Medicinal Ingredients Research Articles

Exploring the mechanism of rosmarinic acid in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma based on bioinformatics methods and experimental validation.

Rosmarinic acid (RosA) is a natural polyphenol compound that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of inflammatory disease and a variety of malignant tumors. However, its specific mechanism for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the mechanism of RosA in the treatment of LUAD by integrating bioinformatics, network pharmacology and in vivo experiments, and to explore the potential of the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine in treating LUAD. Firstly, the network pharmacology was used to screen the RosA targets, and LUAD-related differential expressed genes (DEGs) were acquired from the GEO database. The intersection of LUAD regulated by RosA (RDEGs) was obtained through the Venn diagram. Secondly, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of RDEGs were performed, and protein-protein interaction networks (PPIs) were constructed to identify and visualize hub RDEGs. Then, molecular docking between hub RDEGs and RosA was performed, and further evaluation was carried out by using bioinformatics for the predictive value of the hub RDEGs. Finally, the mechanism of RosA in the treatment of LUAD was verified by establishing a xenograft model of NSCLC in nude mouse. Bioinformatics and other analysis showed that, compared with the control group, the expressions of MMP-1, MMP-9, IGFBP3 and PLAU in LUAD tissues were significantly up-regulated, and the expressions of PPARG and FABP4 were significantly down-regulated, and these hub RDEGs had potential predictive value for LUAD. In vivo experimental results showed that RosA could inhibit the growth of transplanted tumors in nude mice bearing tumors of lung cancer cells, reduce the positive expression of Ki67 in lung tumor tissue, and hinder the proliferation of lung tumor cells. Upregulated expression of PPARG and FABP4 by activating the PPAR signaling pathway increases the level of ROS in lung tumor tissues and promotes apoptosis of lung tumor cells. In addition, RosA can also reduce the expression of MMP-9 and IGFBP3, inhibit the migration and invasion of lung tumor tissue cells. This study demonstrated that RosA could induce apoptosis by regulating the PPAR signaling pathway and the expression of MMP-9, inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of lung cancer cells, thereby exerting anti-LUAD effects. This study provides new insight into the potential mechanism of RosA in treating LUAD and provides a new therapeutic avenue for treatment of LUAD.

Rapid Determination of Crocin-I in Gardenia Fruits (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) by Combining Spectral and Image Data Through Hyperspectral Imaging.

Crocin-I, a water-soluble carotenoid pigment, is an important coloring constituent in gardenia fruit. It has wide application in various industries such as food, medicine, chemical industry, and so on. So the content of crocin-I plays a key role in evaluating the quality of gardenia. We assessed crocin-I content in gardenia with a rapid, nondestructive, and convenient method. The data of gardenia samples were scanned under a portable visible-near-infrared (Vis-NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in the spectral range of 400-1000 nm. Afterward, the spectral data along with image-related information, encompassing color and texture, were extracted from the HSI. Based on a single information and its fusion at different fusion levels (low-level, traditional mid-level fusion, and an improved mid-level fusion), partial least squares regression (PLSR) prediction models were established and compared. The results demonstrated the superiority of data fusion, which ingeniously combined spectra and image data. Compared with individual information sources, the traditional mid-level fusion model showed a robust predictive ability. The correlation coefficient of the prediction set (Rp), the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), and the ratios of performance to deviation (RPDP) of the model were 0.901, 0.962, and 2.262, respectively. This study highlights the effectiveness of the data fusion method, showcasing its capacity to significantly enhance the prediction accuracy of crocin-I content in gardenia through the integration of hyperspectral mapping data. The findings of this research are anticipated to serve as a valuable reference for predicting the active ingredients of other Chinese herbal medicines.

