Ingestion Of Potentially Toxic Elements Research Articles

A systematic review of the concentration of potentially toxic elements in fish from the Persian Gulf: A health risk assessment study

Fish as a critical food source is responsible for supplying nearly 20% of the average per capita animal protein for 3.2 billion people worldwide. However, oral exposure to potentially toxic elements (PTE) such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) through marine fish consumption can cause health risks in consumers. This study aimed to collect information among databases (2000–2020), including ScienceDirect, PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, regarding the concentration of PTEs in different types of fish from the Persian Gulf. In this regard, thirty articles containing 266 samples were included in the current systematic review. In addition, the non-carcinogenic risk caused by ingestion of PTEs via consumption of fish was calculated. The average PTE concentrations in fish muscles were presented in the following order: As (0.37 mg/kg ww) > Pb (0.20 mg/kg ww) > Cd (0.17 mg/kg ww) > Hg (0.13 mg/kg ww). However, the mean concentration of PTEs was below the defined level by the World Health Organization, and the findings revealed that the calculated average daily dose (ADD) for Cd and Pb in Iranian children and adult consumers was lower than the reference dose (RfD), whereas the ADD of Hg was higher than the RfD for children consumers. The total target hazard quotient for Iranian and children consumers was >1. The excess lifetime cancer risk values for Pb were safe, unlike those for Cd, which were in an unsafe range (>10−4) for consumers.

Potentially toxic elements in weathered waste-rocks of Fushun western opencast mine: distribution, source identification, and contamination assessment.

To understand the current status of the contamination of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) after closing the Fushun Western Opencast Mine, this study has focused on the concentration, contamination assessment, and source identification of eight PTEs in weathered waste-rocks in four distinct areas of the mine. The mean concentrations of Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg, Cd, and As were 79.4, 86.3, 126, 64.8, 16.9, 1.04, 1.94, and 6.27mgkg-1, respectively. The results demonstrated that Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg, Cd, and As were contaminated to different extents in different weathered waste-rocks and waste-rocks, among which there was considerable Cd contamination. Coal gangue area (CGA) exhibited the most polluted weathered waste-rocks, which can be attributed to severe pollution and moderate ecological hazards. Self-combustion gangue (SCG) contamination of waste-rocks was considerably serious and caused severe pollution and considerable ecological harm. Health risk assessments demonstrated that Hg had the highest non-carcinogenic risk. Ingestion of PTEs was found to be a primary route of exposure, while dermal and inhalation exposure was negligible. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that there were roughly three sources of PTEs in the weathered waste-rocks of the mine, natural sources related to the weathering of parent rocks, and human sources, including industrial emissions, mining activities, and atmospheric dust deposition and resuspension. This study advances our knowledge of PTEs in mines and provides policymakers with a reference for designing strategies to protect mine-based ecosystems.

Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in the Fillet of Narrow-Barred Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson): a Global Systematic Review, Meta-analysis and Risk Assessment.

The contamination of seafood like narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) fillets by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has converted to worldwide health concerns. In this regard, the related citations regarding the concentration of PTEs in fillets of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel were collected through some of the international databases such as Scopus, Cochrane, PubMed, and Scientific Information Database (SID) up to 10 March 2020. The concentration of PTEs in fillets of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel fish was meta-analyzed and the health risk (non-carcinogenic risk) was estimated by the total target hazard quotient (TTHQ). The meta-analysis of data indicated that the rank order of PTEs in fillet of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel was Fe (10,853.29μg/kg-ww)> Zn (4007.00μg/kg-ww) > Cu (1005.66μg/kg-ww) > total Cr (544.14μg/kg-ww) > Mn (515.93μg/kg-ww) > Ni (409.90μg/kg-ww) > Pb (180.99μg/kg-ww) > As (93.11μg/kg-ww) > methyl Hg (66.60μg/kg-ww) > Cd (66.03μg/kg-ww). The rank order of health risk assessment based on the country by the aid of TTHQ for adult consumers was Malaysia (0.22251) > Philippines (0.21912) > Egypt (0.08684) > Taiwan (0.07430) > Bahrain (0.04893) > Iran (0.03528) > China (0.00620) > Pakistan (0.00316) > Yemen (0.00157) > India (0.00073). In addition, the rank order of health risk assessment based on the country by the aid of TTHQ for child consumers was Malaysia (1.03838) > Philippines (1.02257) > Egypt (0.40523) > Taiwan (0.34674) > Bahrain (0.22832) > Iran (0.16466) > China (0.02892) > Pakistan (0.01474) > Yemen (0.00731) > India (0.00340). Therefore, the children in Malaysia and the Philippines were at considerable non-carcinogenic risk. Hence, approaching the recommended control plans in order to decrease the non-carcinogenic risk associated with the ingestion of PTEs via the consumption of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel fish fillets is crucial.

Risk assessment of total and bioavailable potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in urban soils of Baghdad–Iraq

The solubility of soil-associated potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in surrogate biological fluids provides valuable information about their potential health hazard. This work addresses the concentrations and bioaccessibility of nine PTEs (As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) in thirty eight agricultural land and playground soils collected from a semi-arid urban area of Baghdad–Iraq. Two surrogate biological fluids (SBFs), macrophage vacuole (MS) and gastric (GS) solutions, were used to extract the metals to simulate the biological availability of the PTEs via inhalation and ingestion exposure routes. ICP/AES was used to quantify PTEs in both strong acid digests (for total concentration), and in the SBF extracts. Soil contamination factors showed that some sites exhibited elevated levels of As (36±10mg/kg), however, these levels of As are not likely to have significant human health impacts whether the particulate arsenic is ingested or/and inhaled. Soil-geochemical variables (including: pH, EC, CO3=, soil organic carbon (SOC)) and major elements (e.g. Al, Ca, and Fe) were used to interpret the lability of PTEs in the soils. Hazardous index (HI) based non-cancer risk of inhalation and ingestion of PTEs was estimated to be 2-fold higher for that based on total element concentrations compared with that for bioavailable fractions for both children and adults. A similar conclusion was reached for the estimated cancer risk (which was lower than the threshold level of concern for children and adults). A sensitivity analysis showed that there is a 97% chance for children and 90% for adults to have hazardous indices of the total PTEs >1 (the acceptable value); the corresponding metrics for the bioavailable fraction of the elements were 39% for children, and 3% for adults; these results were sensitive to the concentrations of “airborne” soil particles.