Inhibitory Effect Of Ethanol Extract Research Articles

Inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa L. leaves on the expression of EGFR

Inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa L. leaves on the expression of EGFR

Inhibitory Effects of Ethanol Extracts from Nuruk on Oxidative Stress, Melanogenesis, and Photo-Aging

Nuruk contributes to the unique characteristics of Korean alcoholic beverages. In this study, the effects of nuruk extracts (NE) on anti-oxidant characters, melanogenesis, and anti-photoaging activity were investigated. NEs were obtained from the 70% ethanol extracts of six types of nuruk, which have been used in brewing of fermented alcohol beverages in Korea. First, various antioxidant characteristics were identified in terms of 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiozoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression, and inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity. NE#4 exhibited potent ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 19.51 μg/mL). Compared with NE#4, relatively lower levels of activity were observed for NE#3 and NE#6, with IC50 values of 90.99 and 76.88 μg/mL, respectively. According to results of western blot analysis for determination of SOD expression in H2O2-treated HepG2 cells, NE#5 and NE#6 induced a dramatic increase in the expression ratio of SOD, compared to the group treated with H2O2 only. Activity of xanthine oxidase, which converts xanthine into uric acid, generating superoxide ions, was inhibited by NE#4 and NE#6 in a dose-dependent manner. NE#4 induced significant inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase activity. A reduction in cellular melanin contents of 80% was observed in B16F1 melanocytes treated with NE#5 and NE#6; these effects were similar to those of arbutin at 100 μM. In addition, gelatin zymography and reverse transcription-PCR analysis were performed for assessment of anti-photoaging activity of Nuruk. Treatment with NE#6 resulted in dramatically inhibited activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/-9, suppressed expression of MMP-1, and increased expression of type-1 procollagen. Results of gelatin zymography for NE#4 and NE#5 were similar, to a slightly lesser degree. These results suggest the potential of NE#4 and NE#6 as natural ingredients for use in functional foods and cosmetics.

Inhibitory effect of Zanthoxylum schinifolium on vascular smooth muscle proliferation

The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells may perform a crucial role in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction such as atherosclerosis. The principal objective of this study was to determine the inhibitory effects of ethanol extract from Zanthoxylum schinifolium (EZS) on human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) proliferation induced by TNF-α. The invasion and migration of HASMC was significantly promoted by treatment with TNF-α as compared with control. However, EZS inhibited the TNF-α-induced invasion and migration in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.01). [3H]-thymidine incorporation was also significantly inhibited by EZS treatment. We utilized western blotting analysis to evaluate the effects of EZS on cell cycle regulatory proteins. TNF-α induced the expression of CDK2/CDK4, and reduced the expression of p21waf1/cip1/p27kip1. However, EZS also attenuated the expression of TNF-α-induced cell cycle regulatory proteins. The results of gelatin zymography demonstrated that the TNF-α-treated HASMC secreted gelatinases, probably including MMP-9, which may be involved in the invasion and migration of HASMC. EZS inhibited the production of TNF-α-induced formation of DCF-sensitive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our results showed that EZS exerts inhibitory effects on TNF-α-induced HASMC proliferation and migration, including the inhibition of MMP-9 activity and the down-regulation of ROS/production, thereby suggesting that EZS may be a possible therapeutic approach to the inhibition of atherosclerosis.

The inhibitory effects of ethanol extracts from sorghum, foxtail millet and proso millet on α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities

Cereal crops have recently experienced increased interest due to their potential health benefits. It has been suggested that the intake of whole grain foods is beneficial to the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of 70% EtOH extracts from different cultivars of sorghum, foxtail millet and proso millet on α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Among the six sorghum cultivars, Mongdang-susu(SS-1), Me-susu(SS-2), Susongsaengi-susu(SS-3) and Sikyung-susu(SS-4) extracts exhibited higher inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase ( IC 50 = 1.1–1.4 μg/ml) than acarbose, reference inhibitor ( IC 50 = 2.1 μg/ml). In addition, these extracts strongly inhibited degradation of starch by pancreatic and salivary α-amylase, whereas extracts from foxtail and proso millets exhibited no visible or detectible inhibitory effect on α-amylase or on α-glucosidase activity. These in vitro studies indicate the potential of sorghum in the development of effective anti-diabetic agents.

Inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of Magnolia officinalis and 4-O-methylhonokiol on memory impairment and neuronal toxicity induced by beta-amyloid

The components of the herb Magnolia officinalis have exhibited antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. In this study, we investigated effects of ethanol extract of M. officinalis and its major component 4- O-methylhonokiol on memory dysfunction and neuronal cell damages caused by Aβ. Oral pretreatment of ethanol extract of M. officinalis (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) and 4- O-methylhonokiol (1 mg/kg) into drinking water for 5 weeks suppressed the intraventricular treatment of Aβ 1–42 (0.5 μg/mouse, i.c.v.)-induced memory impairments. In addition, 4- O-methylhonokiol prevented the Aβ 1–42-induced apoptotic cell death as well as β-secretase expression. 4- O-methylhonokiol also inhibited H 2O 2 and Aβ 1–42-induced neurotoxicity in cultured neurons as well as PC12 cells by prevention of the reactive oxygen species generation. 4- O-methylhonokiol also directly inhibited β-secretase activity and Aβ fibrilization in vitro. Thus, ethanol extract of M. officinalis may be useful for prevention of the development or progression of AD, and 4- O-methylhonokiol may be a major active component.

Coptis chinensisExtract Inhibits the Production of Inflammatory Mediators and Delayed Type Hypersensitivity in Mice

Coptis chinensis rhizome has been used as a medicinal herb in traditional Oriental medicine. We investigated the effects of Coptis chinensis extract on inflammatory mediators and delayed type hypersensitivity in mice. Methods: The inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of Coptis chinensis (CCE) on cell proliferation was evaluated using MTS assay. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and the Con A-activated mouse splenocytes were cultured with various concentrations of CCE. Total nitric oxide (NO) production was determined by Griess reaction. The amounts of secreted prostaglandine E2 (PGE 2 ), interleukin (IL)-2 and IFN-γ were measured by ELISA. To investigate the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of CCE, oxazolone-induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) model was used. Results: The CCE at 100μg/ml significantly blocked the LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators (NO and PGE) in RAW264.7 macrophages. Also, it significantly inhibited cell proliferation and cytokine (IL-2 and IFN-γ) production in splenocytes. Furthermore, when splenocytes from CCE fed mice (200 mg/kg for 2 weeks) were activated with Con A, cell proliferation and cytokine production were significantly inhibited. In addition, CCE decreased in vivo inflammation in oxazolone-induced DTH model mice. Conclusion: We suggest that Coptis chinensis can be used as an anti-inflammatory drug by exerting an inhibitory effect in inflammatory mediator- and cell-mediated inflammation.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Stereum ostrea, an Inedible Wild Mushroom

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of liquid culture filtrate, water and ethanol extract (solid culture) of Stereum ostrea were evaluated against 5 bacteria and 3 plant pathogenic fungi. To determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), we studied 5~300 mg/ml concentrations against bacteria and fungi separately. The MIC was 10 mg/ml for Bacillus subtilis and 40 mg/ml for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum miyabeanus. Liquid culture filtrate was more effective against Gram positive than Gram negative bacteria, and Staphylococcus aureus was the most inhibited (20.3 mm) bacterium. Water and ethanol extracts were effective against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and water extract was better than ethanol extract. In water and ethanol extract, inhibition zones were 23.6 and 21.0 mm (S. aureus) and 26.3 and 22.3 mm (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), respectively. For plant pathogenic fungi, the highest and lowest percent inhibition of mycelial growth (PIMG) was found 82.8 and 14.4 against C. miyabeanus and Botrytis cinerea in liquid culture filtrate, respectively. In water extract, the PIMG was found to be the highest 85.2 and lowest 41.7 for C. miyabeanus and C. gloeosporioides, respectively. The inhibitory effect of ethanol extract was better against C. miyabeanus than C. gloeosporioides and B. cinerea. Among 3 samples, water extract was the best against tested pathogenic fungi. This study offers that the extracts isolated from S. ostrea contain potential compounds which inhibit the growth of both bacteria and fungi.

Inhibitory Effect of Ethanol Extract of Piper longum L. on Rabbit Platelet Aggregation through Antagonizing Thromboxane A2 Receptor

Piper longum L. has been used as a crude drug for the treatment of disorders of poor peripheral blood circulation in Asia. However, the detailed mechanism of its action has not been clarified as yet. In the present study, we examined the effects of several extracts of Piper longum L. on rabbit platelet function. Thromboxane A(2) receptor agonist U46619 caused rabbit platelet aggregation, which was potently inhibited by the ethanol or butanol extract of Piper longum L. The ethanol extract inhibited U46619-induced platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner, but only weakly inhibited that induced by thrombin. The maximum response to U46619 was reduced by 100% ethanol extract concentration dependently, suggesting that the inhibitory mode of U46619-induced platelet aggregation by the ethanol extract was non-competitive. The extract also inhibited U46619-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis with a similar concentration dependency to the platelet aggregation. Furthermore, the extract inhibited binding of [(3)H]SQ29548 to thromboxane A(2) receptor in intact platelets in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that Piper longum L. contains a constituent(s) that inhibits platelet aggregation as a non-competitive thromboxane A(2) receptor antagonist.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 propagation in HeLa cells interrupted by Nelumbo nucifera

