Energy Drink Intake Research Articles

Protective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Energy Drink Induced Ovarian Cytotoxicity in Adult Female Albino Rats:

Background: Energy drinks (EDs) are commonly used to prevent fatigue, enhance physical, and cognitive performance. Its administration induces toxic effects in body. Omega-3 is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that helps in proper functioning of immune system. Objectives of this study were to evaluate the morphological effects of fish oil omega 3 fatty acids (Eicosapentaenoic acid / Docosahexaenoic acid) on energy drink induced ovarian cytotoxicity in adult female albino rats. Methods: The study was conducted at animal house, Anatomy department, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore from January to march 2019. ARRIVE guidelines were followed for conduct of animal study. Ethical approval was obtained from PGMI, Lahore and Advanced Studies and Research Board of University of Health Sciences, Lahore. The study comprised 36 adult female albino rats divided into 3 groups i.e., control, energy drink and omega 3 treated. Rats were sacrificed, ovaries extracted, and sections were stained with H&E and PAS. SPSS version 21.0 were used. Results: Statistically significant difference was present in gross parameters between the control and experimental groups. Energy drink administration caused a decrease in diameter of mature graafian follicle and diameter of the oocyte. Disruption in basement membrane was more pronounced in Energy drink treated group. Conclusion: Energy drinks were found to cause cytotoxic effects on ovarian and oocyte morphology, ultimately leading to infertility. Omega 3 reduces the extent of damage caused by the intake of energy drinks.

Effects of conventional and sugar-free energy drinks intake in runners: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial.

This study evaluated the effects of two types of energy drinks (ED) intake in trained runners. A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted over 6 weeks. Participants and beverages were allocated by randomization. Twelve men 23±2.6 years, 177±3.4 cm, 74.4±5.5 kg, VO<inf>2max</inf>=59.8±5.5 mL·(kg.min)-1] ingested either a conventional energy drink containing carbohydrates and 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeine, (ED1), a sugar-free energy drink 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeine (ED2), or a carbohydrate-containing, decaffeinated placebo (PL) 40-minutes before an exercise protocol. Sprint time, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood pressure (BP), heart rate and plasmatic glucose were evaluated during the experimental protocol. Performance improved after consuming both ED (P<0.004 ED1 and P=0.001 ED2) with lower RPE (P<0.05 for ED1 and P<0.05 for ED2) compared to PL. Consumption of ED2 decreased RER values at 0-5 minutes and 40-45 minutes (P<0.001), and ED1 increased systolic BP (P<0.05) during exercise compared to PL. There were no differences in the evaluated parameters between EDs (P>0.05). Consumption of conventional or sugar free ED represents a valid ergogenic strategy to improve acute performance with reduction of RPE. However, intake of a conventional ED warrants caution, mainly because the effects on systolic BP.

A Pilot Study on the Effect of an Energy Drink on Interoception in High vs. Low Anxiety Sensitivity Individuals

Abstract. Background: The market for energy drinks has grown quickly over the past 20 years. While the physiological and psychological effects of different ingredients have been studied, the influence of energy drinks on interoceptive processes is unclear. Anxiety has been associated with amplified interoceptive functioning, suggesting potentially exaggerated reactions to energy drinks. Aims: Investigate the effect of energy drink consumption and anxiety sensitivity (AS) as well as their possible interactions on cardiorespiratory dimensions of interoception. Method: Thirty-nine healthy students consumed an energy drink via a placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, crossover design. Cardiac and respiratory interoceptive accuracy (IAcc), interoceptive sensibility (IS), and interoceptive evaluation (IE) were assessed. Heartbeat-evoked potentials (HEPs) were analyzed to evaluate neural processing of the heartbeat. Results: Consumption of one energy drink did not influence IAcc, IS, or IE. However, high AS subjects reported reduced interoceptive confidence after energy drink intake. While HEP amplitudes did not differ depending on the type of drink, high AS subjects showed reduced HEPs overall compared to low AS subjects. Heart rate was significantly lower following energy drink consumption as compared to the placebo condition. Limitations: The sample size was small, energy dosages low, and physiological parameters should be assessed in more detail. Conclusion: Energy drink consumption was associated with an interoceptive bias in high AS individuals suggesting possible interaction effects between changes in physical state, interoception, and anxiety.

