Ingestion Of Pods Research Articles

A case report of Laundry detergent pod ingestion in an elderly patient with dementia

A case report of Laundry detergent pod ingestion in an elderly patient with dementia

Enterolobium contortisiliquum is a cause of acute ruminal acidosis in sheep

The ingestion of pods of Enterolobium contortisiliquum is associated with digestive disturbances, photosensitivity and abortion in domestic ruminants. This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that digestive disturbances in this toxicosis are really caused by acute ruminal acidosis. Three sheep fed large doses (10–15 g/kg/body weight [bw]) of E. contortisiliquum pods developed ruminal acidosis and were treated with sodium bicarbonate to try to control this metabolic disturbance, thus providing additional evidence of the involvement of ruminal acidosis in the pathogenesis of toxicosis. Two of the sheep died, and one recovered after treatment. In the two sheep that developed severe signs of ruminal acidosis, the values of blood lactate were 18 mg/dL and 196.88 mg/dL, indicating metabolic acidosis as the cause of death. Additionally, four sheep developed elevated serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transferase, indicating that the pods had hepatotoxic effects. Necropsy findings included the accentuation of the hepatic lobular pattern and multiple focally extensive red areas in the rumen mucosa and on the surface of the liver. Repeated ingestion of small doses induced tolerance but did not induce cumulative effects. Histopathologically, the epithelial mucosa of the rumen and reticulum exhibited swollen and vacuolated epithelia with intraepithelial pustules. Focal ulceration of the mucosa was also observed. Multifocal vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes and scattered individual hepatocellular necrosis were evident in the liver. We concluded that the main clinical manifestation of intoxication by E. contortisiliquum pods in sheep was acute ruminal lactic acidosis and metabolic acidosis. Ingestion of repeated sublethal doses could stimulate proliferation of the ruminal fauna that degrades the sugar present in the pods, and thereby prevent the occurrence of ruminal acidosis. The plant is also hepatotoxic, and no abortions were observed.

Upper aerodigestive injuries from detergent ingestion in children

To describe the clinical presentations and management of detergent pod ingestion at a tertiary children's hospital. Case series. A retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with detergent pod ingestion from June 2010 and March 2015. Nine cases of detergent pod ingestion were included over a 5-year period. The average age was 26.3 months (range, 11-43 months). Eight (89%) of the cases were female. The patients had ingested laundry detergent pods (n = 7) and dishwasher detergent pods (n = 2). The majority of patients (67%) had more than one clinical manifestation from ingestion. Presenting symptoms included emesis (78%), respiratory symptoms (56%), throat pain (22%), drooling (33%), and foaming at the mouth (33%). The management of patients depended on the severity of their symptoms and included admission to an overnight observation unit (n = 5), discharge to home directly from the emergency department (n = 2), and admission to the hospital (n = 2). Two (22%) children underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy. One child (11%) required intubation from bilateral vocal fold immobility. Injuries to the upper aerodigestive tract after detergent ingestion range from mild gastrointestinal symptoms to respiratory compromise. The majority of children improve with observation alone; however, clinicians should maintain a low threshold for endoscopic evaluation in cases of severe symptoms and airway involvement. 4. Laryngoscope, 2016 127:509-512, 2017.

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Introduction: Hospital admissions due to ingestion of laundry detergent pods have increased since their introduction in 2001. Ingestion of these pods can result in lethargy and acute respiratory failure not typically seen with detergent ingestions. Patient A, a 15 month-old female, presented to an outside emergency department with coughing and emesis after she was discovered holding a laundry detergent pod. The patient exhibited a waxing and waning level of consciousness in the ED that progressed to lethargy. Her pulmonary exam was initially normal. Patient A was intubated for airway protection during transport in the setting of her depressed neurological status and emesis. On admission to the PICU, the patient initially had normal lung compliance. She underwent upper endoscopy that showed esophageal erythema without ulceration. On hospital day #2, the patient became difficult to both oxygenate and ventilate. Her P/F ratio, which was 333 on admission, decreased to 100 and her OI increased to 11 (from 2.9). The patient required mechanical ventilation until HD#5 when she was extubated. At PICU discharge, she was of normal neurological status, except for swallowing difficulties identified on evaluation for rehabilitation. Patient B, a 24 month-old female, was evaluated for similar findings of cough and lethargy. Her mother found her vomiting and foaming at the mouth after handling a concentrated detergent pod. She noted that this colored pod may have appeared similar to candy she previously gave her daughter. Patient B demonstrated decreased alertness in the emergency department. She was also wheezing on physical exam. She was intubated for airway protection during transport. Her chest x-ray initially showed perihilar accentuation, but subsequently developed right-sided infiltrates. She required PIPs as high as 40 and a PEEP of 10 to maintain adequate oxygenation and ventilation. Her P/F ratio decreased to 116 and her OI increased to 14.6. She had a normal esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The patient required 9 days of mechanical ventilation which were notable for frequent oxygen desaturations and persistent consolidations concerning for atelectasis. The patent also required inpatient rehabilitation for one week prior to discharge. Concentrated laundry detergent pods were released to the consumer market in 2001. Initially, the most common reported symptoms were nausea, emesis, cough, stridor, and increased drowsiness (Williams, 2012). Compared to traditional detergent exposure, drowsiness and emesis are more common (CDC, 2012). One death has been reported in the lay press (CNN, 2013). Here, we document the ICU course for two patients after concentrated laundry pod exposure. Both cases were notable for features of drowsiness and emesis leading to medical evaluation. Both cases showed subsequent development of lethargy shortly after presentation sufficiently severe to require intubation for airway protection during transport. Both cases progressed to hypoxemic respiratory failure within two days of presentation with significant depression of P/F ratio with elevation of OI requiring between 5 and 9 days of mechanical ventilation. Intensivists caring for these children should be aware that acute respiratory failure may present after resolution of mental status changes and should be cautious about early extubation of these patients. Formal rehabilitation consultation may identify swallowing issues not present on standard neurological exam.

