Inhabitants Of Rural Areas Research Articles

Incidence of pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus in North-East Poland (Podlaskie Province) - a 15-year (2001-2015) bicentric retrospective study.

The average incidence of pemphigus reported from European countries ranged between 0.5 and eight cases per one million inhabitants. Studies on epidemiology of pemphigus group in entire Province of Poland over a period of more than a decade are lacking. To analyze the incidence of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) in Podlaskie Province (North-East Poland) in years 2001-2015 with regard to patients' age, gender, and residency. Sixty-six cases of pemphigus were diagnosed in the period analyzed: 44 cases of PV (66.67%) and 22 of PF (33.33%). Female to male ratio was 2.88. The average incidence of PV and PF together was 3.67±2.19 per one million inhabitants. In females the incidence was 5.34±3.20 and in males, 1.90±1.91 (P<0.05). The incidence in inhabitants of rural areas was 4.96±4.07 and those of urban areas, 2.70±2.01 (P<0.05). The age of the pemphigus onset was 54.69±12.58 for PV and 64.24±13.33 for PF (P<0.05). The majority of PV and PF patients were residents of urban areas and rural areas, respectively. The incidence of pemphigus group in Podlaskie Province was within the range of the average incidence rates reported from other European countries. Surprisingly, the female to male ratio was the highest in Europe. Moreover, for the first time we have demonstrated that the incidence was higher in the population living in rural than in urban areas. Similar studies in other regions of Poland are needed.

Discussing municipal performance alternatives

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the determinants of satisfaction with municipal services by local inhabitants in Lithuania. Specifically, the paper seeks to disclose the relations between the importance that citizens attribute to the objectives of a municipality, satisfaction with services, the perception of quality of life and socio-demographic characteristics of local inhabitants.Design/methodology/approachThe theoretical assumptions were tested using the quantitative data of public opinion survey in Lithuania conducted in 2016. The representative sample (n=1,006) consisting respondents over the age of 18 years old was collected using the personal interview method in households from different municipalities. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was employed to specify the constructs of the model. The structural equation modeling allowed revealing the relations between the importance of municipal objectives, satisfaction with services and infrastructure, the perception of quality of life and socio-demographic characteristics of citizens.FindingsThe findings indicate that there is a weak positive relation among the importance of municipal objectives and satisfaction with municipal services and infrastructure in case of Lithuania. There is a medium positive relation between satisfaction with services and infrastructure and perception of quality of life. The authors find that citizens living in cities attribute higher importance to the objectives of a municipality. The expectations increase within the age. The authors also find that residents living in cities are less satisfied (comparing to citizens living in towns and rural areas) with municipal services. The results indicate that citizens working in the private sector are less satisfied (comparing to unemployed citizens) with municipal services. The authors also find that such variables as education, age and income has a positive influence on the perception of quality of life.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research may specify the connection between the importance of municipal objectives, satisfaction with services, quality of life and socio-demographic characteristics more precisely. Specifically, the construct of the importance of municipal objectives was explained best as one factor due to the selection of objectives constituting the construct in the questionnaire. More precise measurement of the construct may reveal the agenda pursued by citizens and its relation to the socio-demographic factors.Practical implicationsThe research reveals that satisfaction with municipal services and infrastructure is an important predictor of perceived quality of life for Lithuanians citizens on the local level. It sends an important signal to policymakers indicating that citizens that are living in cities, working in private sector feel less satisfied compared to other groups of inhabitants in rural areas. It also provides evidence that different profiles of socio-demographic characteristics should also be considered more carefully while designing responsive service provision systems in municipalities.Originality/valueThe paper provides a theoretical and methodological perspective that relates importance of municipal objectives, satisfaction with municipal services, infrastructure and perceived quality of life of local inhabitants. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of socio-demographic characteristics of for municipal agenda and design of provision of public services.

