Inhibition Of Linoleic Acid Peroxidation Research Articles

Bioactivities of Cholistani harmal (Peganum harmala) with exploration of bioactive phytochemicals

Most plant secondary metabolites serving as bioactive compounds, help to promote human health. The current project was designed to investigate medicinal attributes of P. harmala collected from Cholistan desert. Qualitative analysis exhibited high concentrations of alkaloids and flavonoids. Leaves were extracted with different solvents like water, ethanol, acetone, chloroform and n-hexane; all these extracts were subjected to analysis of bioactivities; and their synergistic effect was also investigated. Among various extracts, n-hexane extract and synergistic mixture exhibited quite high values of phenolic contents and other bioactivities. Finally, the bioactive compounds were characterized by RP-HPLC analysis. Synergistic mixture of these extracts exhibited highest phenolic contents (311.56±3.01 mg GAE/g), followed by n-hexane extract (368.45±3.12 mg GAE/g). n-Hexane extract and synergistic mixture exhibited highest DPPH free radical scavenging (89.25±0.88% for n-hexane and 90.25±0.92% for synergistic mixture), inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (72.23±0.45% for n-hexane and 80.12±0.68% for synergistic mixture) and β-carotene bleaching potential (78.35±0.65% for n-hexane and 82.42±0.48 % for synergistic mixture). Moreover, antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion and cytotoxicity by haemolytic assay. Synergistic mixture (27.2±0.2mm against B. fastidiosus; 22.1±0.1mm against E. coli) and n-hexane extract showed highest antibacterial (25.1±0.3mm against B. fastidiosus; 20.6±0.2mm against E. coli). Lowest cytotoxicity was obtained for n-hexane extract (3.25±0.02%) and synergistic mixture (2.65±0.02%) which recommended their usage in medicinal formulations. HPLC analysis of synergistic mixture of all P. harmala extracts exhibited the presence of seventeen bioactive compounds. Thus, P. harmala leaves can be very effectively used for treatment of numerous diseases.

Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) leaves essential oil: Comparative compositional and biological attributes as a function of different agroclimatic regions

In the current work, the biological potential of spearmint leaves essential oil (EO), including its antioxidant, antibacterial, and hemolytic properties, are described together with its chemical composition. The spearmint leaves were gathered in Punjab, Pakistan's hilly, dry, irrigated, and drought-stricken agroclimatic zones. From examined leaves from various locales, the hydro-distillation process produced an EO yield that ranged from 0.41% to 0.76%. In recovered EOs, GCMS compositional analysis identified 31 components, with carvone (27.4%–47.2%), menthone (1.0%–23.9%), menthol (3.0%–14.5%), limonene (2.4%–93%), and 1,8-cineol (0.6–8.5%) being the predominant constituents. The investigated oils displayed high levels of total phenolics (30.9–34.3 g GAE/100g), flavonoids (4.6–10.1 g CE/100g), and DPPH radical scavenging capacity (12.5–17.1 g mL−1) as well as linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition (57.1–62.6%). Against particular types of bacteria and fungus, the studied EO demonstrated considerable antibacterial activity (AMA). EO extracted from a sample of a location under drought stress (Layyah) shown greater AMA, while EO from hilly regions (Murree) displayed higher antioxidant potential, total phenolics (TP), flavonoids (TF), and hemolytic activity (HA). This study recommends the use of spearmint leaves as an effective natural antioxidant and antibacterial ingredient in the development of nutra-pharmaceutical products and dietary supplements.

Bioactivity-Guided Isolation and Antihypertensive Activity of Citrullus colocynthis Polyphenols in Rats with Genetic Model of Hypertension.

