Inhibitory Power Research Articles

Potential of Red Algae Eucheuma spinosum as Antibacterial to Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Introduction: Eucheuma spinosum is one of Indonesia's potential marine resources that can be used as an antimicrobial. The red algae E. spinosum contains many secondary metabolites which can inhibit the growth of bacteria. This research aimed to determine the optimum inhibitory power of the red algae extract E. spinosum using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents in inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria.Method: The extraction process uses the maceration method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as solvents. Antibacterial testing was carried out using the paper disk diffusion method with soaking for 1 hour and incubating for 24 hours. The extract with the largest clear zone diameter was then tested further using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) to investigate the compound content in the sample.Results: The solvent that produced the largest inhibition zone diameter was ethyl acetate extract, namely 16.1 mm at a concentration of 4%. Analysis of the compounds contained in the ethyl acetate extract using GCMS showed the presence of hexadecanoic acid which is a terpenoid group.Conclusion: The optimum concentration of red algae E. spinosum extract to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 16.1 mm in 4% ethyl acetate solvent. Key words: Antibacterial, Eucheuma spinosum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pare (Momordica charantia L) Terhadap Daya Hambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Staphylococcus aurus Metode Difusi

One of the plants that can be used as a drug is a plant Pare (Momordica charantia L). This is because the leaves are nutritious for health. In general, the natural chemical compounds found in pare leaves are momordin, momordisin, trichosanic acid, resins, resinic acid, saponi, flavonoids, vitamins A and C, and fatty oils.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ethanol extract concentration of pare leaves (Momordica charantia L) to the inhibitory power of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria diffusion method. This research method is in the form of quasi experimental by using diffusion method to see extract inhibition zone. Leaf ethanol extract was obtained by maceration extraction method. The sample used was the concentration of pare leaf ethanol extract consisting of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%. The results obtained at concentration of 10% have inhibitory power of 66.5% and increase with the increase of concentration up to 100% concentration has inhibitory power of 100%. Regression analysis got value (p = 0,00 <0,05) then Ha accepted, mean there is influence of ethanol extract concentration of pare leaf (Momordica Charantia L) of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria growth inhibition of diffusion method. Antibacterial activity of Momordica charantia L extract is more effective in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

VARIASI CAIRAN PENYARI EKSTRAK DAUN PUCUK MERAH (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.) TERHADAP BIOAKTIVITAS BAKTERI Propionibacterium acne

Acne is a skin disease that can block the appearance of the face, neck and back of the body. Acne occurs because the liquid sebum fat is converted by the bacteria Propionibacterium acne to become denser so that it is easy to clog the skin pores. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of red shoots (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.) with a variety of filter fluids against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The sampling technique was carried out by picking the red leaves. The results showed that the bioactivity as antibacterial of ethanol extract, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane of red shoots leaves contained tannins in the ethanol extract, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and steroids in the ethyl acetate extract and alkaloids, tannins, saponins and steroids in the extract. n-hexane. testing the antibacterial activity of each extract with a concentration of % obtained the great value on the n-hexane extract with an inhibitory power value of 14.5 mm with a strong category, and the results of statistical processing SPSS non-parametric method with further tests from the Kruskal Wallis Test it was found that the difference between each extract with the great value was found in the n-hexane extract, namely 14.21.

PENGARUH DAYA HAMBAT PERASAN BAWANG PUTIH TUNGGAL (Allium Sativum L) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Salmonella typhi