Matrine relieved DHAV-1-induced hepatocyte excessive interferon and pyroptosis by activating mitophagy

Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) is a significant pathogen affecting ducklings, capable of causing rapid mortality and adversely impacting the development of the duck industry. Matrine, the primary active ingredient in various Chinese herbal medicines, has demonstrated antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, the effects and mechanisms of action of matrine against DHAV-1 infection remain unclear. This research investigates the effects of matrine on DHAV-1 infection and elucidates the mechanisms involved. We found that matrine mitigated the excessive retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) signaling response, pyroptosis, and mitochondrial damage induced by DHAV-1 in duckling livers and duck embryonic hepatocytes (DEHs). Additionally‌, by incorporating the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine, we observed that the effects of matrine on the regulation of excessive interferon (IFN) production, pyroptosis, mitochondrial damage, and oxidative stress were reversed. Overall, matrine inhibited excessive IFN production and pyroptosis by promoting mitophagy, suggesting that matrine may act as a possible therapeutic agent for addressing DHAV-1 infection and other viral hepatitis.

The effect and mechanism of sanguinarine against PCV2 based on the analysis of network pharmacology and TMT quantitative proteomics.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is highly prevalent in nature and serves as the primary pathogen responsible for porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVD/PCVAD), posing a significant threat to pig production. Currently, vaccination alone could not provide the complete protection for PCV2 infection. The active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine have shown a positive effect in combating viral infections. This study employed tandem mass tag (TMT) labeled proteomic analyses and network pharmacology to examine the effect and mechanism of sanguinarine against PCV2. IFIH1, IFITM1, p38α, and JNK were identified as the key targets of sanguinarine against PCV2 based on proteomics and network pharmacology. Using PCV2-infected PK-15 cells, it was discovered that sanguinarine inhibited the expression of the PCV2 CAP gene by upregulating IFIH1, thereby promoting STAT1 phosphorylation and activating MAVS expression. This, in turn, facilitated IRF3 phosphorylation, leading to increase IFITM1 expression. Simultaneously, sanguinarine suppressed the expression of the PCV2 CAP gene by inhibiting the expression of p38α, JNK, and p-JNK protein. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that sanguinarine exerts anti-PCV2 effects through different targets and pathways, which lays the foundation for the subsequent development of new anti-PCV2 veterinary drugs.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of St John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) Essential Oil from Bulgaria

Since ancient times, essential oils obtained from various aromatic plants have been utilized as bioactive ingredients in medicines, foods and cosmetics. The present study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and biological activities of St John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) essential oil (SJW EO) from Bulgaria, which is known to possess various biological properties. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, determination of antioxidant activity (by the ABTS method), an antimicrobial activity test and an in vitro anti-inflammatory activity test were performed. The main classes of compounds identified by GC–MS analysis were monoterpenes (43.55%), followed by sesquiterpenes (36.81%) and alkanes (16.92%). The predominant chemical components of SJW EO were α-pinene (27.52%), followed by β-pinene (10.08%), β-caryophyllene (6.77%), germacrene D (6.37%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.48%). The highest antibacterial activity was observed against the Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 (inhibition zone of 12.0 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 (inhibition zone of 11.0 mm). SJW EO exhibited significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, as the results demonstrated that its anti-inflammatory effect was stronger than those of the conventional anti-inflammatory drugs Prednisolon Cortico and acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin), which were used as controls (all in concentration of 1 mg/mL). The obtained results demonstrated that Bulgarian SJW EO can be used as an active ingredient in the composition of new products for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Inhibition Test of Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr Extract Against Pathogenic Bacteria of Freshwater Fish In Vitro

Uncaria is a genus of plants that have medicinal properties and chemical content. Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr is a herbal plant that is still rarely known for its efficacy in herbal medicinal ingredients. Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr it self contains metabolic compounds in the form of flavonoid, phenolic, steroid, saponin, terpenoid and alkonoid. This study aims to test the effectiveness of Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr as an antimicrobial on Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas sp. and Edwardsiella ect.) Merr as an antimicrobial on Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas sp. and Edwardsiella ictaluri bacteria and the type of bacteria that are more effective in using Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr in inhibiting the proliferation of disease-causing bacteria in cultured fish. The results showed that Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr, was able to inhibit the proliferation of bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas sp. and Edwardsiella ictaluri with an average diameter of the inhibition zone of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria at a concentration of 100% forming an inhibition zone of 21.7 mm with a very strong inhibition zone category, in the bacteria Pseudomonas sp. at 100% concentration formed an inhibition zone of 21 mm with a very strong inhibition zone category, and in Edwardsiella ictaluri bacteria at 100% concentration formed an inhibition zone of 21.3 mm with a very strong inhibition zone category. The 100% concentration of Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr is the most effective concentration to inhibit bacterial proliferation.

