Tobramycin Inhalation Research Articles

Prevention of chronic pneumonia in children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities by long-term tobramycin inhalation: Its benefits and limitations.

To determine the effect of long-term tobramycin (TOB) inhalation therapy on recurrent pneumonia among ventilator-dependent children with profound neurological disabilities. TOB inhalation was performed in eight series of trials in seven ventilator-dependent children who had intratracheal Pseudomonas aeruginosa and suffered from recurrent pneumonia. Their age at the initiation of therapy was 68±50months (mean±standard deviation), whereas the duration of treatment was 30±22months. The participants were followed after the termination of therapy for a period of 38±32months. The annual rate of pneumonia was 5.6 episodes per year (n=8) preceding the initiation of inhalation, which decreased to 3.7 (n=8), 1.6 (n=5), and 0.67 (n=3) in the periods of 0-12, 12-24, and 24-36months after initiation, respectively. The rates were 1.0 (n=6), 0.6 (n=5), and 1.4 (n=5) in the periods of 0-12, 12-24, and 24-36months after the termination of therapy. Extended TOB inhalation therapy was effective in decreasing the morbidity of pneumonia in ventilator-dependent children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities.

Psychometric Validation and Determination of the Minimal Clinically Important Difference for Bronchiectasis Health Questionnaire in Adults with Bronchiectasis.

The Bronchiectasis Health Questionnaire (BHQ) is a concise, self-administered and disease-specific instrument for measuring health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) in bronchiectasis. To investigate the psychometric properties of simplified Mandarin BHQ and determine the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) as a reliable clinical endpoint for assessing the efficacy of bronchiectasis treatments. A longitudinal, randomized controlled trial cohort of 357 patients treated with tobramycin inhalation solution or saline inhalation for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, along with a cross-sectional observational cohort including 436 patients with bronchiectasis were analyzed. Psychometric analyses encompassed convergent validity, known-groups validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness. Both anchor-based and distribution-based approaches were utilized to calculate the MCID for therapeutic response. There were significant positive correlations between BHQ scores and the Quality of Life - Bronchiectasis Respiratory Symptom Scale (QoL-B-RSS), with correlation coefficient 0.698 in the trial cohort and 0.567 in the clinical cohort (both P<0.0001). Known-groups validity indicated significant differences in BHQ scores stratified by baseline Bronchiectasis Severity Index. BHQ scores correlated modestly with both FEV1% predicted and exacerbation frequency within the previous year. In the trial cohort, BHQ demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha: 0.893) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.853). An 8-point improvement in QoL-B-RSS corresponded to a mean increase of 5.49 points in BHQ scores after 4-week treatment. The MCID for BHQ was consistently 3 points. The BHQ (MCID: 3 points) represents a clinically meaningful tool for evaluating therapeutic intervention outcomes and patient-centered outcomes in patients with bronchiectasis.

A phase 4 multicentre, 2×2 factorial randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of tobramycin inhalation solution for Pseudomonas aeruginosa eradication in bronchiectasis: ERASE.

Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infection significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality in bronchiectasis patients. Initiating antibiotics early may lead to the eradication of PA. Here we outline the design of a trial (ERASE; NCT06093191) assessing the efficacy and safety of inhaled tobramycin, alone or with oral ciprofloxacin, in bronchiectasis patients with a new isolation of PA. This multicentre, 2×2 factorial randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial includes a 2-week screening period, a 12-week treatment phase (with a combination of ciprofloxacin or a placebo at initial 2 weeks) and a 24-week follow-up. 364 adults with bronchiectasis and a new PA isolation will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: placebo (inhaled saline and ciprofloxacin placebo twice daily), ciprofloxacin alone (750 mg ciprofloxacin and inhaled saline twice daily), inhaled tobramycin alone (inhaled 300 mg tobramycin and ciprofloxacin placebo twice daily) or a combination of both drugs (inhaled 300 mg tobramycin and 750 mg ciprofloxacin twice daily). The primary objective of this study is to assess the proportion of patients successfully eradicating PA in each group by the end of the study. Efficacy will be evaluated based on the eradication rate of PA at other time points (12, 24 and 36 weeks), the occurrence of exacerbations and hospitalisations, time to first pulmonary exacerbations, patient-reported outcomes, symptom measures, pulmonary function tests and the cost of hospitalisations. To date no randomised trial has evaluated the benefit of different PA eradication strategies in bronchiectasis patients. The ERASE trial will therefore generate crucial data to inform future clinical guidelines.

