accordingly, the Zn//Zn-Cu@Cu half-cells show a long cycle life of over 900h and an average Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.8% at an areal capacity of10 mAh cm-2. The assembled anode-free zinc-bromine (Zn-Br2) battery exhibits an attractive stable cycling of 11 000 cycles at 1 mAh cm-2, while over 1000 cycles at the higher areal capacity of 10 mAh cm-2. Excitingly, the Zn-Br2 pouch cell with a capacity of 1000 mAh operates stably over 50 cycles, and achieves successful integration with photovoltaic systems. This anode-free Zn-Br2 batteries constructed through a prenucleation strategy offer new insights into the potential for large-scale energy storage applications.

Characterization of the Pore Network of a Cohesive Oxisol Through Morphological and Pore Complexity Analyses

Cohesive Oxisols are a type of soil common in the Coastal Plateau in Brazil. These soils represent a challenge for agriculture and their study is fundamental to better land use. There have been a few studies on the porous system of cohesive soils on the micrometer scale. Our study aimed to provide a detailed analysis of the pore complexity of the cohesive horizon of a Brazilian Oxisol using 3D images (volumetric data reconstructed by 2D CT slices) and to correlate these parameters with soil physical–hydric attributes. For this purpose, images with two different resolutions were analyzed from multifractal, lacunarity, and entropy analyses. Additionally, a characterization of hydraulic properties was carried out based on a soil water retention curve (SWRC). No differences were observed between the resolutions for the different physical parameters analyzed. The lacunarity analysis showed a greater homogeneity of the pore system with pores grouped in clusters. The multifractal analysis showed fractal characteristics for the cohesive horizon, suggesting a more homogeneous pore distribution. The main results obtained from the SWRC showed a low available water content due to the predominance of ultramicropores. Overall, the results show a less complex pore system, indicating the presence of pores of small sizes, affecting the water retention and conduction through the soil.

Metallic Ion Release Behaviors from Cobalt-Chromium Alloys Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing with Mechanical Grinding in an Acidic Saline Solution.

This study aimed to investigate the release of metallic ions from cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) for comparison with dental casting. Co-Cr alloys were fabricated via AM using selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM) in powder-bed fusion. Polished and mechanically ground specimens were prepared. Each specimen was analyzed using an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA). Each specimen was immersed in an acidic saline solution for 7 days in accordance with ISO 10271: 2020. The EPMA indicated the segregation of some elements in the as-prepared SLM and EBM specimens, whereas the polished and ground specimens exhibited a homogenous elemental distribution. The total amount of ion release from the SLM and EBM specimens was confirmed to be less than 7 μg/cm2, which was less than 42 μg/cm2 for the cast specimen. The polished and ground specimens exhibited an even lower ion release than the as-prepared specimens. The amount of ions released from the Co-Cr alloy was less than the 200 μg/cm² requirement of ISO 22674: 2022. Co-Cr alloys fabricated by SLM and EBM could provide superior corrosion resistance to cast specimens. AM could be a valuable method for fabricating appliances and denture frameworks in dentistry.

Metal-organic cage crosslinked nanocomposites with enhanced high-temperature capacitive energy storage performance

Polymer dielectric materials are widely used in electrical and electronic systems, and there have been increasing demands on their dielectric properties at high temperatures. Incorporating inorganic nanoparticles into polymers is an effective approach to improving their dielectric properties. However, the agglomeration of inorganic nanoparticles and the destabilization of the organic-inorganic interface at high temperatures have limited the development of nanocomposites toward large-scale industrial production. In this work, we synthesize metal-organic cage crosslinked nanocomposites by incorporating self-assembled metal-organic cages with amino reaction sites into the polyetherimide matrix. The in-situ crosslinking by self-assembled metal-organic cages not only achieves a homogeneous distribution of inorganic components, but also constructs robust organic-inorganic interfaces, which avoids the interfacial losses of conventional nanocomposites and improves the breakdown strength at elevated temperatures. Ultimately, the developed nanocomposites exhibit exceptionally high energy densities of 7.53 J cm−3 (150 °C) and 4.55 J cm−3 (200 °C) with charge-discharge efficiency of 90%.