Background and Objectives: Citrullus colocynthis belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family and is a wild medicinal plant used in folk literature to treat various diseases. The purpose of the current study was to explore the antihypertensive and antioxidant potentials of Citrullus colocynthis (CC) polyphenol-rich fractions using a spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) model. Materials and Methods: The concentrated aqueous ethanol extract of CC fruit was successively fractioned using solvents of increasing polarity, i.e., hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The obtained extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total flavonol content (TOF). Moreover, the CC extracts were further evaluated for radical scavenging capacity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays and antioxidant activity using inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation and determination of reducing potential protocols. The phytochemical components were characterized by HPLC-MWD-ESI-MS in positive ionization mode. Results: The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) exhibited a higher content of phenolic compounds in term of TPC (289 mg/g), TFC (7.6 mg/g) and TOF (35.7 mg/g). EAF showed higher antioxidant and DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities with SC50 values of 6.2 and 79.5 µg/mL, respectively. LCMS analysis revealed that twenty polyphenol compounds were identified in the EAF, including phenolic acids and flavonoids, mainly myricetin and quercetin derivatives. The in vivo antihypertensive activity of EAF of CC on SHR revealed that it significantly decreased the mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressures (DBP) and pulse pressure (PP) as compared to normal and hypertensive control groups. Moreover, EAF of CC significantly reduced the oxidative stress in the animals in a dose-dependent manner by normalizing the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NOx) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Furthermore, the treatment groups, especially the 500 mg of EAF per kg body weight (EA-500) group, significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Conclusion: It was concluded that the EAF of CC is a rich source of polyphenols and showed the best antioxidant activity and antihypertensive potential in SHR.

Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of antioxidant peptides obtained from enzymatic pea protein hydrolysates and their ultrafiltration peptide fractions.

This study optimized the enzymatic hydrolysis of yellow field pea proteins using alcalase (ACH), chymotrypsin (CHH), flavourzyme (FZH), pancreatin (PCH), pepsin (PEH), and trypsin (TPH) to obtain hydrolysates and ultrafiltered fractions (<1, 1-3, 3-5 and 5-10kDa) that possess antioxidant plus acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory activities. The hydrolysates exhibited varying degrees of radical scavenging and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, as well as cholinesterase inhibition activities but the potency generally improved by >10% after UF separation into peptide fractions. ACH, FZH, and PEH exhibited significantly (p< .05) higher (20%-30% increases) radical scavenging activities than the other hydrolysates. The 1 and 3kDa UF fractions of ACH, FZH, and PEH inhibited ~20%-30% AChE activity, while ACH, PCH, TPH, and PEH inhibited ~20%-40% BuChE activity. We conclude that the pea protein hydrolysates and their peptide fractions possess multifunctional properties with potential use against neurodegenerative disorders. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Alzheimer's disease (AD) has multiple pathological pathways in addition to the loss of acetylcholine (ACh) catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The presence of severe oxidative stress triggered by lipid peroxidation and formation of free radicals is a common trait in AD patients. The concept of AChE and BuChE inhibition as an approach toward AD amelioration involves the use of compounds with a similar structure to ACh, the natural substrate. Peptides derived from food proteins consist of ester bonds with structural similarity to ACh and theoretically possess the ability to interact with AChE and BuChE. Results from the present study imply that pea protein-derived peptides are potential candidates for use as inhibitors of AChE and BuChE activities, with application in the prevention and management of AD.

7-Hydroxy-2-octenoic acid-ethyl ester mixture as an UV protectant secondary metabolite of an endolichenic fungus isolated from Menegazzia terebrata.

Enodolichenic fungi (ELF) are considered a promising bio-resource since they produce a variety of novel secondary metabolites with bioactivities. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight containing UVA and UVB can cause acute and chronic skin diseases, and the demand for UV protectants in sunscreens has been increasing. Such situations evoke the strong interest of researchers in seeking effective UV protectants from natural products. In this study, we obtained partially purified 7-hydroxy-2-octenoic acid-ethyl ester (7E) from the secondary metabolites of ELF000548, which has UVA absorption activity. The antioxidant properties were performed by in vitro tests. The superoxide anion scavenging activity and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation of the 7E mixture were higher than ascorbic acid (ASA) and butyl hydroxyl anisole (BHA). Furthermore, the compound recovered the damage caused by UVB irradiation and inhibited melanin synthesis. Additionally, the 7E mixture exhibited no cytotoxicity toward the mouse melanoma cell lines, B16F1 and B16F10, except for the normal cell line, HaCaT. In general, these results are the first report about bioactivities of 7E, and those demonstrated that this compound might be a UV protectant to go further study.