Eradication of Burkholderia cepacia complex in cystic fibrosis patients with inhalation of amiloride and tobramycin combined with oral cotrimoxazole.

This case series suggests that successful eradication therapy of BCC in cystic fibrosis can be done with a combination of inhaled and oral medication, which in many cases may eliminate the need for intensive treatment with intravenous antibiotics https://bit.ly/40oOMIn.

Efficacy of Antibiotic Eradication Therapy of Early Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Children with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia.

Rationale: Chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) negatively impacts lung disease in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). There is currently limited evidence regarding the efficacy of PsA antibiotic eradication therapy (AET) in children with PCD. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of AET of early PsA infection in children with PCD. Methods: This retrospective study included pediatric patients with a confirmed PCD diagnosis according to the American Thoracic Society guidelines at the Hospital for Sick Children between 2010 and 2022. Children with newly acquired PsA infection underwent AET using a stepwise protocol. The protocol included the following steps: step 1, 28 days of tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS); step 2, repeat TIS if culture positive after step 1; and step 3, 14 days of intravenous antibiotics followed by 28 days of TIS if culture positive after step 2. Step 3 was also used for patients who presented with pulmonary exacerbation symptoms. The main outcome was a PsA-negative culture result based on the microbiological results of the first culture after completion of each step of treatment. Results: During the study period, 31 children had a new PsA infection and underwent AET. Of the 27 children who had been asymptomatic at the time of the PsA infection, negative PsA culture results were achieved in 20 (74%) of 27, 1 (14%) of 7, and 5 (83%) of 6 after steps 1, 2, and 3 of AET, respectively. All four symptomatic patients who initially were treated with step 3 had successful clearance of PsA. The overall cumulative success rate of the protocol for negative culture results after AET was 97% (30 of 31). For patients in whom AET was successful, the probability of staying PsA free for at least 1 year was 70%. Conclusions: AET for early PsA infection is highly effective in PCD, with sustained efficacy in most individuals. These data suggest that AET should be considered in all children with PCD who have early PsA infection.

Effects of long-term tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS) once daily on exacerbation rate in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis

BackgroundUse of long-term tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS) has been shown beneficial in cystic fibrosis (CF) and earlier findings also suggest a benefit in non-CF bronchiectasis. We investigated the efficacy and safety of maintenance TIS once daily (OD) in frequent exacerbating bronchiectasis patients chronically infected by different pathogens sensitive for tobramycin.ObjectiveThe primary outcome was the frequency of exacerbations during the 12-month study period. Secondary outcomes were time to first exacerbation, change in lung function and quality of life (QoL), bacterial analysis and safety.Materials/patientsIn this multicenter RCT patients aged ≥ 18-year-old were included with confirmed bronchiectasis and ≥ 2 exacerbations in the preceding year. Patients were assigned (1:1) to receive TIS or placebo OD for 1-year.Results58 patients were included of which 52 were analyzed in the mITT analysis. TIS reduced exacerbation frequency with a RR of 0.74 (95% CI 0.49–1.14) (p = 0.15). Within the TIS population a decrease in number of exacerbations was found (2; p = 0.00), which was also seen in the placebo-treated patients (1.5; p = 0.00). In the TIS-treated patients the QoL improved (LRTI-VAS p = 0.02 Leicester Cough p = 0.02) without additional safety concerns. No differences were found for the other secondary outcomes.ConclusionLong-term TIS OD is a safe treatment modality and showed a non-significant reduced exacerbation frequency of 0.74 as compared to placebo in bronchiectasis patients chronically infected by tobramycin sensitive pathogens. TIS OD may be a potential therapeutic strategy in selected patients with bronchiectasis suffering from a high burden of disease.Trail registration number: The BATTLE study was registered at Clinical trials.gov number: NCT02657473. Date: 13 august 2016.

