Inhibition Of Alpha Amylase Activity Research Articles

Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermentation on the Polar Compounds Content with Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Avocado Seed Extracts

Avocado seeds, a common waste in the avocado processing industry, have been found to have several bioactivities, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities, among others. Nowadays, this wastage is causing an environmental problem, so the use of new technologies to take advantage of it is a novel field of research. In this study, the submerged fermentation by lactic acid bacteria was used as a novel tool for improving the bioactive compound extraction from avocado seeds. Avocado seeds were fermented by different strains, their polar compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS, the antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH and FRAP assays, and the antidiabetic activity was analyzed by the alpha-amylase assay. A total of 32 polar compounds were identified, with 13 of them being described in avocado seeds for the first time. Avocado seeds fermented by Pentosaceus acidilactici showed the highest sum of polar compounds (6279.63 ± 67.74 µg/g d.w.), and by extension, of hydroxytyrosol glucoside (2989.76 ± 3.64 µg/g d.w.). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CECT 9567 showed the highest antioxidant activity measured by both DPPH and FRAP assays (6294.67 ± 19.44 and 6846.91 ± 2.13 µg TE/g d.w., respectively). Furthermore, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CECT 748T had the highest antidiabetic activity (52.15% ± 0.67% inhibition of alpha-amylase activity), attributable to the polyphenols. According to the results, submerged fermentation by lactic acid bacteria led to an interesting increase of the polar compounds’ extractability of avocado seeds, consequently improving the bioactivities of the extracts, which could then be used for food nutraceutical or cosmetic purposes.

Effect of drying methods and extraction solvents on anti-amylase activity of selected medicinal plants

Presently, there is a blooming recognition in using the herbal medicine to treat the Diabetic mellitus due to the negative side effects of usage in synthetic drugs. The present study was aimed to evaluate the potential of anti-amylase activity of three different leaf extracts of Thebu (Costus speciosus), Kowakka (Coccinia grandis) and Masbadda (Gymnema sylvestre) following different drying techniques i.e; shade drying at room temperature, oven drying at 45 oC and freeze drying. Dried plant leaves were macerated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol for 24 hours at room temperature separately. Obtained extracts were used to determine the anti- amylase activity. Results revealed that freeze dried ethanolic leaf extracts of all selected species showed the highest anti- amylase activity compared to the other drying methods. Further, there was a significant effect (p <0.05) on the drying techniques and solvents used to extract in inhibition of alpha amylase activity. Freeze dried C. speciosus and C. grandis ethanolic extracts displayed an effective inhibition against alpha amylase with an IC50 value of 4 mg/ml and 4.16 mg/ml respectively. Therefore, this study revealed that the drying methods significantly affected on the inhibition of alpha amylase enzyme. Freeze-drying was the most promising drying method and ethanol was the best solvent in extracting anti-amylase bioactive compounds from leaf extract of C. speciosus, C. grandis and G. sylvestre.

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND IN-VITRO ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF AN AYURVEDIC FORMULATION

Objective: To carry out the preliminary phytochemical analysis and to perform the in-vitro anti diabetic activity for the ayurvedic poly herbal formulation. Material and Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed as per the standard procedures. In-vitro anti-diabetic activity was done by two methods namely alpha amylase inhibitory assay and alpha glucosidase inhibitory assay by taking acarbose as a standard drug for the ayurvedic formulation. Statistical analysis is carried out by means of graphpad prism software version 6. Results and conclusion: Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, phenols, flavonoids and terpenoids in the formulation. The poly herbal tablet produced 32.2% inhibition of alpha amylase activity at a concentration of 125 µg/ml and 80.8% inhibition of alpha glucosidase activity at a concentration of 62.5 µg/ml. The present study shows that the selected ayurvedic poly herbal tablets has an anti-diabetic activity comparable with that of allopathic drug - acarbose tablet.

Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation and In-vitro Antidiabetic Activity of an Ayurvedic Formulation

Objective: To carry out the preliminary phytochemical analysis and to perform the in-vitro anti diabetic activity for the ayurvedic poly herbal formulation. Material and Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed as per the standard procedures. In-vitro anti-diabetic activity was done by two methods namely alpha amylase inhibitory assay and alpha glucosidase inhibitory assay by taking acarbose as a standard drug for the ayurvedic formulation. Statistical analysis is carried out by means of graphpad prism software version 6. Results and conclusion: Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, phenols, flavonoids and terpenoids in the formulation. The poly herbal tablet produced 32.2% inhibition of alpha amylase activity at a concentration of 125 µg/ml and 80.8% inhibition of alpha glucosidase activity at a concentration of 62.5 µg/ml. The present study shows that the selected ayurvedic poly herbal tablets has an anti-diabetic activity comparable with that of allopathic drug - acarbose tablet.