Antioxidant Potential, Phenolics Content and Antimicrobial Attributes of Selected Medicinal Plant

The bioactive extracts recovered from Curcuma longa (stem), Mentha aquatica (stem and leaves), Emblica officinalis (fruits), Nigella sativa (seeds), and Glycyrrhiza glabra (stem) using methanol and ethanol, were appraised for antioxidant (total flavonoid contents, total phenolic contents, DPPH free radical scavenging ability, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation and reducing power) and antimicrobial attributes. Total phenolics (16.89 ± 0.18 - 25.06 ± 0.31g GAE/100g) and total flavonoids (1.96 ± 0.07 - 13.54 ± 0.18 CE g/100g) contents of aqueous methanol extracts of tested plant materials were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower than that of aqueous ethanol extracts (13.87 ± 0.12 - 28.63 ± 0.34 g GAE/100g) and (2.20 ± 0.10 - 8.71 ± 0.24 CE /100g), respectively. The percent inhibition of linoleic acid per oxidation by crude ethanol extracts of plants was in the range of 48.72 ± 1.24 - 70.79 ± 1.57 and crude methanol extract 35.90 ± 1.28 - 61.54 ± 2.14, while the range of DPPH free radical scavenging activity of ethanol extracts was (58.36 ± 1.98 - 80.55 ± 3.07) and methanol extracts (39.55 ± 1.52 - 79.64± 2.33). The reducing power of the tested extracts obtained by ethanol (at the concentration of 10 mg/mL) ranged 1.11 ± 0.12 – 1.53 ± 0.18 while for methanol extracts 0.98 ± 0.11 – 1.39 ± 0.12. Among the attributes analyzed, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and DPPH free scavenging activity were found to be varied significantly in all the tested medicinal plants. The extracts from all plants showed good antimicrobial potential against a penal of bacteria, including E. coli, P. multocida and S. aureus, and fungi including A. niger, A. flavus, A. alternate, and G. lucidium. Overall, the tested samples were found to be a good source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents and thus can be explored for potential functional food and nutra-pharmaceutical applications.

Biogenic Synthesis of MnO2 Nanoparticles With Leaf Extract of Viola betonicifolia for Enhanced Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Biocompatible Applications

In this study, we propose to synthesize NPs using plant extract containing active biomedical components, with the goal of obtaining NPs that inherit the biomedical activities of the plant. Herein, we report the synthesis of manganese dioxide nanoparticles (VBLE-MnO2 NPs) using the leaves extract of Viola betonicifolia, in which the biological active plant’s secondary metabolites function as both reducing and capping agents. The synthesized NPs were successfully characterized with different spectroscopic techniques. The antibacterial, antifungal, and biofilm inhibition properties of the synthesized VBLE-MnO2 NPs were further explored against a variety of bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) and mycological species. Additionally, their antioxidant ability against linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition, cytobiocompatibility with hMSC cells, and cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells were investigated compared to leaves extract and chemically synthesized manganese dioxide NPs (CH-MnO2 NPs). The results were demonstrated that the synthesized VBLE-MnO2 NPs presented excellent antibacterial, antifungal, and biofilm inhibition performance against all the tested microbial species compared to plant leaves extract and CH-MnO2 NPs. Moreover, they also exhibited significant antioxidant potential, which was comparable to the external standard (ascorbic acid); however, it was higher than plant leaves extract and CH-MnO2 NPs. Furthermore, the synthesized CH-MnO2 NPs displayed good cytobiocompatibility with hMSC cells compared to CH-MnO2 NPs. The enhanced antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and biofilm inhibition efficacy as compared to CH-MnO2 NPs might be attributed to the synergistic effect of the VBLE-MnO2 NPs’ physical properties and the adsorbed biologically active phytomolecules from the leaves extract of V. betonicifolia on their surface. Thus, our study establishes a novel ecologically acceptable route for nanomaterials’ fabrication with increased and/or extra medicinal functions derived from their herbal origins.