The BATTLE study: Effects of long-term tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS) once daily on exacerbation rate in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Study protocol of a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: study protocol

BackgroundPatients with bronchiectasis typically suffer from chronic symptoms such as a productive cough with or without exacerbations leading to hospitalization, causing reduced quality of life (QoL) and mortality. Long-term inhaled antibiotics to treat chronic bronchial infection is registered for use in cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis. However, in patients with non-CF bronchiectasis data on long-term antibiotics are limited. ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of maintenance tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS) in bronchiectasis patients without cystic fibrosis. Study designThe BATTLE study is a randomized, double blind placebo controlled, multicenter study in the Netherlands performed in patients aged ≥18-year-old with confirmed bronchiectasis, at least two exacerbations in the preceding year, and minimal one positive sputum culture with gram negative pathogens or Staphylococcus aureus, sensitive to tobramycin in the preceding year and at baseline. Patients will be treated with TIS once daily (OD) or placebo (saline 0.9%) OD for 52 weeks followed by a run-out period of 4 weeks after the last dose. The primary outcome is the yearly rate of pulmonary exacerbations. Among secondary outcome parameters are time to exacerbation, lung function, QoL, microbiological evaluation and safety. DiscussionThe BATTLE study is designed to determine the efficacy and safety of maintenance TIS OD in bronchiectasis patients colonized by different pathogens and could lead to important new evidence for TIS therapy in this population.The BATTLE study is registered in Clinical trials.gov with registration number: NCT02657473.

A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Trial of Tobramycin Inhalation Solution in Adults With Bronchiectasis With Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection

Few large-scale studies have demonstrated the efficacy of tobramycin nebulization in bronchiectasis. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of nebulized tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS) in adults with bronchiectasis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Can TIS effectively reduce sputum Paeruginosa density and improve the bronchiectasis-specific quality of life in patients with bronchiectasis with Paeruginosa infection? This was a phase 3, 16-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eligible adults with bronchiectasis were recruited from October 2018 to July 2021. On the basis of usual care, patients nebulized TIS (300mg/5mL twice daily) or normal saline (5mL twice daily) via vibrating-mesh nebulizer. Treatment consisted of two cycles, each consisting of 28days on-treatment and 28days off-treatment. The coprimary end points included changes from baseline in Paeruginosa density and Quality-of-Life Bronchiectasis Respiratory Symptoms score on day29. The modified intention-to-treat population consisted of 167 patients in the tobramycin group and 172 patients in the placebo group. Compared with placebo, TIS resulted in a significantly greater reduction in Paeruginosa density (adjusted mean difference, 1.74 log10 colony-forming units/g; 95%CI, 1.12-2.35; P< .001) and greater improvement in Quality-of-Life Bronchiectasis Respiratory Symptoms score (adjusted mean difference, 7.91; 95%CI, 5.72-10.11; P< .001) on day 29. Similar findings were observed on day 85. TIS resulted in a significant reduction in 24-h sputum volume and sputum purulence score on days 29, 57, and 85. More patients became culture negative for Paeruginosa in the tobramycin group than in the placebo group on day 29 (29.3%vs10.6%). The incidence of adverse events and serious adverse events were comparable between the two groups. TIS is an effective treatment option and has an acceptable safety profile in patients with bronchiectasis with Paeruginosa infection. ClinicalTrials.gov; No. NCT03715322; URL: www. gov.

Annual review of bronchiectasis in 2021

Bronchiectasis, a common chronic respiratory disease, is characterized by irreversible and abnormal bronchial dilatation due to multiple causes. In 2021, a series of significant research progress have been made in bronchiectasis, focusing on the mechanism, diagnosis, clinical phenotypes, treatment, comorbidities, etc. Several studies have shown that many mediators are involved in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis, such as lipids, platelets, and respiratory microorganisms, providing new insights into the development of prevention and therapy targets of bronchiectasis. At the same time, an international expert consensus proposed radiological and clinical diagnosis criteria for inclusion of bronchiectasis patients in clinical trials. Moreover, the proposal of new phenotype, measurement tools and predictors on bronchiectasis, promote the process of individualized therapy for patients. Regarding the clinical trials on bronchiectasis, several important studies have been published, including tobramycin inhalation powder, airway clearance techniques, tiotropium bromide and so forth. In addition, researches on bronchiectasis comorbidities also have new findings. This review summarized the recent published literatures in order to help clinicians better understand bronchiectasis.

