Ingestion Of Sulfate Research Articles

Ionic composition of snow cover on the territory of Siberia and the Far East

Long-term (from 2007 to 2022) observations of the dynamics of acidity, mineralization and ionic composition of snow cover in remote mountainous and lowland landscapes of Northern Asia were carried out. As a result, spatiotemporal changes in the molar concentration of basic (Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, Cl- and SO42-) and nitrogen-containing (NH4+, NO3- and NO2-) ions were analyzed. It turned out that during the entire observation period, bicarbonate ions prevailed in all monitoring regions, even near the sea coasts, where there is an intensive intake of sulfate and chloride ions into the atmosphere. Until 2012, the molar concentration of these three anions was characterized by higher values, which decreased 3–8 times in subsequent years, this is especially noticeable for bicarbonate ions and to a lesser extent for chloride ions. The molar concentration of nitrogen-containing ions in the snow cover of Northern Asia was at a low level (especially nitrite ions). Ammonium ions were predominant throughout the observation period (especially in mountainous landscapes) and only in some years – nitrate ions.

Evaluation of some anions in groundwater in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and human health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride.

Groundwater is a vital source of water for human and agricultural use in many parts of the world. The purpose of this research was to establish the quality of groundwater in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, as well as the human health concerns associated with it. We collected and examined groundwater samples for pH, EC, TDS, CaCO3, fluoride (F-), chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), and nitrate (NO3-). The ion chromatography conductometric detection method was constructed to determine fluoride, chloride, sulfate, and nitrate in groundwater. The suggested method worked well for the anions that were being studied; it had a high coefficient of determination (r2 > 0.998) and average recoveries for all analytes that were between 97.5% and 99.0%, with a range of error of 0.77 to 2.37%. Fluoride concentrations were detected between 0.001 and 0.14mg/L, which are within the acceptable limit by several organizations. Chloride was measured in the range of 17.1 to 966.5mg/L, with some samples above the limits. The influence on sulfate ranged from 2.0 to 1136.0mg/L, with several samples exceeding the limits. In contrast, with nitrate levels ranging from 1.4 to 5.0mg/L, the majority of the samples fall within the acceptable range. The overall intake of fluoride, chloride, sulfate, and nitrate is 0.00605, 138.911, 65.515, and 1.19, respectively, which is lower than the recommended daily consumption except for chloride. The groundwater sample contains fluoride and nitrate with HQ values less than one: 0.000064-0.0641 and 0.033654-0.120192. Humans in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, do not pose a health risk when digesting or absorbing groundwater fluoride or nitrate.

Influence of Dietary Heritage in a Restricted Geographic Area and Role of Food Additives on Risk of Recurrent Kidney Stone.

Dietary factors may be implicated in the formation of kidney stones and should be closely monitored. To achieve this aim, patients are routinely assessed by means of generic dietary recall, a tool widely used by authors in a range of extensive patient populations to record food intake; the findings obtained, however, may be skewed due to dietary variations and underestimation of the effect of food additives. Fifty Frequent Kidney Stone Formers (FKSFs, mean age: 54.3 ± 13.9 years) with normal kidney function, absence of comorbidities, and reliable compliance were selected from a total of 68 patients' resident in Sardinia, an Italian island where genetic admixtures have been relatively rare for generations. The study, conducted from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2023, was aimed at assessing nutritional values based on the meticulous recording of food quantities, quality, and potential modifications related to food preparation. Patients were selected during an initial clinical check-up and all efforts made to ensure they were capable of reliably recording all food and drinks consumed. A seven-day food diary was provided in which food and drink intake and their impact on 24 h urine output was recorded. The following parameters were measured in both foods and urine output: citrates, oxalates, calcium, phosphorous, uric acid, proteins and nitrogen compounds, magnesium, sulfates, potassium, carbohydrates, free fatty acids. Study outcomes established the presence of hypocitraturia, hyperoxaluria, hypercalciuria, and moderately high levels of nitrogen compounds. Univariate analysis followed by multivariate analysis for further confirmation were performed and the following observations made. Citrate intake correlated with citraturia but did not promote oxaluria; calcium intake promoted onset of sulfaturia, azoturia, and ammoniuria, whilst magnesium correlated with magnesiuria but not with oxaluria, calciuria, phosphaturia, and azoturia; sulfate intake elicited onset of azoturia but not kaliuresis; potassium intake promoted oxaluria and protein intake resulted in onset of ammoniuria and azoturia. (A) The chemical composition of urine based on dietary intake is hard to predict without taking into account the presence of dietary and urinary interferents; (B) the geographic isolation of patients studied underlines the importance of epigenetics in maintaining a traditional dietary heritage. (C) Moreover, the widespread use of food additives should consistently be taken into account to ensure a correct diagnosis of FKSF and set up a valid treatment plan.

METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF DIMETHYL SULPHATE CONTENT IN ESOMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM DRUG SUBSTANCE BY GC-MS

Dimethyl sulfate is universally used as an alkylating, sulfating and sulfonating agent in organic synthesis; hence it is one of the probable impurities during the synthesis of the esomeprazole magnesium. As per ICH M7, it is genotoxic and mutagenic, so it needs to be controlled as per the acceptable intake of dimethyl sulfate and daily sample dosage. This method validation can be achieved by the hyphenated technique of gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy, which is used to develop the dimethyl sulfate impurity in esomeprazole magnesium drug substance containing salt. The method is achieved with a DB-1 column with electron impact ionization source in sim mode ion under electronic pneumatic pressure control and deliberate oven ramp programming temperature was used. A dissolved, extracted and auto-injection sample was implemented for sample introduction in a splitless mode. Dichloromethane and 2N NaOH was used as a diluent. The calibration curve showed good linearity over the 1.69 to 8.40 ppm (limit: 5.56 ppm) and its correlation coefficient was >0.999. A limit of detection 0.50 ppm and limit of quantitation 1.69 ppm was achieved when the samples were prepared at 50 mg/mL. While recovery proved to be 106.8 to 113.5%, hence it signified the matrix effect.

The Acute Effect of Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate on Hunger, the Plasma Concentration of Orexigenic Peptides and Hedonic Food Intake: A Pilot Study.

The direct infusion of bitter solutions in the gastrointestinal tract can reduce the secretion of orexigenic hormones and influence appetite and food intake. We aimed to explore whether oral ingestion of the bitter tastant hydroxychloroquine sulfate can exert similar effects. Ten lean adult women were included in this double-blind, randomized, two-visit, crossover study. After an overnight fast, each volunteer received film-coated tablets containing 400 mg of hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Plaquenil®) or placebo. Plasma-ghrelin, -motilin, -insulin and blood-glucose concentrations were determined every 10 min before and 30 min after feeding; appetite was scored every 10 min. Hunger scores were investigated with a special interest 50-60 min after the ingestion of hydroxychloroquine sulfate, right before a rewarding chocolate milkshake was offered to drink ad libitum. Compared with the placebo, hydroxychloroquine sulfate tended to reduce hunger at the time of interest (p = 0.10). No effect was found upon subsequent milkshake intake. Motilin plasma concentrations were unaltered, but acyl-ghrelin plasma concentrations decreased after the ingestion of hydroxychloroquine sulfate (t = 40-50; p < 0.05). These data suggest that the oral intake of hydroxychloroquine sulfate tablets reduces subjective hunger via a ghrelin-dependent mechanism but does not affect motilin release, hedonic food intake or insulin levels in healthy women.

Retraction Note: Vitamin D alleviates cognitive dysfunction and brain damage induced by copper sulfate intake in experimental rats: focus on its combination with donepezil

Retraction Note: Vitamin D alleviates cognitive dysfunction and brain damage induced by copper sulfate intake in experimental rats: focus on its combination with donepezil

Fabrication of curcumin−loaded foxtail millet prolamin−based nanoparticle: Impact of curdlan sulfate on the particle properties