Fuel Replenishment Problem of Heterogeneous Fleet in Initiative Distribution Mode

Petrol, a vital energy source for residents’ consumption and economically sustainable operation, generates substantial distribution demand. To reduce distribution costs, we propose a fuel replenishment problem using a heterogeneous fleet based on the initiative distribution mode. In this mode, the distribution center determines both the delivery orders of customers and the distribution plan. We develop a mathematical model with minimal operational costs, including transport, employment, and penalty costs. A Two-stage heuristic algorithm K-IBKA based on time-space clustering is proposed, which also combines the advantages of the butterfly optimization algorithm in quick convergence and hierarchical mutation strategy in population diversity. The results demonstrate that: (1) Heterogeneous truck distribution exhibits better cost advantages compared to homogeneous distribution, reducing total costs by 13.07%; (2) Compared to passive distribution mode, the total cost of the initiative distribution mode is reduced by 11.03% and 41.80%, respectively, through small and large-scale instances. (3) Compared with the unimproved BKA, ALNS, and GA, the total cost calculated by K-IBKA is reduced by 37.68%, 35.30%, and 27.26%, respectively, thus demonstrating the contribution of this work to reducing the cost of petrol distribution and achieving sustainable development of distribution.

Remote epitaxial crystalline perovskites for ultrahigh-resolution micro-LED displays.

The miniaturization of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is pivotal in ultrahigh-resolution displays. Metal-halide perovskites promise efficient light emission, long-range carrier transport and scalable manufacturing for bright microscale LED (micro-LED) displays. However, thin-film perovskites with inhomogeneous spatial distribution of light emission and unstable surface under lithography are incompatible with the micro-LED devices. Continuous single-crystalline perovskite films with eliminated grain boundaries, stable surfaces and optical homogeneity are highly demanded for micro-LEDs, but their growth and device integration remain challenging. Here we realize the remote-epitaxy growth of crystalline perovskite films, enabling their seamless integration into micro-LEDs with a pixel size down to 4 μm. By incorporating a subnanometre graphene interlayer, we enable remote epitaxy and transfer of perovskites with relaxed strain. These micro-LEDs exhibit a high electroluminescence efficiency of 16.7% and a high brightness of 4.0 × 105 cd m-2. Such high performance stems from suppressed defects and efficient carrier transport in epitaxial perovskites with high crystallinity, relaxed strain and hundreds-of-nanometres thickness. The free-standing perovskites can be integrated with commercial electronic planes for independent and dynamic control of each pixel, thus facilitating both static image and video display. With these findings, we envision on-chip perovskite photonic sources such as ultracompact lasers and ultrafast LEDs.

Toxicological problems of tattoo removal: characterization of femtosecond laser-induced fragments of Pigment Green 7 and Green Concentrate tattoo ink.

Femtosecond lasers represent a novel tool for tattoo removal as sources that can be operated at high power, potentially leading to different removal pathways and products. Consequently, the potential toxicity of its application also needs to be evaluated. In this framework, we present a comparative study of Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser irradiation, as a function of laser power and exposure time, on water dispersions of Pigment Green 7 (PG7) and the green tattoo ink Green Concentrate (GC), which contains PG7 as its coloring agent. The treated samples were subsequently analyzed via UV‒Vis spectroscopy, gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS), SEM imaging and associated statistical analysis. We found that, on average, the discoloration efficacy of femtosecond laser treatment was comparable to that of nanosecond lasers as were the decomposition products. In fact, two primary types of fragments are produced, both of which are potentially harmful, resulting either from the decomposition of chlorinated phthalocyanine (i.e., PG7) or from the active chlorination of naphthalene impurities. However, the outcomes for the PG7 and GC treatments differed significantly from each other from several points of view. The spectral intensity patterns of GC and PG7 were distinct, depending on the treatment conditions, and showed linearity with power only in the case of GC. Additionally, the relative ratios of the fragment products differed significantly, with the production rate showing a linear dependence on power only in the case of GC and no discernible trend for PG7. Shape and size distribution of the generated particles were highly dependent on the type of sample. Femtosecond laser irradiation of GCs primarily produces nanoparticles with a homogeneous size distribution, which are typically considered nontoxic. Large aggregates also formed, exhibiting a regular shape. In contrast, PG7 yielded rods and needles with aspect ratios similar to those of toxic fibers.