P126 Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection during long-term suppression treatment with tobramycin inhalation powder (TIP)

P126 Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection during long-term suppression treatment with tobramycin inhalation powder (TIP)

317 A Rare Case of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Induced by Tobramycin Inhalation Solution (TIS) in a Lung Transplant Recipient

317 A Rare Case of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Induced by Tobramycin Inhalation Solution (TIS) in a Lung Transplant Recipient

Simulated Intravenous versus Inhaled Tobramycin with or without Intravenous Ceftazidime Evaluated against Hypermutable Pseudomonas aeruginosa via a Dynamic Biofilm Model and Mechanism-Based Modeling.

Acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory infections in patients with cystic fibrosis are highly challenging due to hypermutable Pseudomonas aeruginosa, biofilm formation and resistance emergence. We aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of intravenous versus inhaled tobramycin (TOB) with and without intravenous ceftazidime (CAZ). Two hypermutable P. aeruginosa isolates, CW30 (MICCAZ, 0.5 mg/liter; MICTOB, 2 mg/liter) and CW8 (MICCAZ, 2 mg/liter; MICTOB, 8 mg/liter), were investigated for 120 h in dynamic in vitro biofilm studies. Treatments were intravenous ceftazidime, 9 g/day (33% lung fluid penetration); intravenous tobramycin, 10 mg/kg of body every 24 h (50% lung fluid penetration); inhaled tobramycin, 300 mg every 12 h; and both ceftazidime-tobramycin combinations. Total and less susceptible planktonic and biofilm bacteria were quantified over 120 h. Mechanism-based modeling was performed. All monotherapies were ineffective for both isolates, with regrowth of planktonic (≥4.7 log10 CFU/ml) and biofilm (>3.8 log10 CFU/cm2) bacteria and resistance amplification by 120 h. Both combination treatments demonstrated synergistic or enhanced bacterial killing of planktonic and biofilm bacteria. With the combination simulating tobramycin inhalation, planktonic bacterial counts of the two isolates at 120 h were 0.47% and 36% of those for the combination with intravenous tobramycin; for biofilm bacteria the corresponding values were 8.2% and 13%. Combination regimens achieved substantial suppression of resistance of planktonic and biofilm bacteria compared to each antibiotic in monotherapy for both isolates. Mechanism-based modeling well described all planktonic and biofilm counts and indicated synergy of the combination regimens despite reduced activity of tobramycin in biofilm. Combination regimens of inhaled tobramycin with ceftazidime hold promise to treat acute exacerbations caused by hypermutable P. aeruginosa strains and warrant further investigation.

Is it Worth Adding Systemic Antibiotics to Inhalational Tobramycin Therapy to Treat Pseudomonas Infections in Cystic Fibrosis?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, is one of the most common pathogens causing colonization and infection of the respiratory tract and lungs in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Antibiotic therapy is the mainstay treatment for PA infection, and tobramycin is one of the widely used antibiotics in intravenous or inhalation form. This review aims to explore if there is any advantage of adding systemic antibiotics to tobramycin inhalation therapy by comparing the combination regimen to tobramycin inhalation monotherapy in CF patients with PA infection. We collected studies relevant to our review topic by doing a literature search on multiple databases. According to the currently available studies, the addition of oral antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones and azithromycin to tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS) provides no additional benefit in eradicating PA infection or producing clinical improvement in cystic fibrosis patients. However, adding intravenous antibiotics to TIS has not produced conclusive results and thus requires further research. We recommend conducting more randomized controlled trials comparing different treatment regimens, which may help discover the most beneficial treatment regimen with decreased systemic side effects.

Therapeutic Approach of Chronic Pseudomonas Infection in Cystic Fibrosis-A Network Meta-Analysis.