The sulfation of curdlan was achieved by modification of curdlan with sulfur trioxide–pyridine complex. Curcumin−loaded curdlan sulfate−sodium caseinate stabilized foxtail millet prolamin nanoparticles were fabricated using pH-driven method. Under the optimal conditions, two kinds of foxtail millet prolamin−based nanoparticles were fabricated using different preparation processes for the first time. The mean diameters and zeta-potentials of co−assembled foxtail millet prolamin−sodium caseinate−curdlan sulfate nanoparticles and curdlan sulfate coated co−assembled foxtail millet prolamin−sodium caseinate nanoparticles were 84.7 nm, 136.4 nm and − 45.7 mV, − 41.5, respectively. Molecular docking and infrared spectroscopy indicated that the curcumin was retained in the hydrophobic region of foxtail millet prolamin though four hydrogen bonds and ten hydrophobic interactions, and amino residues of proline, arginase, cysteine, glycine, and alanine served as the main binding sites for curcumin. The deposition and co−assembly of curdlan sulfate enhanced the curcumin encapsulation efficiency from 78.3% to 81.8% and 85.9%, respectively, and slightly reduced the release of curcumin under physiological and endosomal pH conditions. Consequently, the intake of curdlan sulfate−sodium caseinate stabilized composite nanoparticles encapsulated−curcumin by MCF-7 cells was lower than that of sodium caseinate stabilized nanoparticles entrapped−curcumin, and increased the IC50 value from 5.3 μg/mL to 10.5 and 9.0 μg/mL, respectively. This study showed that the biopolymeric nanoparticles have the potential to encapsulate hydrophobic bioactives, and the incorporation of curdlan sulfate exhibited a significant effect on the physicochemical properties, encapsulation, and release profile of foxtail millet prolamin particles.

The effect of zinc supplementation on improving sperm parameters in infertile diabetic men.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) may have different adverse effects on the male reproductive system. Zinc (Zn) is one of the necessary elements in the human and mammalian diet that plays an important role in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) by providing antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effects of zinc supplements on sperm chromatin and the evaluation of sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integrity in diabetic men. In this interventional study, 43 infertile Iranian men in diabetic and non-diabetic groups were included. They were then randomly divided into two subgroups: normal saline intake and zinc sulfate intake (25 mg orally for 64 days each). Different indices of sperm analysis (number, morphology and motility) and testosterone levels were evaluated in four groups. Protamine deficiency and DNA fragmentation were assessed using chromomycin A3 (CMA3) and sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) methods, respectively. Zinc supplementation reduced the deformity of neck and head of sperms (p < 0.05), as well as deformity of sperm tail in infertile diabetic men. Zinc administration ameliorated sperm motility types A, B and C (p < 0.05). Moreover, zinc administration reduced abnormal morphology and DNA fragmentation of sperms, which increased the SCD1 and SCD2 and reduced the SCD3 and SCD4 in both treated groups. Zinc supplementation, as a powerful complement, is able to balance the effect of diabetes on sperm parameters, sperm chromatin and DNA integrity. Consequently, zinc supplementation can probably be considered a supportive compound in the diet of diabetic infertile men.

Vitamin D alleviates cognitive dysfunction and brain damage induced by copper sulfate intake in experimental rats: focus on its combination with donepezil.

This study aimed to demonstrate the potential benefits of donepezil (DPZ) and vitamin D (Vit D) in combination to counteract the neurodegenerative disorders induced by CuSO4 intake in experimental rats. Neurodegeneration (Alzheimer-like) was induced in twenty-four male Wistar albino rats by CuSO4 supplement to drinking water (10mg/L) for 14weeks. AD rats were divided into four groups: untreated AD group (Cu-AD) and three treated AD groups; orally treated for 4weeks with either DPZ (10mg/kg/day), Vit D (500IU/kg/day), or DPZ + Vit D starting from the 10th week of CuSO4 intake. Another six rats were used as normal control (NC) group. The hippocampal tissue content of β-amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), phosphorylated Tau (p-tau), clusterin (CLU), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), caspase-9 (CAS-9), Bax, and Bcl-2 and the cortical content of acetylcholine (Ach), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Cognitive function tests (Y-maze) and histopathology studies (hematoxylin and eosin and Congo red stains) and immunohistochemistry for neurofilament. Vit D supplementation alleviated CuSO4-induced memory deficits including significant reduction hippocampal BACE1, p-tau, CLU, CAS-9, Bax, and TNF-α and cortical AChE and MDA. Vit D remarkably increased cortical Ach, TAC, and hippocampal Bcl-2. It also improved neurobehavioral and histological abnormalities. The effects attained by Vit D treatment were better than those attained by DPZ. Furthermore, Vit D boosted the therapeutic potential of DPZ in almost all AD associated behavioral and pathological changes. Vit D is suggested as a potential therapy to retard neurodegeneration.