Inhibitory effects of ethanolic extracts from 10 Chinese herbs on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication were investigated. By a bioassay-guided fractionation procedure, NN-B-5 was identified from seeds of N. nucifera. NN-B-5 significantly blocked HSV-1 multiplication in HeLa cells without apparent cytotoxicity. To elucidate the point in HSV-1 replication where arrest occurred, a set of key regulatory events leading to the viral multiplication was examined, including HSV-1 DNA synthesis and viral immediate early gene expressions. Data from polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting showed that there were impairments of HSV-1 DNA replication in HeLa cells treated with NN-B-5. Results indicated that the production and mRNA transcription of infected cell protein (ICP) 0 and ICP4 were decreased in NN-B-5 treated HeLa cells. Results of an electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that NN-B-5 interrupted the formation of alpha-trans-induction factor/C1/Oct-1/GARAT multiprotein/DNA complexes. The mechanisms of antiviral action of NN-B-5 seem to be mediated, at least in part, through inhibition of immediate early transcripts, such as ICP0 and ICP4 mRNA and then blocking of all downstream viral products accumulation and progeny HSV-1 production.

Inhibitory effects of ethanol extract from Radix Ophiopogon japonicus on venous thrombosis linked with its endothelium-protective and anti-adhesive activities

The in-vivo inhibitory effects of the ethanol extract of Radix Ophiopogon japonicus (ROJ-ext) on venous thrombosis were studied in mouse and rat models and in-vitro endothelial cell-protective and anti-adhesive activities were observed in ECV304 cells injured by sodium dithionite and HL-60 adhesion to ECV304 cells injured by TNF-α. The in-vivo results showed that ROJ-ext significantly inhibited venous thrombosis induced by tight ligation of the inferior vena cava for 6 h in mice and for 24 h in rats by once oral administration at doses of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg. Meanwhile, ROJ-ext had no obvious effect on some coagulation parameters, which was different from warfarin, which remarkably prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and prothrombin time (PT) in rats at the same time. Histological analysis under light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of inferior vena cava indicated that ROJ-ext could protect endothelial cells from anoxic injury and alleviate inflammatory changes in the vein wall. On the other hand, the in-vitro studies approved that ROJ-ext significantly enhanced viability of ECV304 cells injured by sodium dithionite at the concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 10 μg/ml when given before and after the anoxic induction. Meanwhile, ROJ-ext remarkably inhibited adhesion of HL-60 cells to ECV304 cells injured by rh TNF-α at above concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. The findings of this study showed that ethanol extract of Radix Ophiopogon japonicus (ROJ-ext) inhibited venous thrombosis, which linked with its endothelial cell-protective and anti-adhesive activities. This lends scientific support to the therapeutic use of the plant for thrombotic diseases.

갈참나무 부위별 에탄을 추출물 및 분획물의 항균효과

본 연구는 여러종류의 병원성 식중독 미생물에 대하여 갈참나무의 부위별 에탄올 추출물과 분획물에 대한 생육저해 효과를 규명하여 천연항균소재로서의 응용가능성을 탐색하고자 하였다. 갈참나무 잎, 수피, 목질부의 에탄올 추출물은 모두 그람 음성균과 양성균에서 모두 항균활성을 나타내었다. 그람양성과 음성균 4종에 대한 갈참나무 부위별 에탄올 추출물의 생육저해효과는 식중독균 종류에 따라 약간의 차이는 있었으나 L. monocytogenes와 S. Typhimurium균이 B. cereus와 E. coli O157:H7균에 비하여 더 강한 생육억제를 보였으며 갈참나무 부위중 잎 에탄올 추출물이 가장 높은 항균력을 보였고, 수피와 목질부는 거의 유사하거나 수피 에탄올 추출물이 약간 강한 항균력을 나타내었다. 갈참나무잎 에탄올 추출물은 B. cereus는 500 ㎍/mL, L. monocytogenes 및 E. coli O157:H7는 1,000 ㎍/mL 농도에서 24시간동안 생육을 완전히 저해하였으나 S. Typhimurium은 생육을 완전히 억제하는데 2,000 ㎍/mL 농도가 필요하였다. 한편, 갈참나무 잎 에탄올 추출물로부터 극성이 다른 용매로 순차 분획한 분획물의 병원성 식중독균에 대한 항균활성을 검토한 결과, 에틸아세테이트 분획층이 가장 강한 항균력을 나타내었으나, 클로포름, 헥산 및 물층에서는 전혀 항균력을 나타내지 않았다.

Inhibitory effects of ethanol extract of Atractylodis Rhizoma on melanogenesis in B16/F10 melanoma cells

The inhibitory effect of Atractylodis Rhizoma alba extract(AM) on melanogenesis was studied by using B16/F10 melanoma in culture. Cells were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of AM for 48 hrs, and the experiment of total melanin content as a final product and activity of tyrosinase, a key enzyme, in melanogenesis. AM significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity, and melanin content in a dose-dependent manner. These results show that Atractylodes macrocephala extract could be developed as skin whitening components of cosmetics.