Seasonal trends in ear, nose, throat and head, neck patients undergoing shortwave diathermy at a tertiary care centre of Punjab: a five-year study

Background: Shortwave diathermy, a therapeutic modality in acute inflammatory conditions of the ear, nose and neck has its utility in the paediatric, adolescent, middle age and the elderly. The seasonal variations of the patients enrolled in physiotherapy clinics for temporo-fascio-cervical diathermy sessions during a 5 years period, were analysed. Methods: 490 patients with inflammatory pathologies localized to the head and neck region and referred to the physiotherapy unit of a tertiary care centre of Punjab were analysed. All were subjected to shortwave diathermy. The subjects were analysed for any seasonal trends.Results: In the paediatric age group, maximum patients were observed in the month of March over the period of 5 years followed by the month of January. In the adolescent population maximum patients were observed in the month of November over the period of 5 years followed by the month of December. In the Adult population maximum patients were observed in the month of April over the period of 5 years followed by January and August.Conclusion: Paediatric patients came for regular sittings in the end of March end, i.e. post examination vacation period. The elderly visited mostly during winters. Malignant otitis externa with underlying diabetes worsens in winters due to increase in intake of sugary energy drinks.

１０～１８歳の子どもにおけるエナジードリンクの摂取実態と摂取者の身体症状・生活状況の特徴

１０～１８歳の子どもにおけるエナジードリンクの摂取実態と摂取者の身体症状・生活状況の特徴

Prevalence and pattern of energy drink intake among Australian adolescents.

Energy drinks (ED) are popular among young people despite evidence of associated health risks. Research into the prevalence and pattern of ED intake among young people is sparse. The present study investigates the prevalence and pattern of ED intake among a large sample of adolescents, including how many consume them, how often, for what reasons and in what contexts. In 2018, all students in grades 7-12 attending 25 randomly selected Western Australian schools were invited to complete an online self-report survey about EDs. Of the 3688 respondents, 51.2% reported consuming an ED. Of these 'ever consumers', 23.4% drank them monthly, 19.2% weekly and 2% every day. The average age of first intake was 10.7years. One-fifth (19.7%) of 'ever consumers' reported consuming more than two EDs in 1day. Reasons for ED use included taste, to boost energy levels, sport performance and studying. The findings add to limited international evidence about adolescent ED use and provide valuable information to help ensure interventions to reduce intake address the underlying reasons and contexts of ED consumption.

Energy drink intake is associated with insomnia and decreased daytime functioning in young adult females.

To investigate the association between energy drink (ED) use and sleep-related disturbances in a population-based sample of young adults from the Raine Study. Analysis of cross-sectional data obtained from self-administered questionnaires to assess ED use and sleep disturbance (Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Symptoms Questionnaire-Insomnia (PSSQ-I)). Regression modelling was used to estimate the effect of ED use on sleep disturbances. All models adjusted for various potential confounders. Western Australia. Males and females, aged 22 years, from Raine Study Gen2-22 year follow-up. Of the 1115 participants, 66 % were never/rare users (i.e. <once/month) of ED, 17·0 % were occasional users (i.e. >once/month to <once/week) and 17 % were frequent users (≥once/week). Compared with females, a greater proportion of males used ED occasionally (19 % v. 15 %) or frequently (24 % v. 11 %). Among females, frequent ED users experienced significantly higher symptoms of daytime sleepiness (FOSQ-10: β = 0·93, 95 % CI 0·32, 1·54, P = 0·003) and were five times more likely to experience insomnia (PSSQ-I: OR = 5·10, 95 % CI 1·81, 14·35, P = 0·002) compared with never/rare users. No significant associations were observed in males for any sleep outcomes. We found a positive association between ED use and sleep disturbances in young adult females. Given the importance of sleep for overall health, and ever-increasing ED use, intervention strategies are needed to curb ED use in young adults, particularly females. Further research is needed to determine causation and elucidate reasons for gender-specific findings.

