Ingroup Evaluations Research Articles

Primed Tactile Stimulus Processing during Sleep.

The aim was to investigate how the primed and unprimed non-painful tactile stimuli during sleep would be processed. A total of 22 healthy subjects (19.55 ± 1.10 years) were randomly divided into two groups. The same stimuli were applied to both groups, but the study group (SG) received them twice (daytime and sleep), whereas the control group (CG) received them only during sleep. A 40-channel PSG and a pneumatic tactile stimulator unit were used. Evoked potential components of the CZ electrode were examined in four sleep stages (N1, N2, N3, and REM). The Mann-Whitney U test was used for group comparison, and the Wilcoxon test was used for in-group evaluations. The P50 and N300 response components were observed in all sleep stages in both groups. P50 decreased as sleep deepened in the SG. The N300 increased as sleep deepened and started to decrease again in the REM stage. Moreover, in N1, the amplitudes of P200-N300 and N300-P450 in the SG were significantly greater than those in the CG. The fact that P50 was observed even in N3 indicates that bottom-up sensory processing continues during sleep. Moreover, the central processing of primed and unprimed stimuli exhibited dynamic differences. Furthermore, an increase in N300 amplitude suggests suppressive processes to facilitate and maintain sleep.

Social identity threat across group status: Links to psychological well-being and intergroup bias through collective narcissism and ingroup satisfaction.

Through two correlational studies (Study 1: Turkish majority, Kurdish minority; Study 2: White British majority; Black minority), we examined the implications of social identity threat for majority and minority ethnic group members' psychological well-being and intergroup bias, using a social identity framework that incorporates the recently highlighted distinction between narcissistic and non-narcissistic positive evaluation of the ingroup (i.e., collective narcissism and ingroup satisfaction, respectively). Online questionnaires were completed by 397 Turkish nationals (265 ethnic Turks and 132 ethnic Kurds, Mage = 32.81, SD = 11.67) in Study 1 and 351 British individuals (163 White and 188 Black British; Mage = 31.47, SD = 10.84) in Study 2. Social identity threat was consistently associated with collective narcissism among all ethnic groups, whereas it was either unrelated or related negatively to ingroup satisfaction. Collective narcissism was positively associated with intergroup bias among both majority and minority groups. Unexpectedly, ingroup satisfaction was also related to greater bias particularly among majority members. In all groups, ingroup satisfaction (but not collective narcissism) was directly associated with greater psychological well-being. Findings highlight the importance of exploring the narcissistic component of positive ingroup evaluation to provide a more nuanced understanding of the relationships between social identity threat and personal well-being, as well as intergroup bias. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Social identity and racial disparities in science literacy.

Research on African-Americans' relationship with science, while relatively sparse, in general suggests higher levels of alienation than among their White counterparts, whether in the form of less positive attitudes to science, or lower scientific literacy. In this article, we leverage social identity theory to examine the role of racial social identity and ingroup evaluation as putative mechanisms that produce these disparities. We use data from the General Social Survey, pooled over three waves, as the basis for our investigation. The results of the analysis indicate that, when controlling for other covariates, there is no statistically significant difference in the effect of racial self-identification on science knowledge among African-Americans and Whites. However, we provide evidence that the effect of favourable ingroup evaluation on science knowledge differs in these two groups, being more positive for African-Americans compared to Whites.

The contributions of positive outgroup and negative ingroup evaluation to implicit bias favoring outgroups

People sometimes prefer groups to which they do not belong (outgroups) over their own groups (ingroups). Many long-standing theoretical perspectives assume that this outgroup favorability bias primarily reflects negative ingroup evaluations rather than positive outgroup evaluations. To examine the contributions of negative ingroup versus positive outgroup evaluations to outgroup bias, we examined participants' data (total n > 879,000) from Implicit Association Tests [A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, J. L. K. Schwartz, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 74, 1464-1480 (1998)] measuring intergroup attitudes across four social domains in exploratory and preregistered confirmatory analyses. Process modeling [F. R. Conrey, J. W. Sherman, B. Gawronski, K. Hugenberg, C. J. Groom, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 89, 469-487 (2005)] was applied to the responses of participants who demonstrated implicit outgroup bias to separately estimate the contributions of negative ingroup and positive outgroup evaluations. The outgroup biases of lower-status group members (i.e., Asian, Black, gay and lesbian, and older people) consistently reflected greater contributions of positive outgroup evaluations than negative ingroup evaluations. In contrast, the outgroup biases of higher-status group members (i.e., White, straight, and younger people) reflected a more varied pattern of evaluations. We replicated this pattern of results using explicitly measured intergroup evaluations. Taking these data together, the present research demonstrates a positive-negative asymmetry effect of outgroup bias, primarily among members of lower-status groups.