Typhoid fever is a disease caused by Salmonella typhi bacterial infection. This disease is one of the global infections throughout where the level of typhoid resistance to chloramphenicol in Indonesia itself is increasing, and it has even been reported that resistance increases 16% to 81% in 1 year in one location. Single garlic contains an active compound, namely allicin, which is used as an antibacterial which can inhibit the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, single garlic is expected to be used as an alternative in overcoming the problem of resistance to bacteria Salmonella typhi that causes typoid. This study used the disc diffusion method on MHA agar media to test the inhibition of single garlic juice against Salmonella typhi bacteria. This type of experimental research with descriptive criteria, with 4 repetitions. Results by measuring the diameter of the power area of the test sample in the concentration group of 50%, 75% and 100%. The results of this study the average diameter of the inhibitory power at a concentration of 100% is 25 mm, at a concentration of 75% is 21 mm, and at a concentration of 50 % i.e. 17 mm. The results of statistical tests with simple linear regression showed that p (0.000) <α 0.05 means that Ha is accepted, so it can be stated that there is an effect of various concentrations of single garlic (Allium Sativum L) on the inhibition zone of Salmonella typhi bacteria.

Antibacterial Activity of Guava Leaf Extract on The Growth of Aeromonas Hydrophila

Antibacterial Activity of Guava Leaf Extract on The Growth of Aeromonas Hydrophila

EFEKTIFITAS EKSRAK DAUN PEPAYA SEBAGAI PENGHAMBAT JAMUR Fusarium PENYEBAB REBAH KECAMBAH PADA CABAI MERAH (Capsicum annum L.)

big chili (Capsicum year L.) is an important vegetable commodity in Indonesia which is widely used as a cooking flavouring. In addition to protein, fat and carbohydrate nutrients, large chilies also contain vitamins A, B1 and vitamin C which are substances needed for human health (Prayudi , 2010). Red chili production in Indonesia in 2019 amounted to 12,144,1900 tons with a harvested area of ​​133,434 hectares and in Bengkulu province 378,1200 tons with a harvested area of ​​6,489 hectares. Whereas in 2020 in Indonesia it was 12,641,9000 tons with a harvested area of ​​133,434 ha and red chili production in Bengkulu reaching 396,3800 tons per 6,510 hectares (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2020). Judging from the data above, chili production in Indonesia will increase in 2020 and Bengkulu province will also experience an increase in 2020.This research will be carried out from June to July 2022, the research location is in Meranti Jaya Village, Ujan Mas District, Kepahiang Regency, Bengkulu Province. The research method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 1 treatment factor, namely papaya leaf extract consisting of 5 levels with 3 replications and each replication consisted of 10 samples, with a dose of p0 = 0 ml/liter of water, p1 = 10 ml/liter of water, p2= 15 ml/liter of water, p3= 20 ml/liter of water, p4= 25 ml/liter of water. The number of plants in the study was P x T x U = 5 x 10 x 3 = 150 plants. Based on the results of variance, it is known that the concentration of papaya leaf extract p1 and p2 has shown a decrease in fungal attackFusarium oxysporum but the inhibitory effect was stronger at concentrations of p3 and p4. it proves that papaya leaf extract has an anti-fungicidal effect against fungiFusarium oxysporum.The research showed that the lower the concentration of the extract given, the less the inhibitory power and the less anti-fungal content, and vice versa if the concentration of the extract given is higher, the anti-fungal content in the extract can be sufficient in inhibiting the growth of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. So it can be concluded that there was a significant effect on the application of papaya leaf extract in inhibiting the growth of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum and the most effective doses in inhibiting the fungus Fusarium oxysporum were p3 and p4.

Isolation and potency of Actinomycetes from rhizosphere of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt)

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is commonly cultivated by people in the forests of Moluccas Islands. This plant grows well on relatively infertile soil types. This is presumably due to the presence of symbiotic microbes in the root of nutmeg. The research aimed to isolate, characterize and test the potential of Actinomycetes from rhizosphere of nutmeg. Soil sample were taken from the nutmeg forest in Ambon Island. The Actinomycetes isolation using humic acid vitamin, continued with yeast malt agar (YMA) media. The testing of antibacterial and antifungal activities using YMA media, while cellulolytic activity, phosphate solubilizing, and xylanolytic activity using carboxyl methyl cellulose, Picovskaya agar, and birchwood agar or oat spelt xylan agar. A total of 12 isolates of Actinomycetes were isolated and dominated by Streptomyces with various types of aerial mycelia. The substrate mycelium looks brown and cream, while the aerial mycelium looks white and gray. These isolates had the highest inhibitory power against Escherichia coli and Fusarium oxysporum with indexes of 16.5 mm and 16.0 mm, respectively. The other isolates have the ability of cellulolytic, phosphate solubilizing, and xylanolytic with indexes 3.26, 3.87, and 1.2, respectively. The Actinomycetes isolates that were found can be used as starter to improve the biofertilizer formula for nutmeg.