Antioxidant activity of Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) female gonad hydrolysates-ribose Maillard reaction products extracted with organic reagents, before and after in vitro digestion

Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) gonad is the main by-product during processing. Our previous studies found that its Alcalase hydrolysates can act as a worthy precursor for Maillard reaction in the presence of ribose. Basing on the understanding of the characteristics of scallop female gonad hydrolysates (SFGHs)-ribose Maillard reaction products (MRPs), it was further extracted by different organic reagents and then was subjected to an in vitro digestion. The effects of digestion on the antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities of organic extracts from SFGHs-ribose MRPs were determined. Results showed that the scavenging activities of ethanol and methanol extracts on both ABTS·+ and DPPH·+ increased significantly before digestion, where methanol extracts were better than that of ethanol. However, the ·OH scavenging and linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition activities of MRPs were reduced in both extracts. Interestingly, there was a significant increase in the ABTS·+, ·OH scavenging activities and peroxidation inhibition capacity for all samples following digestion except for DPPH·+ scavenging activity. MRPs-methanol extracts showed the highest antimicrobial effect against Escherichia coli (E. coli) than other samples. Moreover, the HepG2 cell viability of MRPs-methanol extracts after digestion was increased to 89.58 %, which was 1.49, 1.26 and 1.14 times higher than H2O2-treated, SFGHs and MRPs group, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that methanol extraction can improve the antioxidant capacity of SFGHs-ribose MRPs during digestion, and the corresponding extracts can be utilized as food antioxidants.

Evaluation of Probiotic Properties of Pediococcus acidilactici M76 Producing Functional Exopolysaccharides and Its Lactic Acid Fermentation of Black Raspberry Extract.

This study aimed to determine the probiotic potential of Pediococcus acidilactici M76 (PA-M76) for lactic acid fermentation of black raspberry extract (BRE). PA-M76 showed outstanding probiotic properties with high tolerance in acidic GIT environments, broad antimicrobial activity, and high adhesion capability in the intestinal tract of Caenorhabditis elegans. PA-M76 treatment resulted in significant increases of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in macrophages, indicating that PA-M76 elicits an effective immune response. When PA-M76 was used for lactic acid fermentation of BRE, an EPS yield of 1.62 g/L was obtained under optimal conditions. Lactic acid fermentation of BRE by PA-M76 did not significantly affect the total anthocyanin and flavonoid content, except for a significant increase in total polyphenol content compared to non-fermented BRE (NfBRE). However, fBRE exhibited increased DPPH radical scavenging activity, linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition rate, and ABTS scavenging activity of fBRE compared to NfBRE. Among the 28 compounds identified in the GC-MS analysis, esters were present as the major groups. The total concentration of volatile compounds was higher in fBRE than that in NfBRE. However, the undesirable flavor of terpenes decreased. PA-M76 might be useful for preparing functionally enhanced fermented beverages with a higher antioxidant activity of EPS and enhanced flavors.

Antioxidant properties of papain mediated protein hydrolysates from fresh water carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala) and its application on inhibition of lipid oxidation in oil sardine mince during ice storage.

Fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) from fresh water carps Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala were prepared with 5, 10, 15 and 20% degree of hydrolysis (DH) using papain enzyme. FPH were evaluated for antioxidant properties using in vitro assays such as DPPH free radical scavenging activity (at 10mg/ml), ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (at 20mg/ml) and linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition activity (at 10mg/ml). Antioxidant properties of FPH varied with species and DH. The DPPH radical scavenging activity, linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (as absorbance at 700nm) of FPH from carps was in the range of 59-92%, 52-85% and 0.388-0.663 respectively. Based on the overall antioxidant activity, FPH from C. catla with 20% DH was added to oil sardine mince at different concentration (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4%) and found to inhibit effectively the formation of peroxides and malonaldehyde in dose dependent manner. FPH from C. catla with 20% DH was fractionated using size exclusion chromatography and had three different peptide fractions with the approximate molecular weight of 6561-2106Da (fraction 1), 1942-994Da (fraction 2) and 935-383Da (fraction 3). The present study showed promising results that the fish protein hydrolysates from fresh water carps muscle proteins can be used as natural antioxidants in food system. Production of fish protein hydrolysates with nutraceutical properties could be the way forward for better utilization and value addition.

Nutritional and Functional Advantages of the Use of Fermented Black Chickpea Flour for Semolina-Pasta Fortification.