A vicious circle? Longitudinal relationships between different modes of in-group identity and COVID-19 conspiracy thinking

ABSTRACT Since March 2020, when the World Health Organization declared the spread of COVID-19 a global pandemic, conspiracy theories have continued to rise. This research examines the role of different forms of in-group identity in predicting conspiracy thinking in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. We hypothesized that conspiracy thinking would be predicted positively by national narcissism (i.e., a belief in in-group’s greatness which is contingent on its external validation and makes in-group members sensitive to psychological threats) but negatively by secure national identification (i.e., a confidently held ingroup evaluation, which serves as a buffer against psychological threats). In a three-wave longitudinal study conducted on a representative sample of adult Poles (N = 650), conspiracy thinking was positively predicted by national narcissism, but negatively by national identification. Further, we found evidence that conspiracy thinking strengthened national narcissism (but not national identification) over time. Implications for intra- and intergroup processes are discussed.

Denigrating Women, Venerating “Chad”: Ingroup and Outgroup Evaluations among Male Supremacists on Reddit

Can negative evaluations of a broad outgroup paired with positive evaluations of a broad ingroup, sustain willing affiliation with even intensely self-derogating online communities? Synthesizing concepts from masculinities scholarship, social identity theory, and self-verification theory, this study compares language from two distinctive misogynist communities active on Reddit.com —Men Going Their Own Way, male separatists who positively frame members as superior to other men and men as superior to women, and Involuntary Celibates (incels), who openly derogate incel community members—to understand what sustains misogynist incels’ willing affiliation with the self-derogating incel community. Using thematic qualitative analysis, I find that while male separatists favor both their own narrower online community and the broader ingroup of men, misogynist incels engage in a patriarchal bargain, using relatively benevolent depictions of some men alongside negative depictions of all women to perpetuate broader gender inequality.

Evaluation of the relationship between tooth decay and trabecular bone structure in pediatric patients using fractal analysis: a retrospective study.

The movement of chewing affects the growth and development of the stomatognathic system. Tooth decay, which is known to have effects on chewing, can affect the jaw bone due to its indirect effect on the mechanical forces transmitted to the jaw bone. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between dental caries and jawbone trabeculation during the growth and development processes in children using fractal dimension (FD) analysis. A total of 120 patients were divided into three groups. The groups were determined as follows: group 1: 40 patients without deep dentin caries/apical rarefying osteitis, group 2: 40 patients with deep dentin caries/apical rarefying osteitis on the right or left sides, and group 3: 40 patients with deep dentin caries/apical rarefying osteitis on both the right and left side. Digital panoramic images of the selected patients were evaluated using FD analysis. There was no statistically significant difference in the FD analysis among the groups. Age and sex factors were not found statistically significant in the in-group evaluation (p>0.05). In group 3, FD values of the right condyle (r= -0.42, p<0.05), right ramus (r= -0.37, p<0.05) and left ramus (r= -0.45, p<0.05) were negatively correlated with age. There is no relationship between tooth decay and trabeculation of the jawbone in children aged 8-13 years.