Samarangenin B from Limonium sinense suppresses herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in Vero cells by regulation of viral macromolecular synthesis.

Inhibitory effects of ethanolic extracts from 10 Chinese herbs on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication were investigated. By a bioassay-guided fractionation procedure, samarangenin B (Sam B) was isolated from Limonium sinense; Sam B significantly suppressed HSV-1 multiplication in Vero cells without apparent cytotoxicity. Time-of-addition experiments suggested that the inhibitory action of Sam B on HSV-1 replication was not due to the blocking of virus adsorption. In an attempt to further localize the point in the HSV-1 replication cycle where arrest occurred, a set of key regulatory events leading to viral multiplication was examined, including viral immediate-early (alpha), early (beta), and late (gamma) gene expression and DNA replication. Results indicated that levels of glycoprotein B (gB), gC, gD, gG, and infected-cell protein 5 (ICP5) expression and gB mRNA expression in Vero cells were impeded by Sam B. Data from PCR showed that replication of HSV-1 DNA in Vero cells was arrested by Sam B. Furthermore, Sam B decreased DNA polymerase, ICP0, and ICP4 gene expression in Vero cells. Results of an electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that Sam B interrupted the formation of an alpha-trans-induction factor/C1/Oct-1/GARAT multiprotein complex. The mechanisms of antiviral action of Sam B seem to be mediated, at least in part, by inhibiting HSV-1 alpha gene expression, including expression of the ICP0 and ICP4 genes, by blocking beta transcripts such as DNA polymerase mRNA, and by arresting HSV-1 DNA synthesis and structural protein expression in Vero cells. These results show that Sam B is an antiviral agent against HSV-1 replication.

Regulation of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in Vero cells by Psychotria serpens: relationship to gene expression, DNA replication, and protein synthesis

Inhibitory effects of ethanolic extracts from seven Chinese herbs on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication were investigated. From a bioassay-guided fractionation procedure, PS-A-6 was isolated from Psychotria serpens ( P. serpens), which suppressed HSV-1 multiplication in Vero cells without apparent cytotoxicity. Time-of-addition experiments suggested that the inhibitory action of PS-A-6 on HSV-1 replication was not through blocking of virus adsorption. In an attempt to further localize the point in the HSV-1 replication cycle where arrest occurred, a set of key regulatory events leading to viral multiplication was examined, including viral gene expression, DNA replication, and structural protein synthesis. The results indicated that gB mRNA and protein expression in Vero cells were impeded by PS-A-6. Southern blot analysis showed that HSV-1 DNA replication in Vero cells was arrested by PS-A-6. In addition, PS-A-6 decreased thymidine kinase (tk) and ICP27 mRNA expression in the cells. The mechanisms of antiviral action of PS-A-6 seem to be mediated, at least in part, through inhibition of early transcripts of HSV-1, such as tk and ICP27 mRNAs, arresting HSV-1 DNA synthesis and gB gene expression in Vero cells. Plans are underway for the isolation of pure compounds from PS-A-6 and elucidation of their mechanism of action.

Inhibitory effects of ethanolic extracts of Boussingaultia gracilis on the spasmogen-induced contractions of the rat isolated gastric fundus

Inhibitory effects of ethanolic extracts of Boussingaultia gracilis on the spasmogen-induced contractions of the rat isolated gastric fundus

Relaxant Effects of Ethanol Extracts of Boussingaultia gracilis in the Rat Isolated Gastric Fundus

The inhibitory effect of ethanol extracts of Boussingaultia gracilis (EBG) has been studied in muscle strips from the rat gastric fundus. When tone was raised by administration of carbachol, EBG concentration dependently relaxed the strips. The inhibitory effects of EBG were markedly reduced by pretreatment with propranolol; pretreatment with phentolamine slightly reduced the effects of EBG. The relaxant effect of EBG was not affected by pretreatment with hexamethonium, α-chymotrypsin, L-NG-nitro-arginine-methyl-ester or methylene blue. These results indicated that EBG relaxed the gastric fundus mainly mediated via a β-adrenoceptors.

Inhibitory Effects of Ethanol Extract of Mace and Eugenol on the Growth of Micro-organisms Isolated from Vienna Sausages

In vitro growth inhibitory effects of ethanol extract of mace which will be used as a spice for the meat products and eugenol, one of the principal constituents of the essential oils of clove were tested using 6 laboratories stock strains isolated from Vienna sausages. Consequently, it was found that the presence of these substances in the culture media inhibited the growth of most of the organisms tested. Vienna sausages immersed in the solution containing 2% of eugenol and 50% of ethanol for 10sec. prolonged their preservation period by 12 days at 10°C storage, when compared with that of the non-treated specimens.