Study of antidiabetic activities of endophytic fungi isolated from plants

Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder, is one of the major causes of death among all health issues. Diabetes can be regulated by antidiabetic drugs that control the activity of some metabolic enzymes including amylases. Endophytic fungi have the potential to prevent diabetes through inhibition of alpha-amylase activity. This study was aimed to isolate and evaluate endophytic fungi from different plants like Mango (Mangifera indica) coded as MAN, MBR, Neem (Azadirachta indica) indicated as NGU and NTH and jambolan (Syzygium cumini L) shown as JCO, JGR, JGY for their antidiabetic potentials. Eight endophytic fungi, isolated from the leaves of these plants, were screened for their potential anti-amylase activity. Aqueous extract of endophytic fungi isolated from jambolana (200µg/ml) exhibited significant amylase inhibition (62%) followed by MAN, MBR, NGU and NTH sample (49-59%). Therefore, endophytic fungi from the leaves of selected plants might be remarkable sources of discovering natural anti-diabetic molecules. Keyword: Azadirachta indica; Diabetes mellitus; Mangifera indica; Syzygium cumini http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80071

Starch digestibility, polyphenol contents and in vitro alpha amylase inhibitory properties of two varieties of cocoyam (Colocassia esculenta and Xanthosoma mafafa) as affected by cooking

The effect of cooking (boiling) on the starch digestibility, polyphenol contents and in vitro α-amylase inhibitory properties of two varieties of cocoyam: Colocassia esculenta (taro) and Xanthosoma mafafa (Tania) were investigated. The total starch contents of the raw and cooked tubers ranged from 25.3 to 35.6 g 100 g−1; resistant starch ranged from 9.7 to 20.9 g 100 g−1; digestible starch ranged from 11.7 to 24.2 g 100 g−1. The starch digestibility of the raw and cooked tubers ranged from 35.89 to 71.38% while their rapidly digestible starch values (expressed as g 100 g−1 of total starch) ranged from 20 to 32 g 100 g−1. The raw tubers contained considerable amounts of phenols and flavonoids and boiling of the tubers retained their phenolic and flavonoid contents. The aqueous extracts of the raw and cooked tubers demonstrated considerable α-amylase inhibition properties (32.47–46.62% over a concentration range of 10–50 mg mL−1) under in vitro conditions but which were lower than that of the antidiabetic drug—acarbose that had 69.08% inhibition of alpha amylase activity over a range of concentration of 2–10 mg mL−1. The study showed that the raw and cooked forms of the cocoyam varieties had low digestibility of their starches and exerted considerable inhibition of α-amylase activity under in vitro conditions which suggests the potential usefulness of the boiled forms of these cocoyam varieties as functional foods for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Inhibition of Alpha-Amylase Activity by Gymnocarpos decandrus Forssk. Constituents

The methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Gymnocarpos decandrus, the plant growing wildly in the middle east area and north Africa, showed a promising -amylase inhibitory activity. The ethyl acetate fraction of the plant showed the highest inhibitory activity followed by the methylene chloride fraction. Phytochemical investigation of both fractions led to the isolation of 10 compounds; oleanolic acid (1), maslinic acid (2), apigenin (3), β-sitosterol glucoside (4), luteolin (5), afzelechin (6), epiafzelechin (7), catechin (8), epicatechin (9) and gallocatechin (10). The structures of compounds 1-10 were established on the basis of extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic techniques. This is the first report for the isolation of these compounds from G. decandrus. The phenolic compounds (6-10) isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest -amylase inhibitory activity. The more the hydroxylation pattern of the isolated phenolic compounds (6, 8, 9 and 10), the higher the ability to inhibit the -amylase activity. This was confirmed through the molecular docking experiment. The wild plant G. decandrus is a promising -amylase inhibitor that can be used in the management of obesity and diabetes mellitus.

In vitro alpha-amylase inhibition and in vivo antioxidant potential of Momordica dioica seeds in streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress in diabetic rats.