Effects of positive ingroup evaluation

Effects of positive ingroup evaluation

Kolonoskopi Öncesi Uygulanan Doğa Temelli Seslerin Hastaların Ağrı, Anksiyete ve Utanma Duygusuna Etkisi: Randomize Kontrollü Bir Çalışma

Objective: The study aimed to determine the effect of nature-based sounds before colonoscopy on pain, anxiety, and embarrassment. Material and Methods: This randomized-controlled experimental study was conducted with 80 patients in the colonoscopy unit of a university hospital. All patients underwent standard care and intestinal preparation before the colonoscopy. The patients were randomized into 2 groups. The randomization of the study was carried out through the closed envelope method. In addition to routine maintenance before the colonoscopy, 20-minute nature-based sound was applied to the intervention group (n=40). And the control group (n=40) did not receive any intervention other than routine nursing care. The naturebased sounds, which are used in practice and prepared in line with the literature by taking expert opinion in preparation, consist of 4 different sounds. The data were collected using the Descriptive Information Form, Visual Analog Scale, Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, Colonoscopy Embarrassment Scale, and Physiological Parameters Assessment Form. Results: In the in-group and between-group evaluations, the reduction in anxiety, embarrassment and pain severity was statistically significant in the group that listened to nature-based sound (p=0.001). There were statistically significant differences in favor of the nature-based sound group in the between-group and ingroup evaluations of physiological parameters (p<0.05). Conclusion: This research provides results supporting the use of nature-based sounds before colonoscopy. It is recommended that nature-based sound be included in nursing activities intended for patients undergoing colonoscopy and studies be continued in this field to increase the evidence level of the present study's results.

Collective narcissism and explicit and implicit collective self-esteem revisited: A preregistered replication and extension

Research on the positivity of collective narcissists’ in-group evaluation is scarce. So far, only one published study has shown that collective narcissists favorably evaluate their in-group at the explicit level but have negative (or, less positive) implicit in-group evaluations (Golec de Zavala et al., 2009, Study 4). The present preregistered replication study used a larger sample (N = 481), carefully constructed implicit association measures, and examined agentic and communal facets of collective narcissism and implicit collective self-esteem. Yet, our study did not replicate the core finding of Golec de Zavala et al. (2009, Study 4). Although our study does not support the mask model of collective narcissism, it provides further evidence for the distinctiveness of agentic and communal collective narcissism.

Threatened Masculinity: Gender-Related Collective Narcissism Predicts Prejudice Toward Gay and Lesbian People among Heterosexual Men in Poland

ABSTRACT We examined the relationships between different types of in-group positivity and prejudice toward gay and lesbian people among heterosexual men. We assumed that prejudice toward gay and lesbian people among heterosexual men should be predicted by gender-related collective narcissism (i.e., an unrealistic belief about in-group’s greatness which is contingent on external validation and extremely sensitive to any signs of threats) and not secure gender in-group identification (i.e., a confidently held in-group evaluation which is independent of the recognition of the group by others and serves as a buffer against threats). Across two studies (final Ns = 212 and 180) we found that gender-related collective narcissism (but not secure gender in-group identification or gender self-esteem) is positively related to prejudice toward gay and lesbian people among heterosexual men. The results of Study 2 demonstrated that this relationship was largely accounted for by the perceived out-group threat.

The Acute Effects of Cognitive-Based Neuromuscular Training and Game-Based Training on the Dynamic Balance and Speed Performance of Healthy Young Soccer Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of cognitive and game-based trainings (GBT) on dynamic balance (DB) and speed performance (SP) in healthy young soccer players. Materials and Methods: Forty-nine male soccer players were divided into three groups: cognitive-based neuromuscular training (CBNT; n = 16; age = 16.93 ± 1.18 years; body mass index [BMI] = 21.37 ± 1.57 kg/m2) group, GBT (n = 17; age = 17.05 ± 1.39 years; BMI = 21.10 ± 0.97 kg/m2) group, and control group (n = 16; age = 16.75 ± 1.12 years; BMI = 21.95 ± 1.36 kg/m2). The athletes in CBNT and GBT groups took part in one session lasting 1 hour. The Star Excursion Balance Test and the Speed Dribbling Test were used to evaluate DB and SP, respectively. The measurements were taken just before and after the trainings. Statistical analysis of the study was performed using SPSS 22.0 software (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Inc., Chicago, IL). The Paired Student's t-test and Wilcoxon test were used. For in-group evaluation the ANOVA test was used for comparisons between the three groups. The Tukey's test was used for post hoc analysis. Results: DB significantly improved in all directions in the GBT group (P < 0.05). Also, significant improvements were observed in DB in all directions except anterior, anterolateral, and anteromedial in the CBNT group, and except anterior, medial, and anteromedial directons in the control group (P < 0.05). SP significantly developed just in the CBNT and GBT groups (P = 0.001, P = 0.003, respectively). CBNT and GBT improved the DB of soccer players by 9.6% and 9.5%, respectively. Also, trainings improved the SP by 3.1% and 2.6%, respectively. Conclusion: CBNT and GBT are promising trainings that can improve DB and SP of healthy young soccer players. Trial number: NCT03739658 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier).