Pseudomonas infection is a major determinant of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). Maintaining optimal lung function in CF patients carrying Pseudomonas remains a challenge. Our study aims to investigate the efficacy of antipseudomonal inhaled antibiotics in CF patients with chronic Pseudomonas infection. A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted. The main outcomes were changes in: (a) forced respiratory volume (FEV1), (b) Pseudomonas aeruginosa sputum density, and (c) CF Questionnaire Revised Respiratory Symptom Score (CFQR-RSS) at 4 weeks follow-up. Eighteen trials which reported on treatment with aztreonam lysine, tobramycin, colistin, levofloxacin, fosfomycin/tobramycin, and amikacin in various dosages were eligible for inclusion. In terms of change in FEV1%, aztreonam lysine (t.i.d., 75 mg) with a 28-day run in the tobramycin phase, aztreonam lysine (b.i.d., 75 mg) with a 28-day run in the tobramycin phase had the highest probability of being the most effective treatment (SUCRAs were 77, 76%, respectively). Regarding change in Pseudomonas sputum density, aztreonam lysine (b.i.d., 75 mg) with a 28-day run in the tobramycin phase, aztreonam lysine (t.i.d., 75 mg) with a 28-day run in the tobramycin phase had the highest probability of being the most effective treatment (SUCRAs were 90, 86%, respectively). Regarding change in CFQR-RSS, aztreonam lysine (t.i.d., 75 mg) and aztreonam lysine (b.i.d., 75 mg) with a 28-day run in the tobramycin inhalation solution phase had the highest probability of being the most effective treatments (SUCRA:74% and 72%, respectively). Regarding changes in FEV1% and Pseudomonas sputum density, aztreonam lysine with a run in tobramycin phase may be the best treatment option in treating chronic Pseudomonas in CF. According to CFQR-RSS no significant differences were found. Given the limitations of the studies included, validation trials are called for.

Long-term amikacin liposome inhalation suspension in cystic fibrosis patients with chronic P. aeruginosa infection

Background. In CLEAR-108—a phase 3, randomised, open-label study—once-daily amikacin liposome inhalation suspension (ALIS) was noninferior to twice-daily tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS) in improving lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection after 3 treatment cycles (28 days on/28 days off). The CLEAR-110 extension study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01316276; EudraCT: 2011-000443-24) assessed long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of ALIS in eligible patients who completed CLEAR-108. Methods. Patients received once-daily ALIS 590 mg for 12 treatment cycles (96 weeks). Patients were grouped by prior treatment: the “prior-ALIS” cohort received ALIS in CLEAR-108, and the “ALIS-naive" cohort received TIS in CLEAR-108. Results. Overall, 206 patients (prior-ALIS, n=92; ALIS-naive, n=114) entered CLEAR-110 and received ≥1 dose of ALIS. Most patients (88.8%) experienced ≥1 treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) through day 672 (end of year 2). Most TEAEs (72.3%) were mild or moderate in severity. Severe TEAEs were reported in 31 patients (15.0%). Two life-threatening TEAEs (haemoptysis; intestinal obstruction) and 1 death (cardiac failure) were reported. Twenty-one patients (10.2%) discontinued treatment due to a TEAE (mostly infective pulmonary exacerbation of CF). Mean change from baseline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second percent predicted at day 672 was −3.1% (prior-ALIS, −4.0%; ALIS-naive, −2.3%). Mean change from baseline in sputum density of P. aeruginosa at day 672 was 0.02 (prior-ALIS, −0.16; ALIS-naive, 0.19) log CFU/g. Conclusions. Long-term treatment with ALIS was well tolerated with a favourable adverse event profile and demonstrated continued antibacterial activity in CF patients with chronic P. aeruginosa infection.

The Role of Suboptimal Concentrations of Nebulized Tobramycin in Driving Antimicrobial Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates in Cystic Fibrosis.

Antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa may be driven by exposure to suboptimal concentrations of tobramycin antibiotic delivered by less efficient nebulizers. P. aeruginosa isolates (no. = 114; 32 first + 82 chronic) were challenged invitro employing extrapolated peak and trough concentrations of tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS), corresponding to 3 nebulizers: Pari LC Plus, Sidestream12NEB400, and MistyNeb2035G. Bacterial persistence and antibiotic susceptibility to tobramycin was determined following 4 TIS cycles: (i) 28 d ON, (ii) 28 d ON + 28 d OFF, (iii) 2 × 28 d ON, and (iv) 28 d ON + 28 d ON + 28 d OFF. All first isolates were eradicated at peak and trough concentrations except for the trough concentration corresponding to Sidestream 12NEB400 (bactericidal activity 87%). For chronic isolates, peak concentrations eradicated 88%, 90%, and 92%, and trough concentrations eradicated 43%, 62%, and 85%, with the Sidestream12NEB400, MistyNeb2035G, and Pari LC Plus nebulizers, respectively. A statistically significant increase in antibiotic resistance with sensitive, intermediate, and resistant P. aeruginosa was noted following cycles (i) through (iv) at trough concentrations with the Sidestream 12NEB400 and MistyNeb2035G nebulizers. There was a significant reduction in tobramycin resistance following a 28-d OFF cycle, and no difference was noted following 1 × 28 d ON versus 2 × 28 d ON cycles. Our results indicate that suboptimal concentrations of tobramycin drove increased antibiotic resistance, emulating standard cycles of ON/OFF inhaled therapy. This was evident at extrapolated tobramycin concentrations at trough levels corresponding to less efficient nebulizers by initially allowing for the survival of intermediate and resistant organisms, because nebulizer performance did not achieve critical antibiotic concentrations sufficient to eradicate the organism, and by allowing the development of resistance in those cells that were able to survive the initial tobramycin challenge. Transferred to clinical practice, for people with cystic fibrosis on TIS treatment, it is important that clinicians employ an efficient nebulizer that helps mitigate an upward drift in antibiotic resistance, thereby protecting the clinical value of TIS within treatment for cystic fibrosis.

Активность тобрамицина в отношении штаммов Pseudomonas aeruginosa, выделенных у пациентов с муковисцидозом

Study Objective: To determine in vitro activity of Tobramycin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa spp. isolated in children with cystic fibrosis (CF); to retrospectively study the efficiency dynamics of inhalative Tobramycin in management of bronchopulmonary process exacerbation in children with CF aged 9 years old (2009–2018). Study Design: retrospective analysis. Materials and Methods. The study included 173 children with cystic fibrosis aged 3 to 17 years old; the median age in the general group was 11 [8; 15] years. Subjects were divided into two comparison groups, depending on various 14-day combined antipseudomonal therapy: 42 children were treated with Cefepime 150 mg/kg + Amikacin 20 mg/kg IV drop infusion; 48 subjects — with Meropenem 100 mg/kg + Amikacin 20 mg/kg IV drop infusion; 83 patients — with Ceftazidime 200 mg/kg IV + Tobramycin (Bramitob) 300 mg twice daily, inhalation + Ciprofloxacin per os 30–40 mg/kg. Study Results. After the two-week therapy of 83 children with Tobramycin inhalations plus oral Ciprofloxacin and Ceftazidime IV, 123 (82%) out of 150 pathogenic P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus spp. were eliminated (p &lt; 0.001 when compared to bacteriologic test results of pre-therapy bronchial mucus). Comparison groups demonstrated statistically significantly lower number of such subjects: in Cefepime + Amikacin group, 32 (43.8%) out of 73 pathogenic P. aeruginosa and S. aureus spp. were eliminated; whereas in Meropenem + Amikacin group, only 28 (35.4%) pathogens were eliminated out of 79 species. Upon admission in 2013, 50 followed up children underwent antimicrobial therapy with inhalative Tobramycin using the same regimen as in 2009; the P. aeruginosa elimination was the same: 11 (18%) out of 61 pathogenic species remained viable, 50 (82%) species were eliminated, as demonstrated by control sputum. The difference between the number of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus colonies before and after therapy was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001). Practically the same result after the use of inhalative Tobramycin was observed in 2018: 14 (70%) out 20 children with P. aeruginosa spp. had their control sputum samples sanitised (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion. Despite a 20-year history of using in patients with cystic fibrosis, inhalative Tobramycin is still clinically efficient and potent for isolated P. aeruginosa as a component of primary eradication and management of chronic Pseudomonal lung infections. Keywords: cystic fibrosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inhalative Tobramycin.

Real World Experience of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Eradication at an Urban Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis Center.