EFFECTIVENESS OF AVOCADO SEED EXTRACT (Persea americana Mill.) ON INHIBIT GROWTH OF Candida albicans AND Trichopyton sp.

In the world of medicine, avocados (Persea americane Mill.) are mostly used as traditional medicine in treating various diseases, but in the avocado seed it turns out that so far, it has only been left and thrown away, even though it contains secondary metabolite compounds that can be used as medicinal ingredients, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, terpenoids, and steroids. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of an avocado seed extract (Persea americana Mill.) concentrations of 5% 10% and 15% b/v against the growth of Candida albicans and Trichopyton sp. and determine at what concentration is most effective. This research is experimental which is a laboratory study using the method of extraction by maceration and disc diffusion (Kirby-Bauer Test) in testffectiveness of avo (Persea americana Mill.) against the growth of Candida albicans and Trichopyton spto testlts obtained from the avocadoment of the diameter of the inhibition were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation test using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 26 program. The results showed that avocado seed extract (Persea americana Mill) was effective in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans and Trichopyton sp. The most effective concentration was at a concentration of 15% b/v, respectively, where the inhibition of Candida albicans was 11.84 ± 0.238 mm while the inhibition of Trichopyton sp. was 12.58 ± 0.005 mm (oneway Anova, ? = 0.05) Keywords: Effectiveness, Persea americana Mill, Candida albicans, Trichopyton sp., Kirby- Bauer

Revealing therapeutic targets and drugs from Chinese medicine for ulcerative colitis using bioinformatics

Pathogenesis and therapeutic drugs for ulcerative colitis (UC) have plagued researchers worldwide. In this study, therapeutic targets, and drugs from Chinese medicines for UC were screened using bioinformatics. We downloaded five datasets from the GEO database and three machine learning algorithms were used for screening diagnostic biomarkers of UC. Combined with the differential genes for UC, gene sets related to bile acid metabolism, short-chain fatty acids, apoptosis, pyroptosis, G-protein-coupled receptors, mitochondria, and autophagy were collected to screen the core targets, and analyze the association of therapeutic genes (diagnostic biomarkers and core targets) with immune cells. In addition, screening ingredients of Chinese medicines based on UC therapeutic targets was performed. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and literature validation were also performed. The screening yielded 37 key therapeutic targets, including 5 diagnostic biomarkers (CCL11, CXCL1, PDZK1IP1, TIMP1, and UGT2A3) and 32 core targets based on hot gene sets. Immune cell infiltration was strongly associated with therapeutic targets in UC, especially neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells. Furthermore, a total of 33 compounds with high safety had been recognized as having potential to mitigate UC by reverse prediction from Chinese medicines, and molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and literature reports preliminarily validated the screening results. Although further experimental validation is needed, this work provides some potential therapeutic targets and drugs from Chinese medicines against UC.

Rhein: An Updated Review Concerning Its Biological Activity, Pharmacokinetics, Structure Optimization, and Future Pharmaceutical Applications.

Rhein is a natural active ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine that has attracted much attention due to its wide range of pharmacological activities. However, its clinical application is limited by low water solubility, poor oral absorption, and potential toxicity to the liver and kidneys. Recently, advanced extraction and synthesis techniques have made it possible to develop derivatives of rhein, which have better pharmacological properties and lower toxicity. This article comprehensively summarizes the biological activity and action mechanism of rhein. Notably, we found that TGF-β1 is the target of rhein improving tissue fibrosis, while NF-κB is the main target of its anti-inflammatory effect. Additionally, we reviewed the current research status of the pharmacokinetics, toxicology, structural optimization, and potential drug applications of rhein and found that the coupling and combination therapy of rhein and other active ingredients exhibit a synergistic effect, significantly enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we emphasize the necessity of further studying rhein's pharmacological mechanisms, toxicology, and development of analogs, aiming to lay the foundation for its widespread clinical application as a natural product and elucidate its prospects in modern medicine.

