Ingredients In Preparations Research Articles

Synthesis and polymerization of epoxymethacrylates, 1. Catalysis and kinetics of the addition reaction of methacrylic acid and 2,2‐bis[4‐(2,3‐epoxypropoxy)phenyl]propane

AbstractThe kinetics of the addition reaction of methacrylic acid (1) and 2,2‐bis[4‐(2,3‐epoxypropoxy)‐phenyl]propane catalyzed by tertiary aliphatic amines, aromatic N‐heterocycles and quaternary ammonium salts, respectively, was studied in bulk with equimolar amounts of functional groups from room temperature to 120°C. A reaction order of 1,5 with regard to the conversion of epoxy as well as carboxylic groups was observed. This can be explained assuming the formation of an ammonium alkoxide ion pair by the equilibrium reaction of an epoxy group with ammonium carboxylate and the irreversible consecutive reaction of the ion pair with (1) under formation of 2‐hydroxyester groups and regeneration of ammonium carboxylate. The reaction rate constants increase linearly with the concentration of the catalyst and increase with increasing basicity of alkylpyridines. The advantage of the aromatic N‐heterocyclic catalysts consists in their stability to peroxides which are ingredients of preparations together with the epoxy methacrylate Bis‐GMA, e. g. in dental composites and adhesives.

Influence of some organic acids on the adsorption of PdX 4 2− complexes on alumina

Results are presented concerning the role of oxalic acid, salicylic acid and glycine as coimpregnation ingredients in preparation of Pd/Al2O3 catalysts from PdCl42− and PdBr42− solutions.

Antiarrhythmic-like actions of the smooth muscle spasmolytic agent, cinnamedrine, on action potentials of mammalian ventricular tissue.

Cinnamedrine is an active ingredient in preparations used to relieve dysmenorrhea. It has been reported to have local anesthetic properties in nerve. This property prompted us to evaluate the effects of cinnamedrine on the cardiac action potential. Cinnamedrine (10-35 microM) significantly reduced the overshoot and maximum rate of rise, and also prolonged the duration of action potentials recorded from rat and guinea pig ventricular tissues. The action of cinnamedrine to depress upstroke velocity in guinea pig papillary muscle was dependent on the rate of stimulation. In addition, the refractory period of rat ventricular muscle was prolonged markedly. Finally, cinnamedrine (10 microM) significantly reduced, or totally abolished, epinephrine-induced automatic activity in both dog and rat myocardium in vitro. Prolongation of action potential duration and refractory period, and depression of upstroke velocity are characteristics which cinnamedrine shares with antiarrhythmic drugs.

THE USE OF ‘CONTROLLED DRUGS’ IN GENERAL PRACTICE

A survey on the use of ‘Controlled Drugs’ (CD) was carried out, for the first time, in three socio-economic areas in Liverpool. These areas included the city centre, an affluent area and a poorer area. The purpose of this survey was to find out if there were any differences and trends in the use of CD in general practice and to suggest possible explanations for these findings. The average number of dose units of CD dispensed per pharmacy per year was determined by collecting and analysing the records in the CD registers which are kept in randomly selected pharmacies in each area. Over the 6-year period (1971-76) pharmacies in the city centre dispensed two to three times more narcotic analgesics (57,410 doses per pharmacy) than those in the poorer area (22,429 doses per pharmacy) and the affluent area (19,372 doses per pharmacy); Methadone (26,586 doses per pharmacy), diamorphine (5,504 doses per pharmacy) and pethidine (4,754 doses per pharmacy) were the most popular drugs used respectively in these areas. From 1973 to 1976 inclusive, the amounts of central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and hypnotic CD dispensed in pharmacies in the city centre, the affluent area and the poorer area were 28,836, 12,983 and 9,076 doses per pharmacy respectively. In the city centre amphetamine, was dispensed most, followed by methaqualone, phenmetrazine and methylphenidate. However, the rank order for both the affluent and poorer areas was methaqualone, amphetamine, phenmetrazine and methylphenidate. Cocaine, a CNS stimulant, was not dispensed as such because it was used as an ingredient in preparations containing diamorphine or morphine for relieving severe pain. Factors such as drug regulations, prescribing habit of doctors, presence of treatment centres for addicts, socio-economic influence were considered to affect the legal use of CD in the City of Liverpool. The present study may also give, indirectly, valuable information to identify the type of addictive drugs involved in poisoning and suicidal cases. More surveys of this type in big cities should be encouraged.