Royal Jelly (Apis mellifera) As an Antimicrobial Activity Inhibition

Royal jelly (RJ) has lots of compounds such as protein, vitamins, and a variety of bioactive compounds (10-hydroxy-2-decanoic or 10-HDA acids). 10-HDA is a lipid fraction component in RJ content with antibacterial and immunomodulatory activity. RJ proteins that have antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-tumor, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive properties. The authors continue their research about the effect of RJ on the inhibitory strength of the given antibacterial activity. L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, and E. coli were among the microbes studied in this research. This study used an experimental method with a complete randomized design (CRD) of 5 treatments and 4 replications, if the treatment showed a noticeable effect (P<0.05) then Duncan’s multiple distance test was continued. According to the findings of this study, the royal jelly variations given had a significant inhibitory effect on antibacterial activity. The inhibitory ability of L. monocytogenes proved that the second treatment had a higher inhibitory power of 30.94±25.786b, in S. aureus, the second treatment gave a moderate inhibitory power of 9.013±1.841a, and in E. coli, the second treatment gave a weak inhibitory power of 3.24±3.748a. The conclusion of studies showed royal jelly with dilution variety could be antimicrobial agent and to be strongest inhibitor in L. monocytogenes and lowest in E. coli. The suggestion of studies needs management in the isolates of bacteria available and should be estimated before we do the research about antimicrobial activity inhibitors.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF N-HEXANE AND ETHANOL EXTRACT OF MELINJO PEEL (GNETUM GNEMON L.) AGAINST SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE AND BACILLUS CEREUS

Melinjo peel (Gnetum gnemon L.) contains secondary metabolites with antibacterial characteristics such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of 96% ethanol and n-hexane extract of melinjo peel resulting from the multilevel maceration against Shigella dysenteriae and Bacillus cereus bacteria. This research is an experimental study to test the antibacterial activity of melinjo peel extract as measured by the Diameter of Inhibition Zone (DIZ) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) at concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, and 50%. The results found that the extract resulted from maceration with 96% ethanol solvent as much as 70.95 g with a yield of 14.19% and n-hexane solvent as much as 7.07 g with a yield of 1.41%. The 96% ethanol extract of melinjo peel gave the highest DIZ at a concentration of 50% against Bacillus cereus compared to Shigella dysenteriae. In contrast, the DIZ of n-hexane extract of melinjo peel had no inhibitory power against both of bacteria in all concentrations. MIC of 96% ethanol extract of melinjo peel extract against Shigella dysenteriae and Bacillus cereus at concentrations of 50% and 25%, respectively, whereas n-hexane extract melinjo peel had no MIC value against both bacteria.

Formulation and Antibacterial Activity of Averrhoa bilimbi L. Fruits Extract in Vegetable Oil-Based Liquid Hand Soap