Political results: Outcomes of sporting events affect egalitarian attitudes and ingroup evaluations

ABSTRACT Vicariously experiencing sporting events is a worldwide phenomenon, and sports results affect fans’ emotional states. The current studies examined how sports results affect spectators’ political and intergroup attitudes. “Strategic” perspectives on social attitudes suggest that spectators may have higher ingroup preference and less egalitarian attitudes after seeing their team win than after seeing them lose. Two quasi-experimental studies examined people’s attitudes immediately after real sporting events. Study 1 surveyed 589 participants from the United Kingdom immediately following games during the Euro 2016 soccer tournament. Study 2 surveyed 648 fans before and after four college-level American football games in the USA. We found suggestive evidence that vicarious winners perceived their ingroup more favorably and were less financially egalitarian than vicarious losers.

Superficial ingroup love? Collective narcissism predicts ingroup image defense, outgroup prejudice, and lower ingroup loyalty.

We examined the associations between the need for personal control, different types of ingroup commitment, and group-related outcomes: (1) defensive responses to ingroup criticism, (2) ingroup disloyalty, and (3) outgroup attitudes. We assumed that collective narcissism (i.e., a belief in ingroup's greatness which is contingent on external validation and stems from frustrated individual needs) should be concerned with defending the ingroup image and derogating outgroups, but not necessarily with being loyal to the ingroup. Secure ingroup identification (i.e., a confidently held ingroup evaluation, which stems from satisfied needs), in contrast, should predict greater ingroup loyalty and positive outgroup attitudes. We expected these effects to be especially strong once we account for the overlap between collective narcissism and group-level self-investment - a key component of ingroup identification. In a nationally representative sample of Polish adults (n=1,007), collective narcissism (net of group-level self-investment) mediated between low personal control and ingroup image defense, lower group loyalty, and less positive outgroup attitudes. Secure ingroup identification (group-level self-investment net of collective narcissism) mediated between high personal control and ingroup loyalty and positive outgroup attitudes. It was not associated with ingroup image defense. Implications for understanding the role of identification in inter- and intra-group relations are discussed.

Dual identification, multicultural identity styles, and intergroup evaluations: Some preliminary findings

The current study examines dual identification (i.e., identification with one’s ethnic and national cultures) and cultural identity styles (i.e., the ways in which one negotiates ethnic and national identities) as predictors of intergroup evaluations in a sample of 228 Chinese New Zealanders. It was hypothesized that dual identification predicts more positive ingroup and outgroup evaluations, but also more ingroup bias. Furthermore, we expected that the Hybrid Identity Style (HIS), which reflects blending ethnic and national identities, is linked to positive ingroup and outgroup evaluations, but that the Alternating Identity Style (AIS), which involves shifting between these identities depending on the circumstances, is associated with negative ingroup and outgroup evaluations. We also predicted that HIS moderates the link between dual identification and ingroup bias. As expected, multiple regression analysis indicated that dual identification predicted more positive ingroup evaluation and greater ingroup bias, and HIS moderated these effects. A high level of HIS buffered the influence of dual identification on ingroup bias. HIS was positively, and AIS was negatively associated with both ingroup and outgroup evaluations. The results suggest that HIS is a promising route to positive intergroup relations.