Advances and new horizons in metabolic engineering of heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria for enhanced lactic acid production.

Bacteria species such as E.Coli, Lactobacilli, and pediococci play an important role as starter strains in fermentation food or polysaccharides into lactic acid. These bacteria were metabolically engineered using multiple proven genome editing methods to enhance relevant phenotypes. The efficacy of these procedures varies depending on the editing tool used and researchers' ability to pick suitable recombinants, which significantly increased genome engineering throughput. Cyanobacteria produce oxygenic photosynthesis and play an important role in carbon dioxide fixing. The fixed carbon dioxide is then retained as polysaccharides in cells and metabolised into various low carbon molecules such as lactate, succinate, and ethanol. Lactate is used as a building ingredient in various bioplastics, food additives, and medicines. This review covers the recent advances in lactic acid production through metabolic and genetic engineering in bacteria and cyanobacteria.

Altitude differences impact gene expression and accumulation of main medicinal ingredients of Zanthoxylum planispinum var. Dintanensis in rocky desertification control areas

Abstract Environmental factors such as altitude may significantly influence both the morphological trait and accumulation of metabolite products in plant. In present study, gene expression profiles of Z. planispinum var. Dintanensisin grown at different altitude (A1:1054 m.a.s.l., A2:821 m.a.s.l., A3:645 m.a.s.l.) were generated by using RNA-Seq. Four main medicinal ingredients of peels were determined, including the total acylamide, total flavonoids, total alkaloids and volatile oil content. The results showed that a total of 10,703 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among the three samples (A1, A2, A3), of these, 315 DEGs were putative transcription factors (TFs) belonging to 74 TF families. In particular, some candidate genes related to accumulation of main medicinal ingredients have been screened through combining Kmeans cluster and KEGG enrichment analysis. Besides, the total flavonoid accumulation exhibited a positive correlation with increasing altitude, suggesting that higher altitudes favor metabolite accumulation. Notably, seven genes and one MYB TF involved in the biosynthesis of the main medicinal ingredients were confirmed through RT-qPCR analysis The data obtained in this study offers a global survey of gene expression patterns of Z. planispinum var. Dintanensis grown in rocky desertification control areas, which support for further research on the high-altitude adaptation mechanism and identification of peels with higher medicinal value.

SmJAZ1/8 inhibits the stimulation of SmbHLH59, which limits the accumulation of salvianolic acids and tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza

Salvia miltiorrhiza is a model medicinal plant that is typically used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The primary active medicinal ingredients of S. miltiorrhiza are salvianolic acids and tanshinones. Jasmonate (JA) is a vital phytohormone that regulates secondary metabolism. The exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can promote the accumulation of active ingredients in S. miltiorrhiza. Here, we identified a MeJA-responsive SmbHLH59 gene that encodes for a bHLH IIIe family transcription factor. The overexpression of SmbHLH59 in S. miltiorrhiza increased the contents of salvianolic acids and tanshinones, while the opposite effect was observed when SmbHLH59 was knocked out via CRISPR. Meanwhile, SmbHLH59 was observed to activate the expressions of SmPAL1, SmC4H1, SmHPPR1, SmCPS1, and SmKSL1 genes by binding to the E/G-box elements of their promoters. Further investigations demonstrated that SmJAZ1 and SmJAZ8 interacted with SmbHLH59 to inhibit its activation of these five genes. In summary, a JA signaling pathway component (SmbHLH59) was identified that strongly enhanced the accumulation of salvianolic acids and tanshinones through the direct activation of multiple enzyme genes in their biosynthetic pathways. Consequently, this study enriches our knowledge toward further elucidating the molecular mechanisms behind the regulation of JA in the secondary metabolism of S. miltiorrhiza.