Near-fatal ferrous sulfate poisoning

Rationale: Acute iron poisoning is commonly seen in a pediatric population caused by accidental ingestion of iron syrups. We describe a case of iron poisoning who presented to the hospital following intentional near-fatal ingestion of ferrous sulfate. Patient’s Concern: A 14-years-old previously healthy female patient presented to the emergency department with a history of an intentional overdose of 80 ferrous sulfate tablets. Diagnosis: Ferrous sulfate poisoning. Interventions: The patient developed acute fulminant liver failure 24 h after of the overdose. She was managed conservatively, mainly with deferoxamine and N-acetylcysteine while awaiting transfer to a liver transplant facility. Outcomes: The patient responded well to medical therapy and was discharged on the 9th day of intensive care unit admission. Lessons: This case highlights the patient’s successful recovery with prompt conservative therapy. Severe iron toxicity can be treated with early use of deferoxamine and N-acetylcysteine where a liver transplant facility is not available.

PSVIII-6 Impact of Naturally Occurring Water with High Sulfate Concentration on Feed and Water Intake, Growth, and Trace Mineral Status of Beef Cattle

Abstract This study evaluated the impact of naturally occurring water with a high-sulfate concentration on dry matter intake (DMI), water intake, growth, and trace mineral status of yearling beef heifers. Angus-based heifers (n = 48; 398.4 ± 22.1 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 12 pens (4 heifers/pen) and fed for 100 d arranged into 25 d periods. Heifers were provided water containing 350 (CON); 2,300 (MEDS); or 4,300 mg/L (HIGHS) sulfate. Concentrated water (71,482 mg/L sulfate) from natural source was collected and blended to achieve the treatments. All data were analyzed using the fixed effects of treatment, period (d 1-25, 26-50, 51-75, and 76-100), and the treatment × period interaction, with period as a repeated measure. Average daily gain, and gain-to-feed were not affected (P&amp;gt;0.29). Provision of HIGHS decreased (interaction, P&amp;lt; 0.01) DMI from d 1-25, 26-50 and 51-75, with no effect from d 76-100 compared with CON. Heifers drinking CON and MEDS during d 26-50 had greater (interaction, P&amp;lt; 0.01) water intake than HIGHS with no differences among treatments otherwise. Total sulfate intake (g/d) was greater for HIGHS, followed by MEDS and CON with a greater difference between treatments during d 26-50 (interaction, P&amp;lt; 0.01). Heifers provided MEDS and HIGHS had a greater (interaction, P&amp;lt; 0.01) reduction in serum copper compared with CON. Liver copper concentration did not differ at the start of the study but was 74% and 62% of CON for MEDS and HIGHS, respectively at the end of the study (interaction, P&amp;lt; 0.01). Serum selenium was greater for MEDS and HIGHS than CON; while liver selenium was least for HIGHS heifers at the end of the study (interaction, P&amp;lt; 0.01). These data highlight that beef heifers were able to tolerate 213 g/d of sulfate intake with no negative impact on growth performance; however, MEDS and HIGHS decreased liver copper and liver selenium concentrations.

Predictors of Anaemia Prevalence Among Ghanaian Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Anaemia during pregnancy is a major public health concern. Despite its wide scope and adverse effects including increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, and long-term adverse effects on the newborn, appropriate interventions using upstream approaches to public health have largely not been implemented. This study investigated the prevalence and associated factors of anaemia among pregnant women in four health facilities in the Kwabre East Municipality. A cross-sectional survey with a two-stage sampling technique was conducted on 220 pregnant women who attended antenatal care at the selected health facilities. Interview-based structured questionnaires were used. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify predictors. The prevalence of anaemia was 11.4%. Few women (25) were anaemic and morphologically, 14 (56%) had normocytic normochromic anaemia and 9 (36%) had microcytic hypochromic anaemia. Iron deficiency was reported in 19 (8.6%) pregnant women. Independent predictors of anaemia were iron sulphate intake (AOR [95% CI] = 3.16 [1.15, 7.37], ANC follow-up during pregnancy (AOR [95% CI] = 3.07 [1.59, 7.99], household size of ≥5 (AOR [95% CI] = 3.58 [1.75, 9.52], folic acid intake (AOR [95% CI] = 5.29 [2.65, 12.39] and the period in pregnancy AOR [95% CI] = ≥36 weeks 3.2 (1.3-4.5). Though anaemia prevalence has been low in urban areas as previously reported, collaborated healthcare measures that aim at eradicating the menace are encouraged. Maternal healthcare interventions including the administration of folic acid, regular iron sulphate intake and intensive education on early ANC are recommended.