Pasta represents a dominant portion of the diet worldwide and its functionalization with high nutritional value ingredients, such as legumes, is the most ideal solution to shape consumers behavior towards healthier food choices. Aiming at improving the nutritional quality of semolina pasta, semi-liquid dough of a Mediterranean black chickpea flour, fermented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum T0A10, was used at a substitution level of 15% to manufacture fortified pasta. Fermentation with the selected starter enabled the release of 20% of bound phenolic compounds, and the conversion of free compounds into more active forms (dihydrocaffeic and phloretic acid) in the dough. Fermented dough also had higher resistant starch (up to 60% compared to the control) and total free amino acids (almost 3 g/kg) contents, whereas antinutritional factors (raffinose, condensed tannins, trypsin inhibitors and saponins) significantly decreased. The impact of black chickpea addition on pasta nutritional, technological and sensory features, was also assessed. Compared to traditional (semolina) pasta, fortified pasta had lower starch hydrolysis rate (ca. 18%) and higher in vitro protein digestibility (up to 38%). Moreover, fortified cooked pasta, showing scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals and intense inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, was appreciated for its peculiar organoleptic profile. Therefore, fermentation technology appears to be a promising tool to enhance the quality of pasta and promote the use of local chickpea cultivars while preventing their genetic erosion.

Effects of Curculigo pilosa supplementation on antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of yam flour.

The practice of using nutritional knowledge to enhance the general health of the populace forms the basis of food fortification. In this study, an antioxidant-rich Curculigo pilosa is substituted (1, 3, 5 and 10%) into yam tuber flour with the aim of improving the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of the yam tuber flour. Antioxidant property was evaluated by polyphenol contents, ascorbic acid content, reducing effects, scavenging activity and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation. Antidiabetic activity was assessed by inhibition of α- amylase and α- glucosidase enzymes. The antioxidant property was significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced; also, the ability of the sample to inhibit the activity of α- amylase and α- glucosidase enzymes were significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced by supplementation with Curculigo pilosa. The profiling of the samples by High Performance Liquid Chromatography revealed some proven antioxidant and antidiabetic agents which were enhanced in supplemented yam flour. It can be concluded from the results obtained in this study that Curculigo pilosa powder could be a promising functional ingredient for yam flour in the management of diabetes and other oxidant-related diseases.

Antioxidant and toxicity activity of aqueous extracts from various parts of breadfruit and breadnut

ABSTRACT Two related underutilized plants from breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) and breadnut (Artocarpus camansi) were explored for their antioxidant and toxicity potential. Maceration with water was employed for the sake of safety and easiness. Various parts of both plants, namely leaves, fruit peel, anthocarp, and breadnut achene, were investigated. The antioxidant assays employed in this study were total phenolic and flavonoid content, total antioxidant capacity, DPPH scavenging activity, power-reducing assay, and linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition. The acute toxicity potential of the extracts was assessed using inhibition of Vibrio harveyi bioluminescence. The EC50 value determined from the toxicity assessment (>2.4 mg/mL) was higher than the concentrations of all extracts used in the various assays of antioxidant property. From all aqueous extracts, the best results in terms of highest antioxidant activity and relatively lowest toxicity were obtained for breadnut leaves, breadnut achene, and breadfruit leaves.

Chemical Composition and Bioactivities of Essential Oil from Leaves of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Native to Punjab, Pakistan.

Herbal medicines are widely used for the treatment of different types of diseases like skin and throat infections and other diseases in developing countries. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels fruit, leaves and bark were used for the remedies of different diseases anciently. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemical profile of Syzygium cumini leaves essential oil (EO) from Punjab, Pakistan. The essential oil was isolated using hydrodistillation technique and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity were assessed by using DPPH radical scavenging ability, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, bleaching of β-carotene in linoleic acid system and reducing power assays. Antimicrobial potential was assessed by disc diffusion assay and measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using resazurin microtiter-plate assay. The anti-heme biocrystallization activity of EO was also assessed. The major components (>3%) found in Syzygium cumini leaves EO were β-farnesene (3.42 %), caryophyllenol (3.46 %), terpinen-4-ol (3.61 %), β-myrcene (3.90 %), γ-cadinene (4.09 %), fenchol (4.22 %), cis-β-ocimene (4.40 %) and 5-methyl-1,3,6-heptatriene (4.90 %). Excellent antioxidant, antimicrobial and weak antimalarial potential was observed. It can be concluded that Syzygium cumini leaves EO has potential application for food and pharmaceutical industries.