Pueraria lobata extract ameliorates D-GalN/LPS-induced liver injury through targeting TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway and regulating gut microbiota

AbstractKudzu root (Pueraria lobata), known for its dual role as a medicinal herb and food ingredient, has proven anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study explored the effects of P. lobata extract (PLE) on D-galactose/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced liver inflammation and oxidative stress in mice, along with its impact on gut microbiota. The in vivo studies indicated that PLE significantly reduced hepatic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6) and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. It also lowered serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities, indicating reduced liver damage, and mitigated oxidative stress by decreasing malondialdehyde levels while restoring superoxide dismutase activity. Western blot analysis revealed that PLE inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB pathway proteins (p65 and IκB) and suppressed TLR4 expression, highlighting its role in this inflammatory pathway. Additionally, PLE ameliorated D-GalN/LPS-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, reducing Proteobacteria abundance and promoting beneficial genera such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia. These findings suggest that PLE protects against liver inflammation and oxidative stress, while improving gut microbiota composition, offering potential therapeutic strategies for liver-related diseases.

Regularity of Artemisia argyi Harvest Time and Its Response to Meteorological Factors

Timely harvesting is an important prerequisite for quality standardization in the traditional Chinese medicine industry. To determine the harvest time of Artemisia argyi and clarify the influence of meteorological factors (MFs) on the harvest time, we selected two excellent germplasm resources, namely, “Nanyang 1” (NY) and Luoyang Artemisia argyi (LY), as examples. We examined the changes in yield, quality, and related traits on 11 sampling dates (SDs) after the six true-leaf stage. Additionally, we analyzed the relationship between eight MFs on different SDs and yield, as well as quality indices. The results show that the SDs and MFs have a significant impact on yield and quality. The dynamic changes in growth traits and dry matter accumulation characteristics of NY and LY were basically consistent. From 75 to 90 d, Artemisia argyi was in the middle and late stages of the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, during which the amount of dry matter accumulation stabilized. The leaves are the most representative medicinal part, with the comprehensive values of the LY leaf yield and main medicinal ingredient contents reaching their maximum at 75 d; the comprehensive values of the NY leaf yield and main volatile ingredient contents reached their maximum at 75 d, while the comprehensive value of the flavonoid and phenolic acid contents reached their maximum at 90 d. Therefore, LY is suitable for harvesting at 75 d, while NY can be harvested at either 75 or 90 d, depending on the harvest goals. In addition, the mean daily minimum temperature (MDMNT), effective accumulated temperature above 10 °C (≥10 °C EAT), and mean temperature daily range (MTDR) were found to be key MFs affecting harvest time. The dry matter accumulation of the roots and stems was significantly positively correlated with the MDMNT (p < 0.01). The dry matter accumulation of the leaves was significantly positively correlated with ≥10 °C EAT (p < 0.05). The total volatile oil content was significantly positively correlated with the MTDR (p < 0.05). These show that meteorological factors affect the harvest time in production practice. This study provides scientific support for determining the harvest time and managing the cultivation of Artemisia argyi.

Development of the basics of production technology of dacarbazine substance with anticancer effect

The basics of the technology for the production of dacarbazine, which is an active ingredient in medicines for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and soft tissue sarcoma, are presented. Based on the laboratory methodology, the production was scaled up as a periodic production with a capacity of 35 tons per year to produce 1 ton of the substance from commercially available reagents. Six main technological stages of production were selected, which allowed to obtain a product with a yield of 86 %. Based on material calculations, the required operating loads of components at each stage are determined. The choice of technological equipment for the process is carried out. The organization of the process is presented in the technological flowchart and the equipment and technological scheme.