Multi-Ingredient Pre-Workout Supplements and Energy Drinks

Human life is very precious therefore keeping in mind we should lead a happy and a healthy lifestyle. Life will only be happy if one is healthy therefore intake of Supplements and Energy drinks both are harmful for the body. Quantity should be kept in mind. Excess of everything has a bad affect on health. Keywords: Multi ingredients pre workout supplements, Energy drinks.

Energy drink intake and metabolic syndrome: A prospective investigation in young adults

Background and aimsThere are concerns that energy drinks (EDs) are contributing to upward trends in overweight, obesity, and cardiometabolic conditions in young people. We investigated cross-sectional and prospective associations between frequency of ED-intake in young-adults and (i) body mass index (BMI) and (ii) Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and its components. Methods and resultsParticipants from the Raine Study at 20-years (n = 1236) and 22 years (n = 1117) self-reported ED-intake, dietary intake, and physical activity, and had blood and anthropometric measures taken. Regression modelling examined associations between ED-intake and BMI, MetS and its components. There was a positive, but not significant, cross-sectional association with BMI and likelihood of MetS with frequent ED use at 20-years (BMI: β = 0.19; MetS: OR = 1.11) and 22-years (BMI: β = 0.51; MetS: OR = 1.28). There were no associations in the prospective analysis. After adjustment, significant associations existed between occasional ED-intake and lower HDL-cholesterol (β = −0.07) and higher fasting triglycerides (β = 0.16) at 20-years, and lower fasting triglycerides at 22-years (β = −0.10), but no significant associations in the prospective analyses. ConclusionNo significant associations existed between frequency of ED-intake, and BMI, MetS or its individual components over two years (ages 20–22 years). Future studies should include volume of EDs consumed and longer follow-up.

Associations Between College-Student Food Insecurity and Diet at a Large, Public Midwestern University

Abstract Objectives Food insecurity, a state of not being able to consistently access nutritious food, is an issue that 43% of students on college campuses experience. This study examines the associations between food insecurity and dietary intake in a sample of undergraduate students at a large, public Midwestern university. Methods A Qualtrics survey was completed by 1033 students, recruited from three dining halls as part of a different sugar-sweetened beverage intervention study. Baseline data, collected prior to the intervention, were used in the present study. Food security was assessed using the 6-item Short Form Food Security Survey Module and dietary intake was assessed using the National Cancer Institute 26-item Dietary Screener Questionnaire and the Beverage Intake Questionnaire-15. Generalized linear regression models were used to examine differences in dietary intake by student's food security status. Results After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, food-insecure students reported 9% lower intake of fruits, 9% lower intake of vegetables, 10% higher intake of dairy, 6% higher intake of total added sugars, 10% higher intake of added sugars from sugar-sweetened beverages, 4% higher intake of calcium, and 4% lower intake of fiber, compared to food-secure students. With respect to beverage intake, food-insecure students had 55% higher intake of fruit drinks, 148% higher intake of energy drinks, 129% higher intake of sweetened teas, 46% higher intake of flavored milk, 54% higher intake of total sugar-sweetened beverages, and 66% higher intake of diet soda. Conclusions Despite having similar access to university dining halls, there were significant differences in the diets of college students by food security status, providing more reason to increase food insecurity awareness among college students and contribute to initiatives to alleviate food insecurity, such as on-campus food pantry programs. Funding Sources This study was supported by a grant from Poverty Solutions at the University of Michigan.