METHODS OF TESTING IDEAS IN THE PROJECT "VILLAGES ON MOVE BALTIC": EXPERIENCES FROM BALTIC COUNTRIES

Physical activity is considered as an important tool for promoting of public health. Studies have shown connections between physical activities and mental and physical health, as it is one of the evaluating factors of community indicators. It is recommended that community sport participation is advocated as a form of leisure time for children and adolescents, in an effort to not only improve physical health in relation to such matters as the obesity crisis, but also to enhance psychological and social health outcomes. One of the project "Villages on Move Baltic" (VOMB) 1.1.2016-31.12.2017 (Number 2016-3715/001-001) objectives is to focus more on Health Enhancing Physical Activity and joy of sports for rural citizen in participating regions. This article covers the reasons for seeking to increase participation in sport and other physical recreation activities: health and social engagement; lifestyle, everyday attraction and tourism opportunities. "Villages on Move Baltic" project is activating people to give ideas on how to promote everyday physical activity and how to organise their leisure time in rural areas. The collected ideas are developed by means of culture of experimentation. The Project‘s participants have visited village events and have promoted healthy lifestyle. The goal is to activate inhabitants in rural areas to have more movement and more joy of sports. The ideas about the desirable and interesting forms of physical activity among the rural population were gathered within the participation in 40 events of Villages on Move Baltic" project (VOMB). A total number of participants is 2030, which provided 830 ideas related to physical activity in everyday life and in various events. Conclusions: A great number of ideas about physical activities were collected using verbal and non-verbal methods such as physical activity exercises or games, structured interviews, writing ideas, discussion and drawing. The idea is that competition methods should be applied to specific age and culture groups.

ESTABLISHED COMORBIDITY IN ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION PATIENTS IN RURAL AREAS

Aim. To analyze the specifics of comorbidity forming and age­related correlations of the risk factors (RF) distribution in arterial hypertension (AH) patients living in rural areas.Material and methods. In 2015­2017 a retrospective analysis of 2500 patients database was done at two general practitioners offices in Konakovsky District of Tverskaya Oblast. Of those, 350 were selected (14%) at the age 44­53 (164 males, 186 females) among the charts containing most complete data on the dispanserization. Additionally, surveying of the group was done for more detailed retrospective analysis of comorbidity and RF existence during lifetime of 25­35 years.Results. In the structure of comorbidity AH predominates, which has been diagnosed in 50,86% of patients; mostly it is diagnosed at the age 44­53 (81,06%). After AH, 2nd place is held by dorsopathies (24%), 3rd — gastrointestinal disorders (12%). For chronic pulmonary obstructive disease and cerebrovascular disease — it is less than 3%. 96,1% of men with AH are smokers at the age 18 to 53 y. o. By the age 53, in 40,26% of men and 36,63% of women there is bodyweight increase; and raised cholesterol — in 48,05% and 22,77%, respectively.Conclusion. In rural areas inhabitants, the formation of comorbidity is ongoing mostly at age 44­53 y. o. Of the specifics of comorbidity in these patients, there is often combination of AH with dorsopathies, and quite rare — with chronic obstructive lung disease or cerebrovascular diseases. The observed at the age 34­43 “diagnostic gap” points on the necessity for attention to this exact age strata with the aim of ontime diagnostics and early stages of diseases reveal. The structure of RF during the lifetime is not homogenic and is the highest at the age of comorbidity forming (except smoking and professional harms). All the considered RF are more prominent in men than in women.

Attitudes toward newcomers from the city. The case of urban-rural fringe of Krakow

Abstract Rural-urban areas are currently characterised by a high rate of economic development. One of the results of these changes is the inflow of urban populations, who are very different from the indigenous inhabitants. In spite of the move to a rural environment, they often preserve their customs and urban life styles; while, on the other hand, the indigenous inhabitants of rural areas tend to present traditional attitudes towards life. They are strongly attached to their land and identify with their place of residence. The author focuses on the attitudes expressed toward newcomers from Krakow and other metropolitan cities by the inhabitants of selected municipalities within the Krakow Metropolitan Area (KOM). The attitudes toward styles, ways of life, values, as well as preferences brought by the urban population were investigated.

An assessment of factors related to disability in ADL and IADL in elderly inhabitants of rural areas of south-eastern Poland.