An Overview of <i>Zingiber officinale</i> as an Essence of Life and Therapeutic Applications

Zingiber officinale or Ginger, an annual flower-patterned stem belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, gets utilize as, food, flavouring, as well as medicinal ingredient. Throughout more than two thousand years, ginger has been traditionally utilised for health purposes. It is among of the best-adapted plants with a wide-ranging of physiological functions and is frequently used as a seasoning for a range of beverages and food. Shogoals, Gingerol, Parasols, and other compounds give ginger its therapeutic qualities. Ginger has a high level of antioxidants which protect DNA from damage based on by stress and oxidation. They might promote youthfulness and help the body fight on going illnesses like hypertension coronary artery disease and breathing problems. They may also lower cancerous risk. Its pH ranges from 5.50 to 6.02, which is comparable to that of lettuce, figs, fennel, leeks, and parsnips. The newly harvested ginger should be stored at an average warmth of 19-28 °C and a relative humidity of roughly 70-90%. Numerous studies have demonstrated ginger's protective properties against a range of conditions, including cancer, diabetes mellitus, free radicals, inflammation, and nausea. It is thought that ginger is a safe herbal remedy with little side effects. This plant may be used to create herbal medicines in the near future, but further explore is essential to assess the efficacy and safety of any adverse effects produced by studies that involve human subjects.

Network Pharmacology Studies on the Molecular Mechanism of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Treated with Shutiao Qiji Decoction.

In recent years, the number of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis has been increasing, and traditional Chinese medicine ingredients and combinations have been applied to treat Hashimoto's thyroiditis to increase efficacy and reduce side effects during the treatment process. Shutiao Qiji Decoction is one of the Chinese traditional medicine prescriptions, which is commonly used to treat cancer, tumor, etc. It is also used for thyroid-related diseases in the clinic. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease. In this study, the mechanism of Shutiao Qiji Decoction in treating Hashimoto's thyroiditis was studied through network pharmacology and molecular docking verification. Each Chinese medicine ingredient of Shutiao Qiji Decoction was retrieved from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database. The related genes of HT were searched from the UniProt and GeneCards databases. Meanwhile, we used Cytoscape to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) visual network analysis, and used the search tool to search the database of Interacting Genes (STRING) to build a PPI network. These key proteins were enriched and analyzed by molecular docking validation, Gene Ontology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Hashimoto's thyroiditis disease model was established in SD rats, and SQD was administered by gavage after the successful establishment of the model. After 6 weeks of continuous administration of the drug by gavage, tissue samples were collected and the thyroid and spleen tissues were visualized by HE staining to verify the therapeutic effect. The results showed that there were 287 TCM active ingredients, 1920 HT-related disease targets, and 176 drug and disease targets in SQD. Through PPI analysis, GP analysis, and KEGG analysis of the common targets of drugs and diseases, we found their pathways of action to be mainly cancer action pathway, PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, and T-cell action pathway. The active ingredients of the drugs in SQD, malvidin, stigmasterol, porin-5-en-3bta-ol, and chrysanthemum stigmasterol, were docked with the related target proteins, MAPK, GSK3β, TSHR, and NOTCH molecules. The best binding energies obtained from docking were mairin with TSHR, stigmasterol with TSHR, poriferast-5-en-3beta-ol with MAPK, and chryseriol with GSK3β, with binding energies of -6.84 kcal/mol, -6.53 kcal/mol, -5.03 kcal/mol, and -5.05 kcal/mol, respectively. HE staining sections of rat thyroid and spleen tissues showed that SQD had a therapeutic effect on Hashimoto's thyroiditis and restored its immune function. It is verified by molecular docking results that Shutiao Qiji Decoction has a potential therapeutic effect on Hashimoto's thyroiditis in the MAPK/TSHR/NOTCH signal pathway, and that the main components, mairin, stigmasterol, poriferast-5-en-3beta-ol, and chryseriol play a role in it. SQD has been shown to have a good therapeutic effect on Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Development of an Ointment to Medicate Medicine for Dosage Caused by Mucus in Babies with the Active Compound Sotong (Sepia sp.) and Essential Oils Cymbopogon citratus