Stress Release of Zincophilic N-Doped Carbon@Sn Composite on High-Curvature Surface of Zinc Foam for Dendrite-Free 3D Zinc Anode.

Commercial 3D zinc foam anodes with high deposition space and ion permeation have shown great potential in aqueous ion batteries. However, the local accumulated stress from its high-curvature surface exacerbates the Zn dendrite issue, leading to poor reversibility. Herein, we have employed zincophilic N-doped carbon@Sn composites (N-C@Sn) as nano-fillings to effectively release the local stress of high curvature surface of 3D Zn foams toward dendrite-free anode in aqueous zinc ion battery (AZIB). These electronegative and conductive N-C@Sn nano-fillings as supporters can provide a highly zincophilic channel for initial Zn nucleation and reduce local current density for regulating Zn deposition. Uniform Zn deposition further assists homogenous stress distribution on the platting surface, which gives a positive feedback loop to improve anode reversibility. As a result, zinc foam with N-C@Sn composite (ZCSn Foam) symmetric cell achieves a long cycle lifespan of 1100h at 0.5mA cm-2, much more than that of Zn Foam (∼80h lifespan). The full cell ZCSn Foam||MnO2 exhibits remarkable reversibility with 67% retention after 1000 cycles at 0.8 A g-1 and 76% after 1600 cycles at 2 Ag-1. This 3D-constructing strategy may offer a promising and practical pathway for metal anode application.

Enhancement of Saltiness Perception in Microwave-Heated Pork Patties Induced by Sodium Inhomogeneous Distribution and Matrix Microstructural Changes

Enhancement of Saltiness Perception in Microwave-Heated Pork Patties Induced by Sodium Inhomogeneous Distribution and Matrix Microstructural Changes

Inhalable biohybrid microrobots: a non-invasive approach for lung treatment

Amidst the rising prevalence of respiratory diseases, the importance of effective lung treatment modalities is more critical than ever. However, current drug delivery systems face significant limitations that impede their efficacy and therapeutic outcome. Biohybrid microrobots have shown considerable promise for active in vivo drug delivery, especially for pulmonary applications via intratracheal routes. However, the invasive nature of intratracheal administration poses barriers to its clinical translation. Herein, we report on an efficient non-invasive inhalation-based method of delivering microrobots to the lungs. A nebulizer is employed to encapsulate picoeukaryote algae microrobots within small aerosol particles, enabling them to reach the lower respiratory tract. Post nebulization, the microrobots retain their motility (~55 μm s-1) to help achieve a homogeneous lung distribution and long-term retention exceeding five days in the lungs. Therapeutic efficacy is demonstrated in a mouse model of acute methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia using this pulmonary inhalation approach to deliver microrobots functionalized with platelet membrane-coated polymeric nanoparticles loaded with vancomycin. These promising findings underscore the benefits of inhalable biohybrid microrobots in a setting that does not require anesthesia, highlighting the substantial translational potential of this delivery system for routine clinical applications.

Nonlocalized Conductive Paths Construction and In-depth Mechanism Analysis for the Robust Resistive Switching in Halide Perovskites.

The conductive paths (CPs) established by defects in halide perovskites (HPs) tend to be disrupted under external influences, leading to deterioration of their RRAM performances. Here we propose an effective strategy to enhance the CPs in HP RRAMs by doping Ag+ to partially substitute Pb2+ in MAPbI3, which facilitates the nonlocalized growth of Ag CPs and thereby improves the stability of CPs. The optimal doped device demonstrates excellent RRAM performances including high ON/OFF ratios (>107), long retention (>105 s), large endurance (>103 cycles), uniform parameters, and excellent yield. In-depth mechanism investigation illustrates the homogeneous distribution of doping Ag+ and the migration of a sufficient quantity of Ag+ contribute to the formation of stable, nonlocalized Ag CPs in HP. This strategy possesses the superiorities of not requiring the participation of an active electrode, simple material preparation, and broad applicability, which provides a new perspective for developing high-performance HP RRAMs.