Demographic changes in Europe have resulted in anincreased demand for healthcare and social care for the elderly. The aim of this study was to analyze the factors related to disability in ADL and IADL among elderly inhabitants of rural areas of southeastern Poland. The study involved 426 subjects aged 71-80 years. To assess their activities of daily living, the Katz ADL Scale was used, and the Lawton IADL Scale was used to assess their instrumental activities in daily living. The subjects reported at least one problem with IADL (43.19%) more often than with ADL (36.85%). The strongest factors related to difficulties with ADL were assessment of satisfaction with life, using assistive devices, and having one's home suitably adapted. The strongest factors related to IADL were the assessment of satisfaction with life, education, using assistive devices and performing moderate physical exercise at a minimum of 150 minutes per week. Age, education, pain, falls, household not fully adapted for one's needs, using assistive devices, lack of satisfaction with life, and low assessment of quality of life had a significant impact on the prevalence of ADL and/or IADL disabilities in the elderly inhabitants of rural areas. Most of these factors can be subject to modification. They are also a complex of predictors that allow for identifying and supporting those elderly patients from rural areas who are the most vulnerable.

Improvements in self-care among patients with diabetes in a remote island in Japan: a pilot study.

Objective: The traits of the inhabitants of rural areas could affect clinical improvements. In the rural areas of Japan, a feeling of competitiveness often exists between the members of a community; this competitiveness could prompt patients to exert efforts in improving their health. This study aimed to assess the effects of competitiveness on the clinical outcomes of patients with diabetes.Patients and Methods: Between December 2014 and December 2015, a pilot study was conducted among patients with diabetes to assess the effects of an intervention on improvements in self-care, quality of life (QOL), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values. The intervention included showing each participant a histogram of the HbA1c levels of all patients visiting a clinic in the remote island as well as the location of their own HbA1c level on the histogram. Once every 4 months, the patient’s HbA1c level was assessed by conducting a blood test, and the self-care agency questionnaire 30 (SCAQ30) was administered by a community health nurse. After 12 months, changes in HbA1c values, SCAQ30 score, and MOS 36-item short-form health survey score were evaluated.Results: Sixty-four participants (mean age: 63.6 years; male-to-female ratio: 35:29) were included in the final analysis (follow-up rate: 71.1%). In participants with HbA1c values ≥ 8% and < 8% at baseline, the HbA1c value decreased by 1.39 (p < 0.001) and 0.12 (p = 0.137), respectively, and the mean SCAQ30 score increased by 14.94 and 6.39 points (p < 0.001), respectively. Furthermore, in participants with an HbA1c value ≥ 8%, the mean mental component summary score increased by 5.64 points (p = 0.019), and the mean role/social component summary score decreased by 6.04 points (p = 0.022).Conclusion: The continuous stimulation of competitiveness may help improve the health conditions of patients with diabetes. Moreover, collaboration between rural clinics and community health nurses may also be important.

Podstawowe determinanty jakości życia mieszkańców wsi i miast po akcesji Polski do Unii Europejskiej = Basic determinants of rural and urban inhabitants’ life quality after Poland’s accession to the European Union

The purpose of the study is to assess changes concerning main determinants of rural and urban inhabitants’ life quality in the period after Poland’s accession to the European Union (years 2006–2017). The study was conducted basing on results of the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and household budgets of the Central Statistical Office of Poland. Assessment of rural population’s life quality was based on indicators characterizing the unbiased living conditions (income, expenses, infrastructure, environment, housing and furnishings) as well as subjective evaluation. However, in assessing the life quality, environmental and climatic advantages of rural areas were not taken into account. Basic indicators relate to individuals or households. Life quality in rural areas is lower than in urban ones, which is primarily due to inferior income of rural residents. Furthermore, the level of expenditure is lower, mainly regarding high rank needs. Rural areas are characterized by lower equipment in basic technical infrastructure and durable – especially modern goods – in comparison to urban areas. Inhabitants of rural areas subjectively assess their life quality to be worse than the urban population. They also believe that possibility of satisfying their needs is lower than in cities.