Clinical practice guidelines for eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have been established, but current studies have not assessed how these guidelines translate into clinical practice. This study aimed to characterize the real-world eradication strategies, eradication rates, and microbiologic outcomes of patients with first acquisition of PA at an urban pediatric CF center. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry was used to identify patients with CF who received care between January 2014 and September 2018 and had PA isolated from an airway culture. Patients were included if they had a first positive PA culture or the first positive culture in 2 years. Data regarding patient demographics, timing and results of airway cultures, and treatment regimens were collected. Over a 3.75-year period, 75 patients had an initial positive culture for PA. Of those patients, 74 (98.7%) received eradication treatment. Tobramycin inhalation solution (TIS) monotherapy was the most common regimen prescribed (52.7%) followed by TIS plus an oral fluoroquinolone (28.4%) (TIS + FQ). Of those treated, 62 (83.8%) patients had eradication of PA at first follow-up culture (median, 58 days; IQR, 49-77 days). Eradication rates (84.6% vs 76.2%, p = 0.421) and times to recurrence (6.37 months vs 5.1 months, p = 0.726) were comparable between TIS and TIS + FQ cohorts. The eradication rate for PA in clinical practice is similar to that published in the literature. Consistent with published guidelines, these microbiologic outcomes do not support the addition of an oral FQ to TIS for initial PA eradication.

Long-term safety study of colistimethate sodium (Colobreathe®): Findings from the UK Cystic Fibrosis Registry

BackgroundAs part of the risk management plan in Europe, a long-term observational study was conducted to monitor the safety of colistimethate sodium dry powder for inhalation (CMS-DPI) compared to other inhaled antibiotics. MethodsA cohort of CMS-DPI patients and a matched cohort were identified from the UK Cystic Fibrosis Registry (UKCFR) from 2014-2018. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint, defined as adverse events (AEs) or new cystic fibrosis (CF) complications. Other outcomes included pulmonary exacerbations and treatment discontinuations. ResultsOf 1466 and 3503 patients in the CMS-DPI and comparator cohorts, respectively, 82.7% and 79.4% had AEs. Among the most common new CF complications were osteopenia, CF-related diabetes, and increased liver enzymes. The adjusted event rate ratio (ERR) for the primary outcome was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-1.33, p<0.001). After excluding new CF complications, there was no difference between cohorts (ERR=1.04, 95% CI: 0.79-1.38, p=0.785). Pulmonary exacerbations were common in CMS-DPI and comparator cohorts (78.0% and 79.9% of patients, respectively), with adjusted ERR of 1.02 (95% CI: 0.95-1.10, p=0.523). Rates of discontinuation were similar in the CMS-DPI and Tobramycin inhalation powder comparator cohorts (37.8% and 39.8% of patients, respectively). ConclusionsThere was no difference in the rate of adverse events between CMS-DPI and comparator cohorts. The safety profile of CMS-DPI is similar to those of other inhaled antibiotics, supporting its long-term safety in people with CF. The UKCFR has developed a successful model for partnership with industry to conduct long-term studies aimed at assessing drug safety.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes in adult cystic fibrosis patients with severe lung disease in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil

BackgroundAdvanced lung disease in adult cystic fibrosis (CF) drives most clinical care requirements. The aim was to evaluate outcome (time to death while in the study) in a cohort of adult CF patients with severe lung disease, and to determine the association among baseline patient characteristics and outcome.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed and clinical records between 2000 and 2015 were reviewed. Severe lung disease was defined as forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) < 30% of predicted. Outcomes of all patients, including their date of death or transplantation, were determined till January 1st, 2016. Clinical data were recorded at the entry date.ResultsAmong 39 subjects included in the study, 20 (51.3%) died, 16 (41.0%) underwent bilateral lung transplantation, and 3 were alive at the end of the study period. Two variables were independently associated with death: body mass index (BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2) (HR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.64–0.96 and p = 0.017) and use of tobramycin inhalation therapy (HR = 3.82, 95% CI = 1.38–10.6 and p = 0.010). Median survival was 37 (95% CI = 16.4–57.6) months. The best cut-off point for BMI was 18.5 kg/m2. Median survival in patients with BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 was 36 months (95% CI = 18.7–53.3).ConclusionMedian survival of CF subjects with FEV1 < 30% was 37 months. BMI and tobramycin inhalation therapy were independently associated with death. Median survival in patients with BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 was significantly lower than in patients with BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2. The association of tobramycin inhalation with death was interpreted as confounding by severity (use was reserved for advanced lung disease).