Demographic and Behavioral Correlates of Energy Drink Consumption

Abstract Objectives This study assessed energy drink consumption and high-risk behaviors, including alcohol and drug use, cross-sectionally among participants in three cohort studies—the Nurses’ Health Study 3 (NHS 3), the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) and GUTS2. Methods Questionnaires, including validated food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs), collected participant demographics, risky behavior, and energy drink consumption data. [The specific question used for energy drink intake read as follows: “Do you drink energy drinks, e.g., Red Bull, Rock Star, Monster (8 oz. can)?” for NHS3, 2010–2019; GUTS, 2011; and GUTS2, 2011.] Following descriptive analysis, multivariable-adjusted logistic regression estimated associations between energy drink consumption and odds of risky behaviors, including pooled odds-ratios (pORs) across all cohorts. Results Of the 46,390 participants this study assessed, ∼13% reported energy drink consumption at least monthly. Risky behaviors associated with energy drink consumption included smoking [pOR: 1.88 (95% CI 1.55–2.29)], having higher body mass index [pORs: 1.31 (95% CI 1.11–1.53) for overweight (25–30 kg/m2) and 1.67 (95% CI 1.34–2.08) for obesity (≥30 kg/m2) compared to &amp;lt;25 kg/m2, respectively], insufficient sleep [pOR: 1.29 (95% CI 1.11–1.50) for &amp;lt;7 hours compared to 7–9 hours], tanning bed use [pOR: 2.31 (95% CI 1.96–2.72)], binge drinking [pOR: 2.53 (95% CI 2.09–3.07)], marijuana use [pOR: 1.49 (95% CI 1.28–1.73)], and use of any illegal drugs (other than marijuana) [pOR: 1.45 (95% CI 1.16–1.81)]. Demographic factors associated with consumption of energy drinks included higher education, which was associated with lower odds of energy drink consumption [pORs: 0.71 (95% CI 0.56–0.91) for bachelor's degree and 0.55 (95% CI 0.40–0.74) for master's degree, compared to no bachelor's degree, respectively], and race/ethnicity [pOR: 4.43 (95% CI: 2.41–8.15) comparing African Americans to non-Hispanic white]. Conclusions Both within and across the cohorts, risky behaviors were associated with higher odds of energy drink consumption. Funding Sources This study was funded via FDA contracts and NIH grants.

Energy Drink before Exercise Did Not Affect Autonomic Recovery Following Moderate Aerobic Exercise: A Crossover, Randomized and Controlled Trial

Introduction: Energy drink (ED) intake could initiate physiological changes owing to its stimulant characteristics and, it improves endurance and athletic performance. We evaluated the acute effects of ED on autonomic heart rate (HR) control during recovery after a session of submaximal aerobic exercise.Method: The study was completed by submitting 29 healthy males between 18 and 30 years old to three conventions: (A) Maximum exercise test by the adapted Bruce protocol; (B) Placebo protocol (PP) - water intake 15 minutes prior to exercise, rest in dorsal decubitus for 15 minutes followed by 5 minutes of treadmill running at 1% inclination, initial speed of 5 km/h for 5 minutes 25 minutes with 60% of the velocity consistent to the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), and finally 60 minutes of recovery at rest in the supine position; (C) Experimental protocol (PE) - similar to PP previously, but with ED intake 15 minutes before physical exercise. The time, frequency and geometric indexes of HR variability (HRV) were inspected before and after exercise.Results: There was a significant (p < 0.05, <5%) effect on the HRV index (HR-nu and ms2, LF-nu and ms2, LF/HF, SD1, SDNN and RMSSD), indicating a reduction in HRV in the first 5 minutes after exercise in both protocols (PP and PE). Yet, no protocol interaction was detected, suggesting no effect of ED on HRV throughout recovery after submaximal aerobic exercise.Conclusion: There was no significant effect of ED on the autonomic control of HR in the recovery phase after submaximal aerobic exercise.