Fiscal decentralization and citizen’s satisfaction from local public service delivery in Pakistan

PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of local governments in Pakistan through citizen’s satisfaction with local public service delivery in the context of the 2001 devolution plan.Design/methodology/approachMultiple-choice models are used to identify various determinants of citizen satisfaction from local governments. Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the citizens such as age, gender, profession, education level, social status, geographical location and devolution policy (absence or presence of local government) are possible determinants of the model. While, the dependent variable is a satisfaction index constructed through exploratory factor analysis, using information obtained through a questionnaire.FindingsThe devolution policy variable is found to be statistically significant, indicating that people’s satisfaction level declined significantly when the devolution plan was rolled back. The impact of demographic and socio-economic variables on citizen satisfaction with local government is also found to be statistically significant in a majority of cases. Results indicate that people living in urban city districts are comparatively more satisfied than inhabitants of rural areas. Heterogeneity in satisfaction is found across different provinces, suggesting the need for institutional and political reforms. Moreover, people from a lower social status are more satisfied, indicating that the devolution process is in the right direction as far as reduction of income disparities is concerned.Practical implicationsThe results suggest that there should be more provincial autonomy and national cohesion that will result in better understanding of the needs of federating units keeping the regional affiliation aside. Financial autonomy will give more resources, generate confidence and make the federating unit accountable. A decentralized set up will reduce the dependence of provinces on the center, which will allow the center to concentrate more on the national issues. However, the problem is how to materialize this and execute an efficient decentralization process in Pakistan.Originality/valueThis research is based on primary data collected by UNDP to conduct a social audit of local governments in Pakistan. No other research has been conducted in Pakistan to evaluate the performance of local governments using citizen satisfaction.

Methodology of Prioritization of Land Consolidation and Land Exchange Interventions

Land consolidation is one of the basic development activities in rural areas intended to comprehensively improve the organization of agricultural production space. Merging and exchange of parcels are aimed at transforming a fragmented and “checkerboarded” landscape containing excessively long fields into plots as large and regular as possible. Land consolidation decisions are based on detailed analyses of relevant parameters. Properly carried out land consolidation creates an opportunity to organize agricultural holdings in an appropriate way, and, at the same time, to preserve the natural environment. Consolidation provides appropriate conditions for sustainable and multi-functional rural development by limiting the harmful influence of intensive agriculture on the natural environment. It also leads to an improvement in living and working conditions for inhabitants of rural areas. The analysis conducted in this study was aimed at singling out villages in the commune of Paradyż in which consolidation of arable land was required most urgently. Factors describing the investigated villages were selected on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the natural, social, economic and financial conditions found in those localities. The analysis was conducted using data obtained from the Land and Property Register of the District Office in Opoczno and data from the Office of the Commune of Paradyż. The study allowed us to determine which areas required land consolidation and exchange interventions, thus becoming a basis for applying for financial resources necessary to reach the aforementioned goal. A special role in empirical studies, especially comparative studies, of human activity is played by taxonomic methods, which involve linear ordering of items according to a synthetic indicator characterizing those items, which is calculated on the basis of a set of shared features. These methods are widely used in econometrics and socio-economic research to create all kinds of development rankings, based on multi-faceted data concerning the objects under analysis. The aim of the present study was to establish the demand for land exchange and consolidation in the villages of the commune of Paradyż, district of Opoczno, Łódź Voivodeship. The ranking was established using Hellwig’s synthetic indicator of development and the zero unitarization method. The analysis allowed us to answer the questions of how different methods of aggregation of the same diagnostic variables affect the final results and whether these methods could be applied in this type of studies.

Social Impacts of Solar Home Systems in Rural Areas: A Case Study in Bangladesh

As an alternative source of off-grid electric power, solar home systems (SHS) stand out above all other options (e.g., wind, hydro, geo-thermal, tidal systems) because of their wide-scale potential at latitudes less than 45° north or south of the Equator where daily solar irradiance is more constant throughout the year and where the bulk of the Third World’s population live. A questionnaire-based survey study was carried out in a rural area of Bangladesh to ascertain the impacts of SHSs on the lives of the rural population. The installation of an SHS was found to improve the comfort and living standard of rural dwellers. Easier access to TV, radio, cellphone, and the Internet helped the rural population become part of a more global culture. More attractive down-payment and installment package options will allow poor target groups to adopt this system. The standard of SHS components and after-sales service should be improved to ensure sustainably and popularity among the mass population for at least 10 years at minimal cost to the consumer. Our findings can also help policymakers adopt more SHS-friendly policies to further the interests of inhabitants of rural areas that are not connected to the grid.

Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Colombian Municipality.

This study describes the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of leishmaniasis and the pharmacological treatment of this disease in the municipality of Pueblo Rico, Risaralda, between January 2010 and December 2014. An observational study was conducted using information from the clinical records and epidemiological reports of patients diagnosed and confirmed with leishmaniasis of any age and sex, including sociodemographic, clinical, and pharmacological variables of the therapy received. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed. A total of 539 cases of leishmaniasis were confirmed, with 29.5% occurring in children under 5 years of age. The median age was 10 years, with predominance in males (55.5%). The indigenous Emberá (aboriginal Americans) were the most affected (50.8%), and 93.3% of cases occurred in people living in scattered rural areas. All lesions corresponded to cutaneous leishmaniasis, of which 251 patients had compromise of the upper limbs (46.6%), 221 of the face (41.0%), and 139 of the lower limbs (25.8%). Pentavalent antimony salts (n-methyl glucamine and sodium stibogluconate) were prescribed in 77.6% (N = 418) of the cases; miltefosine was the second most frequently prescribed medication (21.5%, N = 116). The inhabitants of rural areas and the indigenous communities are at a higher risk of acquiring the infection, particularly among infants, which highlights the importance of the biological, social, and demographic factors involved in the disease. There is a need to seek effective public health actions and further research this disease.

Zmiany warunków mieszkaniowych na obszarach wiejskich w Polsce w latach 2002-2014

Celem pracy było określenie prawidłowości w zakresie dynamiki cech opisujących warunki mieszkaniowe na obszarach wiejskich w porównaniu z terytorium Polski. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone z uwzględnieniem cech opisujących istniejący zasób mieszkaniowy, budynki i mieszkania oddane do użytkowania i wyposażenie mieszkań w infrastrukturę techniczną. Empiryczna część badań została opisana z wykorzystaniem danych pochodzących z publikacji Obszary wiejskie w Polsce w 2014 r., opracowanej przez GUS. Zakres czasowy badań dotyczył lat 2002-2014. Wszystkie cechy objęte badaniem wykazywały pożądane tendencje, co potwierdza, iż warunki mieszkaniowe ludności obszarów wiejskich ulegały poprawie.

Folk Art and Culture in the Historical and Educational Context.

Folk art is the expression of artistic activity of the inhabitants of rural areas. In encompasses visual arts, music, and oral traditions. They are indivisible from each other as well as from the lives of villages and their inhabitants. Folk art is an element of the peasant culture which changes rapidly with the development of civilisation and it is unfortunately more and more frequently displaced by modern forms of life and the resulting different needs of rural and urban populations. It is, however, the heritage of our ancestors which we are obliged to preserve. One of the ways of preserving folk art is school education. Thanks to diverse forms of education used by teachers it is possible to get the students acquainted with all the areas of folk art in a compelling and inspiring way.

The Civil Attitudes of the Inhabitants of Rural Areas and Their Aspects. Between Declarations and Actions.

Within the framework of these reflections and analysing the declarations of the country-side dwellers concerning their manner of manifesting citizenship, the article tackles the issue of the inaccuracies appearing between the articulated declarations of the level of commitment and the actual action, not only with reference to country-side communities, but also residents of the cities. The deficit, revealed within the awareness and the civil responsibility, provokes the reflection on the effects of socialization and education, as they both shape civic competencies.