Sumbawa society is rich in culture, especially in traditional medicine. People use materials from the surrounding environment, including plants and animals, as active ingredients for medicine. Newborn babies and toddlers are susceptible to blockage of the respiratory tract with mucus. In babies, it is usually caused by an imperfect suction process, while in toddlers, it is caused by bacteria or viruses. The Samawa people use a mixture of cuttlefish (Sepia sp.) and eucalyptus oil as a medicine that effectively removes mucus from the body. The active ingredient in cuttlefish has an unpleasant odour and cannot be stored for long. When they need cuttlefish, people must look for them in markets or traders on the coast. Of course, this takes time to use. The ointment production innovation has many advantages, including practicality, no fishy smell, ease of obtaining, and ease of storage for the long term. Using the natural active ingredient lemongrass, essential oil adds aromatherapy and provides warmth to the chests of babies and toddlers. Natural active and gel-based ingredients are safe to use without side effects. The ointment was tested for active ingredient content using GCMS and organoleptic tests for gel stability, spreadability (homogeneity), pH, and skin irritation. Based on the description above, it can be concluded that the ointment product is made from an anti-skin irritation gel base, pH 7, and gel spreadability of 5.5 cm. The active substance comes from cuttlefish Sepia sp. by inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme and reducing the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an essential inflammatory mediator in the pathogenesis of asthma and bronchitis. The simple production process means that the price of the ointment is within people's purchasing power.

The Potential Therapeutic Use of Agarwood for Diabetes: A Scoping Review.

In 2019, 9.3% (463 million) of adults worldwide had diabetes, according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). By 2030, the number will rise to 10.2% (578 million) and 10.9% (700 million) by 2045 if effective prevention methods are not implemented. Agarwood is a pathological product and valuable plant due to its numerous medicinal properties, and it is used as an essential ingredient in medicine. Therefore, we conducted this review to determine agarwood's potential health benefit effect on type 2 diabetes. Although no clinical trials were found, the evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies is promising. Agarwood has shown the ability to reduce the activity of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and lipase, promote adiponectin secretion during adipogenesis, and reduce oxidative stress. Animal studies elucidated hypoglycaemic, antidyslipidemia, anti-obesity, and organ protective effects from agarwood. Original articles were searched in three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library) using the medical subject heading (MeSH) term "diabetes" crossed with the term "agarwood" from 2008 to 2024. Synonyms and relevant search terms were also searched. This effect underscores the need for further research and the potential for groundbreaking discoveries in the field of diabetes treatment.

Protocol Refinement for the Development of Coconut Inflorescence Powder

Aims: Coconut inflorescence holds significant potential as a nutraceutical due to its rich composition of bioactive compounds, including vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Its use in promoting health and preventing diseases has made it a valuable ingredient in both traditional medicine and modern functional foods. The aim of the study is the protocol refinement for the development of coconut inflorescence powder with acceptable moisture content and superior sensory quality. Study Design: Completely randomized design (CRD). Place and Duration of Study: Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, between May 2024 and October 2024. Methodology: In the present study, coconut inflorescence was harvested at 5-6 months before inflorescence opening, size reduced (1 cm3 pieces), and precooked by adopting different methods, viz., steaming, boiling, dry roasting, and microwave cooking (non-precooked inflorescence was used as the control). The precooked inflorescence pieces were dried by different drying methods viz., hot-air oven drying at 600C (Control), cabinet drier at 600C, 700C, 800C and solar drying for developing coconut inflorescence powder (CIP). CIP was analyzed for moisture content and sensory quality. Results: CIP prepared by steaming the coconut inflorescence pieces for 30 minutes and drying in cabinet dryer at 600C (C1D1) recorded the least moisture content, 1.83±0.07 per cent. However, CIP prepared by boiling (95-1000C) the inflorescence pieces by submerging for 30 minutes and drying in cabinet dryer at 600C (C2D1) showed the highest mean rank value for all the sensory attributes viz., colour (735.50), consistency (730.63), flavour (730.68), mouthfeel (734.75) and taste (735.23) on a nine-point hedonic scale with a moisture content, 4.20±0.04 per cent. The lowest mean rank value for colour was recorded by C1D1 and C2D0 (211.06). The lowest values for consistency, mouthfeel, flavour and taste were observed for the treatments C4D1 (289.81), C4D1 (290.61), C4D0 (226.05) and C0D0 (216.50), respectively. Hence, C2D1 was identified as the best precooking and drying method for the preparation of coconut inflorescence powder.