Exogenous black pigmentations in deciduous dentition associated with ingestion of ferrous sulfate

The general objective of the present investigation was to relate the presence of exogenous black pigmentations in deciduous dentition and the consumption of ferrous sulfate, in children between 2 and 5 years of age, attended at the Bellavista-Sullana Health Center. The methodology used had a quantitative approach and a non-experimental-correlational, crosssectional design. The technique to be used was the survey and clinical observation. The instruments used were a questionnaire and a graphic scheme that allowed us to record the information of the pigmented teeth using the Albelda M classification (1), both instruments were developed exclusively for this research. The population consisted of 150 children who attended the Bellavista-Sullana Health Center in the period of July-September 2021, the sample being 108 children. The study found that exogenous black pigmentations in deciduous dentition, in children aged 2 to 5 years, are manifested in 29.6% of children, showing that the majority of children (27 of 32, 84.4%) presented grade I pigmentation Likewise, it was concluded that the presence of spots is not significantly related (Sig.&gt; 0.05), neither with the age of the child, nor with sex; In addition, I make it clear that the time that the child has been consuming ferrous sulfate, the type of presentation of said product, the daily intakes and the time after the ingestion of foods that take ferrous sulfate, are not significantly associated (Sig .&gt; 0.05) with the presence of black spots on the adamantine surface of the children evaluated. It was also found that neither brushing to consume ferrous sulfate, nor the number of times the child was found to be significantly related (Sig.&gt; 0.05) with the presence of black spots. Keywords: chromogenic pigmentations. Ferrous sulfate.

Infection by Strongyloides venezuelensis attenuates chronic colitis induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate ingestion in BALB/c mice

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic health problems of difficult management and treatment. Epidemiological studies indicate an inverse association between helminth infections and IBD, and experimental data confirm that helminth infections modulate the severity of experimental acute colitis in mice. However, the effects of helminth infections on chronic colitis, which is clinically more relevant, have been poorly explored. Herein, we investigated whether Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in BALB/c mice can ameliorate chronic colitis induced by the ingestion of water containing 2.5% Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) over three seven-day treatment cycles, with an interval of fourteen days between cycles. Infected-only, DSS-exposed-only, and non-exposed/uninfected experimental groups served as controls for comparing the severity of colitis and intestinal inflammation among different groups. Our data showed that S. venezuelensis infection in mice with DSS-induced chronic colitis reduced clinical signs, attenuated colon shortening and inflammation, and prevented mucus ablation. The modulatory effect was accompanied by a low concentration of IFN-γ, high concentrations of TGF-β, IL-22, and IL-33 in the colon, and a significant increase of the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN). In conclusion, S. venezuelensis infection can reduce the severity of DSS-induced chronic colitis in mice possibly through the stimulation of Treg cells and modulatory cytokines, and induction of mucosal repair mechanisms.

Effect of Ferrous Sulphate Intake on Absorption of Cadmium Chloride in Drinking Water in Mature Female Rabbits

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal, which is mainly absorbed by gastro intestinal tract (GIT). This absorption increases when there is a decrease in the level of iron in body stores. This study was carried to find out that the intake of ferrous sulphate affects the absorption of cadmium chloride from gastro intestinal tract (GIT) of mature rabbits exposed chronically to polluted water with cadmium chloride (CdCl2). Four to five months old rabbits were equally divided into three groups: Control (A), this group offered ordinary tab water, the second treated group (B), offered tap water containing 80 parts per billion (ppb) CdCl2. The third treated group (C), offered tap water containing (80 ppb) CdCl2 with 4mg of ferrous sulphate that are given orally once a day. Cadmium concentration in serum was measured using atomic absorption instrument at the end of experiment which extended for 8 weeks. The results revealed that Cd concentration was increased significantly in the 2nd group (B) as the CdCl2 level in serum reached 2.057 ppb, while it decreases significantly in the 3rd group (C) where the level decreased to 0.455 ppb compared to control group (A). These findings concluded that the supplementing food with iron compounds led to a decrease in serum cadmium levels, where ferrous competes with the absorption of Cd.