Interpretation of the toxicological findings in a probably Energy drink intake-related fatality

Summary Nowadays, energy drinks (ED) are frequently used or abused in private, sporting or festive contexts. However, adverse health consequences of acute ED intake remain to be clarified on a forensic point of view. We report the death of a 36 year-old man with a recent acute pericarditis antecedent in order to illustrate this challenging situation. He was found dead after an overnight party. Witnesses reported consumptions of alcohol, cannabis and energy drinks (Red Bull™) during this party. Autopsy findings consisted in acute pulmonary edema together with adhesive pericarditis. Collected biological samples were sent to the laboratory for forensic toxicological analysis. General toxicological screenings for drugs and other toxics including caffeine and taurine were performed using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and LC with diode array detection. Toxicological findings are coherent with ethanol, cannabis, caffeine and taurine consumption in the few hours before death. Generally, adverse effects of acute ED intake can be related to either the toxicity of ingredients (especially, caffeine), the combination of those ingredients, or specific situations like combination of energy drinks with alcohol, or cardiologic pre-dispositions. In this case, the observed taurine concentration in peripheral blood (984 μmol/L) cannot be related to any toxic effect. As a consequence, the toxicological implication of the ED-Alcohol intakes could only be suggested, but not established in this fatality.

Association between energy drink consumption, depression and suicide ideation in Korean adolescents.

Suicide is the leading cause of death among adolescents in South Korea. Negative influences of the abuse of energy drinks on mental health problems have emerged. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between energy drink consumption, depression and suicide ideation. We analyzed the data of 26,346 boys and 26,966 girls who participated in the 2015 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey. The independent variable was the frequency of energy drink consumption per week. Experience of depression and suicide ideation were considered as the dependent variables. Multiple logistic regression was performed. An association was found between energy drink intake per week and depressive mood. Moreover, the most frequent energy drink intake (three times or more per week) group showed the highest association with depressive mood (odds ratios (ORs); boys: ORs = 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25-1.56; girls: ORs = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.44-1.79) and suicide ideation (boys: ORs = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.27-1.69; girls: ORs = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.20-1.55). We observed that consumption of excessive amounts of energy drinks is associated with depression and suicide ideation. Therefore, appropriate regulation or education is needed to prevent adolescents from experiencing adverse outcomes.

The Influence of Energy Drinks on Lower Limb Neuromuscular Timing and Postural Sway in Healthy Young Adults

Energy drinks have become popular during the last few years. Many researchers explain the benefits the beverage has on sports or college settings. Other studies focused on the negative position of these drinks, such as reducing blood flow and balance alterations. Various modifications related to energy drink intake might be at a more system and physiological level, like the central nervous system and neuromuscular control. Purpose: This study aims to ascertain the influence of a standard 16-ounce energy drink on neuromuscular timing and standing postural compensation of young, healthy adults while performing a series of complex dual-motor tasks. Methods: Nine females and four males were recruited, screened, and signed the informed consent to be studied for this work. All participants were apparently healthy young adults with no underlying conditions that could potentially impact muscle activation and balance. The Tibialis anterior and Gastrocnemius neuromuscular timing data were collected with surface EMG electrodes. Accelerometers and gyroscopes were used to collect postural sway data. Subjects were asked to execute four balance tasks pre-energy drink consumption, and the same tasks were repeated post energy drink consumption to equate data points. Results: Postural Sway was comparable before and after energy drink intake. Neuromuscular timing data indicates modifications of nerve conduction on the Tibialis anterior and Gastrocnemius musculature. Conclusion: We infer that the ingredients in energy drinks, including guarana and B-vitamins, are altering nerve conduction velocity in postural muscles. Future studies should research the influence of energy drinks in different scenarios and different populations.

Urinary glucose and ketone bodies as indicators of acute caffeine poisoning.