Comparative evaluation of phytochemical content, antioxidant capacities and overall antioxidant potential of select culinary microgreens

A central field of research in recent times is the control of oxidative stress with the help of natural antioxidants. Green leafy vegetables are an important source of antioxidants in the diet. Microgreens, a novel form of leafy vegetables, are gaining popularity as a culinary ingredient. In this study, phytochemicals such as ascorbic acid (AsA), lutein (Lut), chlorophyll (Chl), total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) with antioxidant functions were quantified in ten culinary microgreens. The antioxidant capacities of methanolic extracts of these microgreens were also determined using assays targeting different antioxidant mechanisms: DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, FRAP and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (ILAP). The study reports for the first time an overall assessment of the antioxidant potential of microgreens evaluated using the overall phytochemical composite index (OPCI) and antioxidant potential composite index (APCI). Roselle microgreens had the highest AsA, TP and TF content, and DPPH RSA and ILAP activities. Roselle and fennel microgreens recorded high OPCI and APCI. These indices were higher or comparable to the values obtained for spinach mature leaves. Correlation analysis revealed a significant contribution of TP and TF to radical scavenging activities, OPCI, and APCI. Thus, microgreens rich in antioxidant components could be used as a promising health-promoting culinary ingredient. • First report of overall antioxidant potential in ten tropical season specialty microgreens. • Roselle and fennel microgreens had high overall phytochemical composite index and antioxidant potency composite index. • Higher or comparable antioxidant indices obtained in microgreens than mature spinach leaves.

Some probiotic potential of Weissella confusa MD1 and Weissella cibaria MD2 isolated from fermented batter

This study was conducted to evaluate the probiotic potential of Weissella confusa MD1 and Weissella cibaria MD2 isolated from a fermented batter. They possessed characters like high survivability in gastrointestinal conditions, tolerance towards lysozyme and phenol. Both strains exhibited strong auto-aggregation property and co-aggregation with Listeria monocytogenes. The adhesion behavior towards intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29 cells) was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both strains MD1 and MD2 exhibited antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens like Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhi and Staphyloccocus aureus. They also showed high bile salt hydrolase activity towards sodium taurocholate and bile salt mixture. Strain MD1 and MD2 demonstrated a tremendous reduction in the cholesterol by 67.11% and 78%, respectively. The intact cells of both strains showed strong antioxidant activity by scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation. The formation of biofilm was demonstrated by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) on the glass cover. Both strains showed sensitivity towards conventionally used antibiotics and no hemolytic activity. The results from the study suggested that Weissella confusa MD1 and Weissella cibaria MD2 have exemplary technological properties that can be implemented in the pharmaceutical and food industry.

Evaluation of the impact of different drying methods on the phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and in vitro digestion of green coffee beans.

We investigated the effects of different drying methods (room temperature drying, heat pump drying, freeze drying, microwave vacuum drying [MVD], and combined microwave power vacuum drying) on the active ingredients of green coffee beans. We specifically focused on eleven phenolic acids, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), the inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (LPO), and enzyme activity, and the bio‐accessibility in vitro and bioavailability of phenolics and antioxidant activities were also evaluated. MVD‐treated beans had the lowest PPO activity and the highest contents of 5‐caffeoylquinic acid (1.39 g/100 g DW), 3‐feruloylquinic acid (0.25 g/100 g DW), 4‐feruloylquinic acid (0.25 g/100 g DW), 5‐feruloylquinic acid (1.52 g/100 g DW), and TPC (5.98 g GAE/100 g DW), and the highest antioxidant activity. MVD was the least time‐consuming (0.63 hr/kg) and energy‐consuming (1.88 kwh/kg) method. Moreover, the strongest inhibition of LPO and α‐glucosidase was observed in MVD‐treated beans. Thus, MVD is suggested to be the most suitable drying technique for the preservation of phenolic compounds and bioactivities of green coffee beans.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Propionibacterium acnes Activities of Cold Water, Hot Water, and Methanol Extracts, and Their Respective Ethyl Acetate Fractions, from Sanguisorba officinalis L. Roots.