Confronting stem cells with surface-modified magnetic nanoparticles and low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field

Abstract The combined use of Low Frequency-Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (LF-PEMF) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represents an innovative approach for biomedical applications in recent years. Also, the surface properties of MNPs play a crucial role in understanding how they will interact with biological systems and determining their suitability for the intended applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interactions of MNPs with different surface charges with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) under LF-PEMF stimulation. Intracellular localization and in vitro cytotoxicity of surface-modified MNPs were examined through their interaction with AD-MSCs. Calcium and histochemical analysis were performed to investigate the synergistic effect of LF-PEMF. It was determined that application of MNPs (50 µg/mL) with LF-PEMF (1.3 mT, 15 Hz) did not demonstrate a cytotoxic effect on AD-MSCs. The surface modification of MNPs ensured a homogeneous distribution within cells, with cationic nanoparticles being predominantly localized around the nucleus, while anionic nanoparticles were dispersed in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, LF-PEMF exposure influenced cell morphology, leading to increased cytoplasmic extensions, particularly in cells interacting with silica-coated MNPs. These results shed light on the importance of how the surface properties of MNPs interact with cells under LF-PEMF stimulation and pave the way for future studies. Graphical abstract

Analysis Method of 131I Activity in Carbon Cartridge and Internal Dose Assessment for Nuclear Medicine Workers.

Inhalation of 131I is the main route for internal doses to nuclear medicine workers. This study aimed to establish a simple analysis method for determining 131I activity in carbon cartridges, explore the activity concentration of 131I in nuclear medicine departments, and evaluate the internal dose of workers. A total of 21 nuclear medicine departments in the hospital conducted air sampling using a high-volume air sampler equipped with carbon cartridges and glass fiber filters to collect gaseous 131I and aerosol 131I, respectively. Furthermore, a mathematical model was developed to analyze the 131I activity with inhomogeneous distribution in cartridges. Based on the 131I activity measured by the HPGe γ spectrometer, the personal annual inhalation effective dose was estimated. The results showed that there is a significant difference in the activity of gaseous 131I and aerosol 131I, with the activity ranging from 1.5±0.08 Bq m-1 to 3,944.23±197.21 Bq m-3 and ND (not detectable) to 842.11±42.11 Bq m-3, respectively. The activity of aerosol 131I is about 1% to 7% of that of gaseous 131I. The annual committed effective dose caused by inhalation of 131I for workers is 3.6 μSv to 8.23 mSv, which is lower than the dose limit of 20 mSv y-1. In general, the 131I contamination in the nuclear medicine department cannot be ignored, and the concentration of 131I should be regularly monitored to prevent and control the internal radiation to which workers may be exposed.

Three-Dimensional Electrical Impedance Imaging During Spontaneous Breathing Trials in Patients With Acute Hypoxic Respiratory Failure: A Pilot Study.

The purpose of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of lung imaging using 3D electrical impedance tomography (EIT) during spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) in patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure. EIT is a noninvasive, nonionizing, real-time functional imaging technique, suitable for bedside monitoring in critically ill patients. EIT data were collected in 24 mechanically ventilated patients immediately preceding and during a SBT on two rows of 16 electrodes using a simultaneous multicurrent source EIT system for 3D imaging. Dynamic 3D EIT images of conductivity were computed, as well as the EIT-derived rapid shallow breathing index, regional ventilation delay, global inhomogeneity index, and time traces of tidal volumes. 3D reconstructions and derived measures demonstrated inhomogeneity in ventilation distribution within patients. We conclude that 3D EIT images can provide information regarding ventilatory heterogeneity across the lung and may be useful in guiding ventilator management.

Thermal Regulation Methods Aimed to Elevate Photovoltaic Panel Performance: A Review

Commercially used solar modules convert about 14 to 24% of sunlight into electrical energy. The remaining energy is kept in the panels which is converted into heat energy and increases the panel temperature. However, the increase in temperature caused by this input reduces the power output of the solar panel, i.e. in crystalline silicon cells it is about 0.40%/°C. And the resulting thermal stress also reduces the panel life. Therefore, it would be a smart solution to dissipate the heat generated on the photovoltaic system by cooling the panels with various methods in order to reduce the solar panel temperature and increase the module performance. This paper presents a summary study to review the significant researches on improving performance of photovoltaic systems. Among these researches, there are studies aiming to reduce the high operating temperature seen on the solar cell surface and to balance the inhomogeneous heat distribution such as cooling of a PV panel with natural and forced liquid and air, heat pipe, phase change material and thermoelectric module. Besides these studies, researches aiming to make optimum use of sunlight by reducing reflection, pollution and photo-angular effects, which are parameters that have weakening effects on the electrical performance of solar cells, are reviewed as well.