The main method of preventing infections is good hand cleanliness. Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi) fruits contains flavonoids, which have been tested for antibacterial activity. Polar chemicals like flavonoids are often extracted using ethanol as a solvent. Therefore, this study aimed to formulate an ethanol extract of A. bilimbi fruits in the form of hand soap. This formulation used vegetable oils such as olive oil, coconut oil, and castor oil, which are high in fatty acids to maintain healthy skin. Antibacterial activity was carried out against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The extract was prepared by maceration for 5 days using an ethanol solvent. Liquid soap contained A. bilimbi fruit extracts at 5% (F1) and 10% (F2). The F1 and F2 organoleptic tests showed the preparation as a thick liquid with a distinctive coconut oil aroma, light brown (F1) and brown (F2) color. pH values of 5.8 (F1) and 5.6 (F2). Foam height stability was 71.5% (F1) and 73.1% (F2). The specific gravity for the two formulas was 1.02 g/mL. The viscosity of F1 and F2 was 137.6 cP and 163.5 cP, respectively. Inhibition power against S. aureus using the agar diffusion method by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone showed strong (F1) and very strong (F2) categories The inhibition against S. aureus showed strong (F1) and very strong (F2) categories. While F1 has no inhibitory power against E. coli, F2 showed inhibition in the strong category. Based on our research, it can be concluded that A. bilimbi fruit extract can produce good hand soap and have bacteria-inhibiting activity. However, further formula development is still needed to obtain preparations that meet all the requirements and stability tests.

In vitro and in silico antibacterial and anti-corrosive properties of Persea americana leaves extract as an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in a hydrochloric acid medium

The inhibitory performance of an efficient and biodegradable Persea americana leaves extract (PALE) was inspected using electrochemical methods and surface analysis techniques in 1 M HCl. Then, antibacterial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 12493, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 using a well diffusion assay. Moreover, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations were determined. Additionally, the antibacterial activity was performed in silico. The experimental results showed that PALE has a more excellent inhibition standard for carbon steel in hydrochloric acid. Polarization investigations reported that as the concentration of PALE leaves extracts, the inhibitory power grew and reached a high value of 92%. PALE did act as a mixed-type inhibitor and preceded a Langmuir adsorption isotherm correctly. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) outcomes demonstrated that the PALE adsorption on the metallic surface significantly decreased its dissolution rate, resulting in a clean and seamless surface. Additionally, PALE was effective against bacterial strains, and molecular docking analysis revealed that apigenin and quercetin-3-glucoside might be the main compounds that inhibit bacterial proliferation.

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN SABUN CAIR EKSTRAK SABUT KELAPA (Cocos nucifera L. ) DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI CARBOPOL 940 TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923

Shower gel is one of the preparations that can be used to protect the skin from Staphylococcus aureus bacterial infection. Plants that have antibacterial activity are coconut husk, the compounds contained are tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenols. Tannins have the activity of inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This study aims to determine the influence of Carbopol 940 variations on liquid soap preparations. Liquid soap preparations have antibacterial activity, find out which formulas have the best physical quality. Coconut husk extract was obtained by maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. The concentration of coconut husk extract in the formula is 1.6% with a variation in the concentration of Carbopol 940 which is 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%. Physical quality examination includes organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, viscosity, foam stability test, and free alkali test. Testing the antibacterial activity of liquid soap preparations using the method of diffusion of wells, the data obtained by analysis using the SPSS program. Variations in carbopol concentration 940 affect the physical quality of liquid soap preparations, the increasing concentration of carbopol affects viscosity, foam stability, and free alkali. All formulas have antibacterial activity of 21.23 (F4); 20.22 (F5); 19.37 (F6). The formula with the best physical quality and inhibitory power is formula 4 with a carbopol concentration of 940 of 0.5%.