On the question of the toxic effects of sulfate m-bromoaniline on the blood system

Introduction. The preclinical study of the effect of chemical intoxication on the blood system's states is especially relevant for preventing and treating workers producing bromo-aromatic compounds with polytropic toxic effects m-bromaniline sulfate, in case of possible contact at the stages of its synthesis. The aim of the study to research in an experiment the toxic effect of m-bromaniline sulfate on the state of the blood system. Materials and methods. Sulfate m-bromaniline is an intermediate of the synthesis of the drug tramadol. Scientists study the toxic effect of sulfate m-bromaniline in experiments on rats. We reproduce single inhalation and subacute intragastric modes and methods of exposure. The researchers evaluated the impact of the substance on animals based on the results of peripheral blood tests. Namely: by the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, analysis of the white blood cell formula. According to the indicators of biochemical tests of blood serum, morphological data of the study of the liver, kidneys, heart, stomach. We took into account the readings of the critical parameters of the pancreas and thyroid glands. Results. The results of examining animals subjected to acute inhalation intoxication and sub-acute intragastric exposure showed the same type of changes in the peripheral blood and experimental group's biochemical profile. The intake of m-bromaniline sulfate leads to a decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin against the background of increased reticulocytosis, leukocytosis. The number of eosinophils in the blood of animals exposed to poisoning decreased by almost one and a half times. We found a violation of the balance of hemoglobin fraction's content. Also reduced oxyhemoglobin, an increase in methemoglobin. Researchers discovered in the blood sulfohemoglobin in the absence of it in the control group's animals. The animals' biochemical profile revealed increased blood catalase activity against the background of its decrease in red blood cells. In the blood serum of rats primed with sulfate m-bromaniline we found an increase in bilirubin concentration. We noted an increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase while maintaining the same action of alanine aminotransferase. The effect of sulfate m-bromaniline at the morphological level revealed vascular disorders in all internal organs and moderately pronounced fatty degeneration of the liver and kidneys. The spleen was hyperplastic; a large amount of brown iron-containing pigment was noted intra- and extracellularly in the red pulp. Conclusions. Different receipt methods of sulfate m-bromaniline in the conditions of acute inhalation sub-acute intragastric experiments lead to some disorders. Violations have a hemotoxic character with a predominant effect on the state of the blood system. An essential element of intoxication prevention can be the correct selection of the persons entering the work contact with toxicants. Individuals with manifesting or latent iron deficiency, various hemorrhagic syndrome types, and severe forms of autonomic dysfunction represent a health risk group if possible contact with sulfate m-bromaniline.

Hue of aspiration reflected the nature of poison and cause of death: A case report of copper sulphate ingestion

Most of the times, the cause of death in suspected poisoning cases is given only after receipt of chemical analysis report. In inquest papers it is usually mentioned as unknown poisoning as the suspected cause of death. Here we are presenting a case brought dead in casualty of PGIMS, Rohtak with a history of consumption of some unknown poisonous substance at home. During post-mortem examination bluish coloured granular semi-liquid aspirated material was observed in the esophagus and trachea reaching up to the bronchioles which indicated not only the immediate cause of death as aspiration of gastric contents, but, also the nature of poison i.e. Copper Sulphate which is believed to be a rare poison nowadays. The detail of this case with photographs has been discussed.

Chondroitin sulfate attenuates acid-induced augmentation of the mechanical response in rat thin-fiber muscle afferents in vitro.

Exercise-induced tissue acidosis augments the exercise pressor reflex (EPR). One reason for this may be acid-induced mechanical sensitization in thin-fiber muscle afferents, which is presumably related to EPR. Acid-induced sensitization to mechanical stimulation has been reported to be attenuated in cultured primary-sensory neurons by exogenous chondroitin sulfate (CS) and chondroitinase ABC, suggesting that the extracellular matrix CS proteoglycan is involved in this sensitization. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether acid-induced sensitization of the mechanical response in the thin-fiber muscle afferents is also suppressed by exogenous CS and chondroitinase ABC using a single-fiber recording technique. A total of 88 thin fibers (conduction velocity <15.0 m/s) dissected from 86 male Sprague-Dawley rats were identified. A buffer solution at pH 6.2 lowered their mechanical threshold and increased their response magnitude. Five minutes after CS (0.3 and 0.03%) injection near the receptive field, these acid-induced changes were significantly reduced. No significant difference in attenuation was detected between the two CS concentrations. Chondroitinase ABC also significantly attenuated this sensitization. The control solution (0% CS) did not significantly alter the mechanical sensitization. Furthermore, no significant differences were detected in this sensitization and CS-based suppression between fibers with and without acid-sensitive channels [transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC)]. In addition, this mechanical sensitization was not changed by TRPV1 and ASIC antagonists, suggesting that these ion channels are not involved in the acid-induced mechanical sensitization of muscle thin-fiber afferents. In conclusion, CS administration has a potential to attenuate the acidosis-induced exaggeration of muscle mechanoreflex. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that exogenous chondroitin sulfate attenuated acid-induced mechanical sensitization in thin-fiber muscle afferents that play a crucial role in the exercise pressor reflex. This finding suggests that extracellular matrix chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans may be involved in the mechanism of acid-induced mechanical sensitization and that daily intake of chondroitin sulfate may potentially attenuate this amplification of muscle mechanoreflex and therefore reduce muscle pain related to acidic muscle conditions.

