Abstract
The fruit of Dialium indum L. (Fabaceae) is one of the edible wild fruits native to Southeast Asia. The mesocarp is consumed as sweets while the exocarp and seed are regarded as waste. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the fruit by using four assays, which measure its capabilities in reducing phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents, neocuproine, 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and inhibiting linoleic acid peroxidation. The active fractions were then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the seed methanol fraction (SMF) exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity with significantly higher (p < 0.05) gallic acid equivalence (GAE), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 31.71; 0.88 µg/mL) than the other fractions. The exocarp dichloromethane fraction (EDF) was the discriminating fraction by having remarkable linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition (IC50 121.43; 2.97 µg/mL). A total of thirty-eight metabolites were detected in derivatized EDF and SMF with distinctive classes of phenolics and amino acids, respectively. Bioautography-guided fractionation of EDF afforded five antioxidant-enriched subfractions with four other detected phenolics. The results revealed the antioxidant properties of D. indum fruit, which has potential benefits in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications.
Highlights
Antioxidants of natural origins have been shown to be beneficial in health maintenance and the reduction in the risks of chronic diseases by preventing or removing oxidative damage caused by free radicals [1]
The results revealed the antioxidant properties of D. indum fruit, which has potential benefits in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications
The gallic acid equivalence (GAE) of seed methanol fraction (SMF) was found to be the highest when compared with other local underutilized fruits of Malaysia, namely Baccaurea angulata [3], Canarium odontophyllum [37], and Sandoricum macropodum [38] in other studies. It can be suggested from this result that most antioxidants in the exocarp and mesocarp of D. indum fruit are semipolar in nature while in the seed, most of the antioxidants are polar
Summary
Antioxidants of natural origins have been shown to be beneficial in health maintenance and the reduction in the risks of chronic diseases by preventing or removing oxidative damage caused by free radicals [1]. The health promoting benefits of various wild species of edible fruits especially in Asia are still lacking systematic investigation and exploitation when compared with those in Europe and America [5]. These fruits remain underutilized as natural sources of antioxidants. Certain fruits accumulate higher levels of antioxidants in their exocarp and seed when compared with the mesocarp. Polyphenols, phenolic acids, and amino acids are among the main antioxidants in the exocarp and seed of fruits [6,7,8,9].
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