Momordica dioica Roxb. Commonly known as “Kakora” in Telugu, is used in the Indian traditional system of medicine for the treatment of diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of M. dioica seeds (MEMD) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. The in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity of the MEMD was done by spectrophotometric method. Diabetes was induced by STZ (45 mg/kg; i.p), MEMD (100 & 200 mg/kg; b.wt) and standard drug metformin (50 mg/kg; b.wt) were administered to the diabetic rats. Blood glucose was estimated on the 11th day and the level of MDA, SOD and CAT was estimated in the liver tissue homogenate after the 15 days of experimental period. MEMD showed significant inhibition of alpha amylase activity and the IC50 was found to be 48 μg/ml. Oral administration of MEMD significantly reduced blood glucose level (P < 0.05), diminished the MDA level and refurbished depleted antioxidant enzymes and Insulin level to normalcy. These findings revealed that M. dioica seeds possess antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and anti lipid peroxidative activity and thus mitigate STZ-induced oxidative damage.

Anti-diabetic potential of flavonoids and other crude extracts of stem bark of Mangifera indica Linn: A comparative study

One important therapeutic approach for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is by decreasing the postprandial increase of glucose. This is possible by inhibiting carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes like alpha-amylase. In the present study, the percentage inhibitory effects of flavonoids and crude extracts isolated from stem bark of Mangifera indica Linn. collected from Jaipur and Bharatpur districts of Rajasthan were studied with salivary alpha amylase and starch as substrate using chromogenic DNSA method &amp; starch iodine method. All experiments were performed in 3 different sets each in triplicates. The data are expressed as mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean). The results clearly indicated that highest inhibition (57.08% and 58.24%) was obtained at the concentration of 1.5 mg/ml of flavonoids extracted from plants in both Jaipur and Bharatpur districts respectively, with an IC50 value of 0.009 mg/ml and 0.021 mg/ml respectively. All crude extracts have shown less than 50% inhibition of alpha amylase activity. Thus the results are clearly indicating that the flavonoids might be more effective than other crude extracts in lowering postprandial hyperglycemia.

Comparative study of alpha amylase inhibitory activity of flavonoids of Vitex negundo Linn. and Andrographis paniculata Nees

Background: One important therapeutic approach for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is by decreasing the postprandial increase of glucose. This is possible by inhibiting certain carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes like alpha‑amylase. Aim: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the alpha amylase inhibitory activity of flavonoids extracts of different parts of Vitex negundo Linn and Andrographis paniculata Nees. Materials and Methods: In the present study, the percentage inhibitory effect of flavonoids isolated from different parts of Vitex negundo and Andrographis paniculata were studied with salivary alpha amylase and starch as substrate using chromogenic DNSA method and starch iodine method for qualitative estimation. Statistical Analysis: All experiments were performed in 3 different sets with each set in triplicates. The data are expressed as mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean). Statistical difference and linear regression analysis were performed using Graph pad prism 5 statistical software. Statistical analysis was performed for ANOVA (analysis of variance) using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5. Values of P which were ≤0.05 were considered as significant. Results and Conclusion: The results clearly indicated that highest inhibition (62.22%) was obtained at the concentration of 1.5 mg/ml of flavonoids extracted from the leaves of A. paniculata, with an IC50 value of 0.004 mg/ml. Except Vitex leaf flavonoids extract, all other tested flavonoids of different parts of both the plants have shown more than 50% inhibition of alpha amylase activity. Thus the results are clearly indicating that the flavonoids of V. negundo and A. paniculata might be effective in lowering post prandial hyperglycemia. Key words: Alpha amylase inhibition, Andrographis paniculata, flavonoids, post‑prandial hyperglycemia, Vitex negundo

Inhibitory Activities of Proanthocyanidins from Persimmon against Oxidative Stress and Digestive Enzymes Related to Diabetes

The present study was carried out to evaluate the promising potential of polymers and oligomers from proanthocyanidins of persimmon peel as antioxidants and therapeutic agents for diabetes. Both polymers and oligomers showed the scavenging effect of 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl, with IC50 values of 4.35 and 2.41 microg/mL, respectively, and they also showed a protective activity against protein oxidation induced by 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. In particular, oligomers exerted a stronger activity against free radicals than polymers. In addition, to investigate their protective potential against diabetes-related pathological conditions, their inhibitory activities on digestive enzymes and advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) formation were evaluated. Polymers showed a strong inhibitory activity against alpha-amylase, while oligomers had a relatively weak effect. This suggests that the inhibition of alpha-amylase activity would probably depend on the degree of polymerization. On the other hand, against alpha-glucosidase activity and AGE formation, oligomers exerted a stronger protective effect than polymers. The present study suggests that polymers and oligomers from proanthocyanidins of persimmon peel could play a role as antidiabetic agents with antioxidative effects. Moreover, oligomers rather than polymers from proanthocyanidins of persimmon peel may be expected to be a more promising antioxidative and antidiabetic agent in relation to utilization in biological systems.