AKTIVITAS ANTI BAKTERI FORMULASI LOTION EKSTRAK ETANOL RIMPANG JERINGAU PUTIH

The skin is the most important and largest organ of the human body. The skin needs so much attention, both in terms of disease and health, because it turns out that the skin itself is quite susceptible to bacterial and fungal attacks. Therefore, the formulation of lotions for the skin, namely ingredients that can kill bacteria or fungi and are safe for the skin can be justified. Natural ingredients that have properties as antibacterial ingredients for the skin are White Jeringau.The purpose of this study was to explain the differences in the inhibition of the lotion formulation of the ethanol extract of the White Jeringau Rhizome against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using the diffusion method. The research method used is a quasi-experimental with purposive sampling technique. The sample in this study was the lotion of the ethanol extract of the Jeringau Putih rhizome with concentrations of 40%, 50% and 60% which were replicated 9 times each so that the number of samples in this study were 27 samples. Furthermore, the sample was tested for inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by diffusion method.Based on the results of this study in 2022, antibacterial analysis of the white jeringau extract lotion sample formula I, formula II and formula III against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using the Kirby-bauer diffusion method showed the results of the inhibition zone diameter, namely in formula I the average inhibition zone formed was 11 .50 mm, in formula II it is 13.61 mm and in formula III it is 14.50 mm. According to Davis and Stout (1971) the inhibitory response by active ingredients is grouped into 4 categories, namely weak activity (≤ 5 mm), moderate (5-10 mm), strong (10-20 mm), and very strong (≥ 20 mm). ). Based on this classification, white jeringau extract lotion formula I, formula II and formula III are categorized as strong. Formula I had the best inhibitory response because the concentration of the extract was the smallest and had a strong category of inhibition compared to formula II and formula III which had a higher concentration and had the same inhibitory power. the results of statistical test analysis using the Kruskal Walis test obtained p value = 0.000 0.05 and it was concluded that there were differences in the white jeringau rhizome lotion formula I, II, and III in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.Â

Effect of Ethanol Extract of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) on Staphylococcus epidermidis in vitro

Tomato is one of the plants that contain lycopene as an antibacterial. Acne is an infectious disease caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antibiotic treatment starts to become resistant so that plants can be used as alternative treatments. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the ethanolic extract of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) against the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria in vitro. This type of research is experimental. Extraction was carried out by maceration method with 96% ethanol as solvent. Lycopene extract with concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Testing with the paper disk method with five repetitions. Aquadest as a negative control, and tetracycline as a positive control. The results showed that the diameter of the inhibition zone formed in the positive control was 40.36 mm (potent inhibition). Inhibition zones at concentrations of 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20% had solid inhibitory power. The results of statistical tests showed that the ethanolic extract of tomato (Solanum lycopersycom L) had antibacterial effectiveness against the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria that causes acne in vitro. The post hoc test shows a significant effect between a T1 concentration of 100% with negative control and positive control

U UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN GEL HAND SANITIZER SANITIZER BUNGA LAWANG (Illiacium verum Hook. f) pada BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus & Escherichia coli

Some diseases caused by microorganisms on the hands are diarrhea, diphteria, boils, typhus and others. The bacteria that most often contaminate the skin of the hands are Staphylococcus aureus and Escheria coli, whose spreas most often transmitted from hand to hand. Bunga lawing are one of the medicinal plants that have been used in medicine. The purpose of this study was determine the antibacterial activity of gel hand essential oil sanitizer gel preparation (Illiacium verum Hook.f) to the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escheria coli bacteria compared to sanitizer Dettol gel hand. This was carried out with the experimental method. Essential oil of bunga lawing is extracted using a heat method, namely soxhletation. The antibacterial activity test in this study used the agar diffusion method (disc diffusion). The measurement of the diameter of the inhibited area formed were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA statistical test. The results of antibacterial activity of bunga lawang sanitizer hand have lower antibacterial activity gel hand sanitizer Dettol. In the diameter of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria the highest rate 0f hand flower sanitizer gel was 15,1 mm while the sanitizer gel hand wash 21,4 mm. In Escheria coli bacteria, the inhibitory diameter the sanitizer hand gel dettol was obtained at 20.1 mm, while the lawang hand sanitizer gel obtained the highest inhibition diameter of 13.1 mm. The results of data analysis using a one-way ANOVA statistical test showed a sig value p<0,05 so that there were significant differences between the gel hand to the inhibitory power of the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escheria coli bacteria.