Potential Adherence of Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum to Forage as a Consideration for Excessive Ingestion by Ruminants.

Gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaSO⋅2HO) has long been used to improve soils and crop production, and its use has recently been encouraged by the USDA-NRCS for soil conservation through a new Conservation Practice Standard: Code 333. However, there is concern regarding the adverse effects of excessive direct ingestion of sulfate in gypsum by ruminants. The standard requires ruminants to be removed from grazing after application until after a rainfall, but there has been no research documenting gypsum adherence to forage or the potential for rainfall to reduce gypsum adherence. A study was established to examine the adherence and persistence of gypsum on different forage species. Two forages (bermudagrass [ L.] and tall fescue [ Schreb.]) were examined after gypsum applications at rates of 0, 1, and 5 Mg ha. The forage was sampled immediately after application, 1 wk after application, after a 1.5-cm rain, and after a 3.3-cm rain. Immediately after gypsum application, more gypsum adhered to the tall fescue (27.9 g gypsum kg) compared with bermudagrass (8.6 g gypsum kg), likely due to differences in the leaf structure. This represents S concentrations of 0.16 and 0.52% for any grazing ruminants feeding exclusively on the bermudagrass and tall fescue pastures. On succeeding sampling dates, substantial amounts of gypsum persisted only on the wider-leaved tall fescue. With tall fescue, a difference in gypsum adherence could be observed after a 1.5-cm rain, but no significant difference was observed between the gypsum application and the control after an additional 3.3-cm rain. Results indicate that care should be observed with grazing after gypsum application, especially on wide-leaved forages. However, using application rates within normal agronomic beneficial use guidelines (NRCS standard 333), negative results from direct ingestion of gypsum are not likely if grazing is discontinued several weeks and until a rainfall event occurs.

Use of Magnesium Sulphate in the Management of Severe Preeclampsia at the Centre University Hospital of Mother and Child (CHU-MEL) Cotonou Benin

Objectives: To evaluate professionals practices and the contribution of magnesium sulphate in a better medical care for persons with severe preeclampsia at CHU-MEL. Materials and Method: We conducted a retrospective and cross-sectional study with the aim come up with a descriptive and analytical paper. Our study was conducted from January 15th, 2015 to July 15th, 2016, i.e. during eighteen (18) months. The sampling was exhaustive. The population was made of all patients admitted for severe preeclampsia with or without complications. Confidentiality requirements were met and informed consent obtained from all subjects. For the analytical study, the chi-square test was used and the difference was statistically significant with a p-value inferior than 0.05. Results: The prevalence of preeclampsia during the study period was 7.70% (447/5805 deliveries). Out of the 312 files that we were able to find and exploit, 272 revealed that patients were administrated a dose of magnesium sulphate, at a frequency estimated at 87.18%. Irregularities were noted in the protocol implementation: the maintenance dose was administered in 30% of cases, as a slow infusion (66.33%), for less than 24 hours in 37.24% of cases, and under supervision only in 22.62% of cases. Primary and secondary prevention of eclampsia was achieved in 98.5% and 80% of cases, respectively. Respecting the duration of treatment significantly reduces the onset and recurrence of seizures (p=0.003 and p=0.004). Decreased reflexes and respiratory distress were noted in 34.78% and in 8.7% of cases respectively. The maternal lethality rate was 1.34% and the stillbirth rate was 11.40%. Conclusion: Magnesium sulphate intake is undeniable in dealing with severe preeclampsia, but this solution/ drug is misused at the CHU-MEL. Appropriate solutions must therefore be taken in the execution and monitoring of the protocol.