Synergistic Effects in a Nitrogen‐Coordinated Zinc Single‐Atom Catalyst for Efficient CO2 Cycloaddition

AbstractThe valorization of CO2 into organic carbonates through its cycloaddition to epoxides has garnered significant attention in catalysis. However, the reaction is often hindered by low selectivity, and a key challenge is the development of catalysts capable of effectively activating both CO2 and epoxides simultaneously. In this study, we prepared and characterized a catalyst comprising isolated zinc single atoms dispersed on carbon nitride for the selective CO2 conversion to cyclic carbonates. The monoatomic nature and homogeneous distribution of the zinc species were confirmed utilizing advanced characterization methods, including X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. The catalyst activity and recyclability were validated through catalytic tests with epichlorohydrin as a model epoxydic compound, and the study scope was subsequently extended to include a wide range of functionalized epoxides. Density functional theory calculations were performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism, revealing that both CO2 and epichlorohydrin interact with the same zinc atom in the cycloaddition process, highlighting the key role of zinc single atoms in promoting the reaction. Overall, the present study provides new insights into the design and optimization of heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 cycloadditions, paving the way for more effective strategies in CO2 valorization and conversion for producing valuable fine chemicals.

A robust and powerful metric for distributional homogeneity

AbstractAssessing the homogeneity of two random vectors is a fundamental task in statistical inference. In this work, we introduce a weighted multivariate Cramér‐von Mises type metric that transforms each variable through a marginal mixture distribution function and integrates the squared difference in probability functions of these transformed variables. Notably, our metric exhibits scale invariance, rendering it robust against outliers and heterogeneity. The expression for our metric is straightforward and possesses a closed‐form representation. It is non‐negative and attains a value of zero if and only if the two random vectors are identically distributed. Moreover, our metric employs an ‐norm expression, which significantly enhances its effectiveness in high‐dimensional scenarios compared to traditional methods relying on the ‐norm. We validate the efficacy of our proposed approach through extensive simulation studies and empirical data analysis.

Rab21-Targeted Nano Drug Delivery System-Based FFPG for Efficient Paclitaxel Delivery to Inhibit Lung Cancer Progression.

Background/Objectives: Platycodon grandiflorus (PG) has been widely researched as a conductant drug for the treatment of lung diseases by ancient and modern traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practitioners. Inspired by the mechanism and our previous finding about fructans and fructooligosaccharides from Platycodon grandiflorus (FFPG), we developed a nano drug delivery system (NDDS) targeting lung cancer. The aim was to improve the efficiency of the liposomal delivery of Paclitaxel (PTX) and enhance the anti-tumor efficacy. Methods: The FFPG-Lip-PTX NDDS was prepared by electrostatic adsorption. Dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy were used for physical characterization. The release behavior of the NDDS was simulated by dialysis. The uptake of the NDDS was observed by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, migration, and invasion experiments were used to evaluate the anti-tumor ability of the NDDS in vitro. The penetration and inhibition of tumor proliferation were further analyzed via a 3D tumor sphere model. Finally, in vivo biological distribution and pharmacodynamic experiments verified the targeting and anti-tumor ability of the FFPG-Lip-PTX NDDS. Results: FFPG-Lip-PTX possessed a homogeneous particle size distribution, high encapsulation efficiency, and stability. In vitro experiments confirmed that FFPG promoted the uptake of the NNDS by tumor cells and enhanced cytotoxicity. It also increased the anti-tumor effect by promoting cell apoptosis and inhibiting invasion and metastasis. The same conclusion was obtained in 3D tumor spheres. In vivo experiments exhibited that FFPG-lips-PTX showed more significant lung cancer-targeting activity and anti-tumor effects. Conclusions: In this study, a novel lung-targeted NDDS is proposed to enhance the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy drugs on lung cancer.