Availability of dentures and the need for orthopedic dental care for residents of the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation

The dental examination of 3329 (1760 men and 1569 women) adults aged from 18 up to 102 years living in the cities and rural areas of the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation was carried out. Taking into account age (young, average, elderly, senile, long-livers), a floor and the place of residence indicators of security and needs in the dentoprosthetic help are studied, and also the frequency of occurrence of functional pathology of the chewing apparatus is determined. It is established that with age needs in a denture it isn’t dependent on a floor and the place of residence it is enlarged. Among living in rural areas larger needs in the orthopedic dental help during all age periods became perceptible that it is bound to remoteness of the treatment and prevention facilities giving dentoprosthetic help from places accommodation of residents of the village. Security with dentures was higher at residents of the cities. Duration of use of dentures at residents and the village made from 6 months to 15 years. At the same time, at residents of the cities of full-fledged dentures whom they use, more, than at residents of the village. Inferiority of the replacing dental designs was bound to their functional and esthetic inferiority, and also the increased wear or their defects. Dentures on artificial legs were taped only residents in 2,1–6,5% of cases that demands organizational measures for approach of modern methods of after treatment of the chewing apparatus to inhabitants of rural areas. In all age groups, it isn’t dependent on the place of residence, there was a high frequency of functional pathology of the chewing device.

Sports activity of the inhabitants of rural areas - motives for participation in a mass running event on the example of the Poznań Half Marathon

Sports activity of the inhabitants of rural areas - motives for participation in a mass running event on the example of the Poznań Half Marathon

Analysis of health, functioning and disability of rural inhabitants aged 60-80 living in south-eastern Poland - a cross sectional study.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, the aging of the European population has been observed, and the potential long-term social and economic problems have been flagged. The aim of the study was assessment of the level of disability and multidimensional analysis of determining factors among the elderly living in rural areas. The study was conducted in a population of 973 people aged 60-80 living in south-eastern Poland. The research tool used in the study was the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule - WHODAS 2.0. As many as 28.26% of the study group had at least a moderate level of disability; severe disability was observed in 11.51 % of the participants, and extreme disability was experienced by 0.21%. The highest average level of disability in the study group was found in performing activities of daily living (mean = 28.94; SD = 30.04), participation in everyday life (mean = 28.40; SD = 23.29) and mobility (mean = 26.04; SD = 27.57). Statistically significant relationships were observed between age, gender, education level, physical activity and number of chronic diseases. An increase in the level of education and popularization of physical activity may be helpful in reducing the prevalence of disability among the elderly inhabitants of rural areas. Increasing access to health care, aimed at rapid diagnosis of chronic diseases, treatment and rehabilitation, seems to be a reasonable action preventing the disability in rural areas.

Clinical and hormonal features of women with polycystic ovary syndrome living in rural and urban areas.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathies among women at reproductive age, but its pathology remains unknown. From epidemiological studies it is known that endogenous, mainly genetic and exogenous, environmental factors are of importance. The aim of the study was to compare the phenotype of women diagnosed with PCOS from urban and rural areas of Poland. According to the knowledge of the authors, this is first such study. The retrospective study included 3,877 PCOS patients: 2511 women living in cities and 1,366 village inhabitants, aged between 18 - 45 years. Clinical data, including medical history, body mass, height and hirsutism severity was obtained from each patient. Hormones were also tested in each patient: follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, estradiol [E2], testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate [DHEAS], thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroxin, insulin [INS], 17 hydroxyprogesterone, cortisol [CORT]) and metabolic (75g oral glucose tolerance test, Chol - total cholesterol, HDL-C - high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the TG (triglicerides) profile. PCOS women from urban areas had a higher mean serum concentration of E2 in comparison to the inhabitants of rural areas. Women from cities had a lower mean level of DHEAS, CORT, and INS measured in the morning than rural residents. Insulin-resistance, using homeostasis model assessment, was more pronounced among women from villages. The prevalence of menstrual disorders, in general, was higher in PCOS women living in rural comparing to urban areas. The clinical and biochemical indices differed significantly between women diagnosed with PCOS living in cities and villages. In general in Poland, the PCOS phenotype is more severe in women living in rural areas. This study shows that different living conditions significantly affect the PCOS phenotype.

THE IMPACT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE OPINION OF COUNTY RESIDENTS CHOJNICKI

The aim of the study was to present issues of the environmental effects of renewable energy sources. Research was conducted in July 2016 among 269 inhabitants of rural areas of the Chojnice district. A diagnostic survey was employed as the research method. The research showed that renewable energy sources have a positive impact on the environment, and that environmental hazards are not as great as those of conventional energy production. According to the respondents, the greatest environmental damage in the field of RES is related to landscape changes.