National Identity, Implicit In-Group Evaluation, and Psychological Well-Being Among Emirati Women

A sense of connectedness, and belonging to a valued social group (social identity processes), has been found to promote psychological well-being. This study, using implicit and explicit assessments, extends the exploration of social identity and well-being to citizens of the United Arab Emirates (Emiratis). In this cross-sectional correlational study, Emirati college women ( N = 210), all of them bilingual (English/Arabic), performed an affective priming task designed to assess, implicitly, in-group (Emirati) preference (a positive bias toward the in-group relative to an out-group). Participants also completed the Multicomponent In-Group Identification Scale (MIIS), a measure of in-group identification and self-report measures of English/Arabic language proficiency. Participants also reported their psychological well-being using the World Health Organization’s well-being index. Implicit in-group preference and self-reported Arabic language dominance were independently predictive of higher levels of psychological well-being. The implicit measure was the strongest, most robust, predictor. Interventions aimed at maintaining or increasing a positive sense of a shared social identity may be a useful objective of public mental health strategy.

Power distance belief and brand personality evaluations

This article explores the influence of power distance belief (PDB) on the evaluations of brand personality traits. It proposes that high PDB polarizes the brand personality evaluations of ingroup and outgroup brands. Specifically, results show that individuals with high PDB tend to evaluate an ingroup brand more positively and an outgroup brand more negatively than those with low PDB do. More importantly, brand social categorization tendency mediates the effect of PDB on brand personality evaluations of ingroup and outgroup brands. Furthermore, we find that temporal distance (near vs. distant buying conditions) moderates the effect of PDB on brand personality evaluations. Theoretical contributions and managerial implications are also discussed.

Racial identity and the quality of life among blacks and whites in the U.S.

Social identity theory and research on mental health among racial minority groups suggest that a stronger, more positive racial identity will be related to a higher subjective quality of life. We investigate how ingroup closeness, ingroup evaluation, and ingroup bias are associated with happiness, positive affect about life, and generalized trust for blacks and whites, using partial proportional odds models. Data came from the 1996–2014 General Social Surveys (N = 6553). Ingroup closeness and more favorable ingroup evaluation had mostly positive associations with the quality of life dimensions. Contrary to what social identity theory would predict, ingroup bias was either unrelated or negatively related to them. Racial identity functions somewhat differently for blacks and whites. Ingroup evaluation and ingroup bias were related to greater positive affect about life for blacks but lower positive affect about life for whites.

Do White In-group Processes Matter, Too? White Racial Identity and Support for Black Political Candidates

Scholars find that negative evaluations of Blacks lead Whites to vote against Black political candidates. However, can an in-group psychological process have the same effect? We consider White racial identity to be a strong candidate for such a process. We argue that the mere presence of a Black candidate cues the identity, reducing support for these candidates among Whites. We test this hypothesis on vote choice in seven instances. Five of them involve simple vote choice models: the 2008 and 2012 Presidential elections, and three elections in 2010: The Massachusetts Gubernatorial election, Black candidates for the US House, and Black candidates for the US Senate. The other two are tests of the notion that White racial identity reduced President Obama’s approval, thus reducing support for all Democratic Congressional candidates in the 2010 Midterm and 2012 Congressional elections. We find support for these notions in all seven cases, across these seven elections, using four different survey research datasets, and four different measures of White identity. Comparisons with other presidential elections show that White identity did not significantly affect mono-racial elections. Furthermore, we find the White identity and racial resentment results to be very similar in terms of their robustness and apparent effect sizes. This indicates in-group evaluations, and those that focus on out-groups, operate independently of one another.

When the Black Sheep Is Not So «Black»: Social Comparison as a Standard for Ingroup Evaluation in Classrooms

Previous research (Marques & Levine, 2016) suggests that the black sheep effect refers to the tendency of people to evaluate ingroup deviants members more negatively than outgroup deviants members. School students (N = 60) evaluated negative and positive performances attributed respectively to ingroup and outgroup members (unfavorable comparison) and negative performances attributed to both ingroup and outgroup members (neutral comparison). Results show that negative performances from ingroup members are less devaluated in the unfavorable comparisons condition than in the neutral comparisons condition and this effect is moderated by identification with their own school. Moreover, results show that in the unfavorable comparison condition students perceived a greater threat to their social identity than in the neutral comparison condition. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the black sheep categorization and ingroup bias in a school context.