Identification of medicinal plants and naturally derived compounds as new natural antioxidant and antibacterial sources for topical acne treatment has long been important. To determine anti-Propionibacterium acnes activity and in vitro antioxidant activities, Sanguisorba officinalis L. root (SOR) was extracted with cold water (CWE), hot water (HWE), and methanol (ME), and each extract was fractionated successively with hexane, ethyl acetate (EA), and butanol to determine whether the activities could be attributed to the total phenolic, flavonoid, terpenoid, and condensed tannin contents. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were analyzed between the respective variables. The SOR CWE, HWE, ME, and their respective EA fractions showed anti-P. acnes activity based on the paper disc diffusion method on agar plates, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). The MIC against P. acnes had a moderate (+) correlation with the total phenolic content, but not with the other measures. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity (SC) had a strong (–) correlation with the total phenolic content and a moderate (–) correlation with the total flavonoid content. The total antioxidant capacity had a strong (+) correlation with the condensed tannin content. Linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition had a strong (–) correlation with the total phenolic content. To elucidate the major active phytochemicals in the CWE-EA, HWE-EA, and ME-EA fractions, high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) and ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) were performed. The HPLC-UV analysis showed the presence of nine compounds in common (arjunic acid and/or euscaphic acid, gallic acid, kaempferol, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, tannic acid, and coumarin, quercetin). The UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis showed the presence of nine compounds in common (gallic acid; caffeic acid; umbelliferone; arjunic acid, euscaphic acid, and/or tormentic acid; pomolic acid; rosamultic acid; and benzoic acid). When standards of the identified phytochemicals were tested against the same bacterium, quercetin, coumarin, and euscaphic acid showed antibacterial activity against P. acnes.

Antioxidant Activities of Dialium indum L. Fruit and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) of the Active Fractions.

The fruit of Dialium indum L. (Fabaceae) is one of the edible wild fruits native to Southeast Asia. The mesocarp is consumed as sweets while the exocarp and seed are regarded as waste. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the fruit by using four assays, which measure its capabilities in reducing phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents, neocuproine, 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and inhibiting linoleic acid peroxidation. The active fractions were then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the seed methanol fraction (SMF) exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity with significantly higher (p < 0.05) gallic acid equivalence (GAE), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 31.71; 0.88 µg/mL) than the other fractions. The exocarp dichloromethane fraction (EDF) was the discriminating fraction by having remarkable linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition (IC50 121.43; 2.97 µg/mL). A total of thirty-eight metabolites were detected in derivatized EDF and SMF with distinctive classes of phenolics and amino acids, respectively. Bioautography-guided fractionation of EDF afforded five antioxidant-enriched subfractions with four other detected phenolics. The results revealed the antioxidant properties of D. indum fruit, which has potential benefits in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications.

Identification and analysis of bioactive peptides from scallops (Chlamys farreri ) protein by simulated gastrointestinal digestion

In this study, the hydrolysates of scallops (Chlamys farreri) protein were prepared by in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Antioxidant peptides, VPSIDDQEELM, DAQEKLE, EELDNALN, VPSIDDQEELM, DAQEKLE, EELDNALN, VPSIDDQEELM and VPSIDDQEELM, were identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a Synapt Mass Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The antioxidant activities of the CFP hydrolysates, i.e., reducing powers, linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition activity and 2, 2-dipheny l-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities, were tested. The antioxidant activities (54.44% ± 0.02%), reducing power (0.250 ± 0.02) and DPPH free radical scavenging activities of the hydrolysates shows higher than the same concentration of protein solution. This research provided a theoretical and practical data for the application of the bioactive peptides form CFP. Practical applications In this research, what we focused on is the qualitative of peptides from the digestive solutions. It makes more sense to discuss about the information of the special analogues, sequence and activity of peptides from hydrolysis fragment after simulated gastrointestinal digestion of CFP. These peptides which have hydrophobic residues at the C-termini contribute to the antioxidant activity of the peptides. Comparing the antioxidant activities of the same concentration of CFP solution and in vitro gastric and gastro duodenal digestion hydrolysates, the hydrolysates of the digestion had higher reducing powers, linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition activity, and DPPH free radical scavenging activities. It could be speculated that both the peptides at approximately low-molecular-mass peptides (10–15 kDa) were contributing to the antioxidant activities of the hydrolysates. After the target peptides were determined, the quantitative of peptides may be more meaningful. Quantitative calculation of the digestion will be clarified in future work.