Synthesis of Zinc (II)N-Benzylmethyl Dithiocarbamate as an Antibacterial against Salmonella typhi

Dithiocarbamate complex compounds are widely used as anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal. The compound Zinc (II) N-Benylmethyl Dithiocarbamate was successfully synthesized to find a picture of the structure and antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi bacteria. This compound was synthesized by in situ method, namely by the addition of N-benzyl methylamine, carbon disulfide, and zinc chloride, identification using FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. Testing of antibacterial activity by disc method. The results of research from synthesized compounds using FTIR obtained groups (C-N) 1203.58, (C-H) 2918.30, (C-S) 640.37, (Zn-S) 352.97. The measurement results of 1H NMR obtained 0-3.3650 (δ CH3), 5.1256 (δ CH2), 7.3259-7.4105 (δ C6H5). The results of 13C NMR measurements were obtained 0-41.7650 (δ CH3), 60.4114 (δ CH2), 127.9929-134.7094 (δ C6H5), and 205.0874 (δ C-S2). Zinc (II)N-Benylmethyl Dithiocarbamate compound is effective as an antibacterial with a concentration of 100 ppm with an inhibitory power of 12.65 mm. Conclusion The compound was successfully synthesized and has antibacterial activity with a strong category.

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Suruhan (Peperomia Pellucida (L.) Kunth) Terhadap Bakteri Staphyloccocus Epidermidis

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a gram-positive bacterium that can cause skin infections, one of which is acne. Acne (acne vulgaris) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaseus unit characterized by the presence of blackheads, papules, pustules, nodules, cysts, and scars. Acne often occurs on the skin of the face, neck, chest and back. Although acne is not fatal, it is quite troubling because it can reduce self-confidence, especially those who care about appearance. The purpose of this study was to identify the antibacterial activity of suruhan leaf extract (Peperomia pellucida (L.) kunth) against Staphyloccocus epidermidis bacteria. The research method with well diffusion is to see the presence of clear zones formed around wells that show the inhibition of the growth of Staphyloccocus epidermidis bacteria by Peperomia pellucida (L.) kunth leaf extract. The object of study was the extract of uruhan leaves and bacteria Staphyloccocus epidermidis. Data were obtained using primary data from observation or direct observation of the area of inhibition zone of uruhan leaf extract against Staphyloccocus epidermidis bacteria. From the results of the study showed that there was an inhibitory power of the leaf extract against Staphyloccocus epidermidis bacteria.

Exploring Echinops polyceras Boiss. from Jordan: Essential Oil Composition, COX, Protein Denaturation Inhibitory Power and Antimicrobial Activity of the Alcoholic Extract.

In this article, we present the first detailed analysis of the hydro-distilled essential oil (HDEO) of the inflorescence heads of Echinops polyceras Boiss. (Asteraceae) from the flora of Jordan, offering observations at different growth (pre-flowering, full-flowering and post-flowering) stages. Additionally, we investigated the methanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of the plant material at the full flowering stage in order to determine its inhibitory activity in terms of COX and protein denaturation and evaluate its antimicrobial effects against S. aureus (Gram-positive) and E. coli (Gram-negative) bacteria. Performing GC/MS analysis of HDEO, obtained from the fresh inflorescence heads at the different growth stages, resulted in the identification of 192 constituents. The main class of compounds detected in these three stages comprised aliphatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, which amounted to 50.04% (pre-flower), 40.28% (full-flower) and 41.34% (post-flower) of the total composition. The oils also contained appreciable amounts of oxygenated terpenoids, primarily sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids. The pre-flowering stage was dominated by (2E)-hexenal (8.03%) in addition to the oxygenated diterpene (6E,10E)-pseudo phytol (7.54%). The full-flowering stage primarily contained (6E,10E)-pseudo phytol (7.84%), β-bisabolene (7.53%, SH) and the diterpene hydrocarbon dolabradiene (5.50%). The major constituents detected in the HDEO obtained at the post-flowering stage included the oxygenated sesquiterpenoid intermedeol (5.53%), the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (E)-caryophyllene (5.01%) and (6E,10E)-pseudo phytol (4.47%). The methanolic extract obtained from air-dried aerial parts of E. polyceras displayed more COX-2 inhibition than COX-1 inhibition at a concentration level of 200 µg/mL. The extract exhibited a capacity to inhibit protein denaturation that was comparable with respect to the activity of diclofenac sodium and displayed moderate levels of antimicrobial activity against both bacterial species. The current results demonstrate the need to perform further detailed phytochemical investigations to isolate and characterize active constituents.

IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOPYTIC FUNGI COMPOUND ON WHITE WEED LEAVES (Ageratum Conyzoides L.) CONTAINING THE POTENTIAL TO PRODUCE ANTIBIOTICS BY TLC-BIOAUTOGRAPHY.

White weed (Ageratum conyzoides L.) is known to have antibacterial elements containing chemical compound such as saponin and flavonoids. This study aimed to examine the antibiotic activity of endophytic fungi isolates of white weed leaves by the TLC-Bioautography method. The results of endophytic fungi isolation of white weed leaves obtained 10 isolates consisting of IFDP 1, IFDP 2, IFDP 3, IFDP 4, IFDP 5, IFDP 6, IFDP 7, IFDP 8, IFDP 9, and IFDP 10. The results of the macroscopic examination of the ten isolates of endophytic fungi found different characteristics. The results of the screening using 9 samples obtained isolates that found activity showing high inhibitory power, such as IFDP 1, IFDP 2, and IFDP 4 isolates. Isolates of IFDP 1, IFDP 2 and IFDP 4 were fermented on MYB medium for 14 days. Then filtering and evaporation were carried out to produce an extract. Isolate fermentate extracts were identified using Thin Layer Chromatography with chloroform eluent: methanol (4:2). The antibiotic activity test was done using TLC-Bioautography method, and obtained an Rf value in isolate 1, at Rf 0.74 on Vibrio cholerae. Isolate 2 resulted rf value of 0.67 on Salmonella thypi, Vibrio cholerae, Eschericia coli, disentriae, Staphylococcus epidermis. Isolate 4 generated an Rf value of 0.74 on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholerae. While the group of active chemical components contained in the endophytic fungi isolates of white weed leaves was lavonoids by using AlCl3 reagents, AICI3 reagent alkaloids, and Sulfuric acid for saponin identification

Antibacterial effects of curcuma (Curcuma xanthorriza) on Vibrio alginolyticus in baramundi

This study aimed to determine the inhibitory power of the growth of Vibrio alginolyticus bacteria, phytochemicals, and the effectiveness of Curcuma rhizome extract against the prevention of Vibrio alginolyticus infection in white snapper. The research was conducted in January - July 2022 at Malikussaleh University. The research method consists of the preparation of curcuma extract, preparation of Vibrio alginolyticus bacteria, inhibition zone test, preparation of test biota, application of Curcuma extract through immersion in fish, challenge test of Vibrio alginolyticus, and fish rearing. The research design used was a Complete Randomized Design (RAL)-Non-Factorial. The study consisted of 2 stages, namely (1) antibacterial test of rhizome extract against Vibrio alginolyticus, with the treatment of aromatic ginger, Curcuma, zingiber rhizome extracts at doses of A (60%), B (80%), and C (100%), respectively. The results showed that Curcuma rhizome extract is the best. The results of phytochemical tests showed that the Curcuma rhizome plant was positive for flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and phenolics, but negative for steroid compounds. So continued the Phase 2 study with the aim of testing the effectiveness of temulawak rhizome extract at doses: A (70%), B (80%), C (90%), and D (100%). The results of the phase 2 study showed that the most effective concentration in inhibiting the growth of Vibrio alginolyticus bacteria is temulawak rhizomes with a concentration of 100%. Rated survival rate 86.67%), duration of healing (24 hours 28 minutes), and percentage of recovery from white snapper (86.7%).