Utilização de vagens de Prosopis juliflora na alimentação de ovinos e caprinos

Sinais nervosos associados à ingestão de vagens de Prosopis julilora tem sido descritos em aprinos adultos pastejando continuamente em áreas invadidas por esta planta. A doença não tem sido constatada em ovinos, mas nesta espécie o pastejo em áreas invadidas por P. julilora tem sido associado à ocorrência de malformações. O presente trabalho objetivou estudar a toxicidade sobre o sistema nervoso e o efeito teratogênico de vagens de P. julilora (algaroba) em ovinos e avaliar a sua toxicidade em caprinos. Para isso foram realizados três experimentos. No Experimento 1, grupos de quatro ovinos receberam vagens na concentração de 0, 60% e 90% da alimentação durante um ano. No Experimento 2, sete ovelhas ingeriram vagens, em quantidades equivalente a 2,1% do peso corporal (pc) durante toda a gestação. No Experimento 3, três caprinos receberam vagens em quantidade equivalente a 1,5% do pc por periodos de 264, 474 e 506 dias. Nenhum animal experimental apresentou sinais nervosos e no Experimento 2 todas as ovelhas pariram cordeiros normais. Esses resultados sugerem que as vagens de algaroba podem ser utilizadas sem restrição na alimentação de ovinos. Em um trabalho anterior as vagens de algaroba, nas concentrações de 60% e 90% da alimentação, causaram intoxicação em caprinos apos 210 dias de ingestão o que sugere que ocorrem variações na toxicidade das vagens. Recomenda-se que caprinos não permaneçam em áreas invadidas por algaroba por mais de um periodo de frutificação da planta.

Large African herbivores, bruchid beetles and their interactions with Acacia seeds.

This study investigated the interactions of large African herbivores and bruchid seed beetles with Acacia seeds. The germination of bruchid-infested and uninfested seeds was compaed. The effects of pod consumption by large herbivores on bruchid infestation and seed germination was also assessed. Bruchid-infested seeds did germinate, and the germination of bruchid-infested and uninfested A. tortilis, A. nilotica and A. hebeclade seeds did not differ. Pod ingestion by large herbivores lowered the bruchid infestation of consumed and defaecated seeds compared to uningested seeds. Uninfested, ingested and voided A. tortilis seeds germinated seeds. Furthermore, infested A. tortilis seeds egested by giraffe, kudu and ostrich germinated better than infested, uningested seeds. Pod ingestion by large herbivores may reduce bruchid infestation, increase Acacia seed germination and therefore increase potential Acacia seedling recruitment.

Evaluation of medics under continuous grazing with sheep in central-western New South Wales

Between May 1974 and March 1978, dry Merino ewes continuously grazed l-ha plots, sown to Medicago truncatula cvv. Akbar, Borung, Cyfield, Cyprus, Hannaford and Jemalong, and M. tornata cv. Tornafield, at a stocking rate of 4 Ewes/ha. Hannaford and Cyfield grew most vigorously; Borung least. Pod accumulation declined during the experiment, but plant counts showed a satisfactory density of all medics at the end of the experiment. Sheep on cultivars Hannaford, Cyprus, Cyfield and Tornafield required no hand-feeding during the experiment; those grazing the other cultivars required hand-feeding in autumn-winter 1975. There were no significant differences between treatments in fleece-free liveweights or annual clean fleece yields. In 1977 the medic content of the diet was less than 50% in all treatments. Pod ingestion over summer increased steadily to nearly 70% of the diet as the more palatable pasture components became scarce. However, the proportion dropped rapidly when summer rain provided sheep with a green 'pick'. The spiny pods of Akbar were retained in the fleece; the spineless pods of other cultivars were never retained. Total vegetable matter contamination was less for Cyfield than for Akbar, suggesting that development of medics with less spiny pods is a justifiable objective.