AimIn various countries, many fatal health problems have been reported due to high intake of caffeine‐rich energy drinks, tablets, and powders. In patients with acute caffeine poisoning, determination of blood caffeine concentration is an important yet difficult task. We aimed to assess whether the presence of glucose and ketone bodies in urine reflected the blood caffeine concentration in patients with acute caffeine poisoning.MethodsFrom April 2010 to March 2018, 25 patients with an overdose of only caffeine‐rich tablets were admitted to our hospital. Their clinical features were investigated. In addition, we investigated whether the glucose and ketone bodies in the urine reflected blood caffeine concentration in 23 patients who underwent the urine qualitative test at admission.ResultsThe majority of the patients were young healthy women, whose average caffeine ingestion was 15.6 ± 8.1 g. Initial urine examinations showed glucose in 60% (14/23) of patients and ketone bodies in 57% (13/23) of patients. Ketone bodies or glucose were found in 78% (18/23) of the patients. The correlation between blood caffeine concentration and urinary glucose was R = 0.625, blood caffeine concentration and ketone bodies was R = 0.596, and blood caffeine and both was R = 0.76.ConclusionUrine qualitative test is effective for differential diagnosis and severity assessment of acute caffeine poisoning in patients.

Dietary mistakes of Polish athletes in relation to the frequency of consuming foods recommended in the Swiss food pyramid for active people

Mistakes in dietary choices and an unbalanced diet reduce the exercise capacity of athletes. Nutritional behaviours are conditioned by environmental and individual factors. The aim of the study was to assess the scale of improper eating behaviours among high-performance Polish athletes depending on gender, sports level and type of discipline. The study was conducted among 610 athletes (391 men and 219 women). The group consisted of 289 athletes of individual disciplines and 321 team sports athletes representing the championship sports class (282 individuals) as well as the first and second classes (328 subjects). The authors’ validated nutritional behaviour questionnaire was used, referring to the recommendation of the Swiss nutrition pyramid for athletes. In statistical analysis, the Chi2 test was applied (α=0.05). Athletes most often demonstrated improper behaviours regarding: insufficient frequency of consuming vegetable fats (61.78%), fruits (59.89%), wholegrain products (59.90%), vegetables (53.62%) and dairy products (52.09%), and not limiting the intake of energy drinks (59.89%). Compared to women, men, to a larger extent, did not include the following in their daily diet: raw vegetables (p<0.001), wholegrain products (p<0.05) and vegetable fats (p<0.01). Significantly more often, they also did not limit the consumption of: animal fats (p<0.001), sweetened carbonated beverages (p<0.001), energy drinks (p<0.05) or fast food products (p<0.001). Women consumed meals less regularly (p<0.01), rarely ate fish (p<0.01), and were more likely to be inadequately hydrated (p<0.05). Athletes training individual sports disciplines compared to those training team sports consumed hydrating beverages (p<0.001) less often, but included fruit in their daily diet more frequently (p<0.05). Athletes from the master class consumed meals irregularly (p<0.01) in a smaller percentage than athletes with a lower sports class, not limiting animal fats (p<0.05) and implementing inadequate hydration (p<0.05). The scale of incorrect nutrition choices among athletes indicated variations depending on gender, sports level and type of sport practiced, with incorrect behaviours more often presented by men than women and competitors with a lower sports level (non-master class). The nature of the performed discipline was a factor less differentiating the nutritional choices of athletes.

Violent and Risk-Taking Behaviors Associated with Intake of Energy Drinks Mixed with Alcohol and Perceptions of This Consumption among Children and Adolescents in Costa Rica

Introduction: The consumption of energy drinks and its mix with alcohol has been associated with negative and violent behaviors in youngsters. Objective: To determine the risk-taking behaviors associated with the consumption of energy drinks mixed with alcohol in Costa Rican adolescents. Methods: A mixed cross-sectional study was performed with a population of 2667 students of 64 educative centers in 2016. Descriptive statistics were performed with the program SPSS 20.0 and a value of p 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The third part of the study population is usually a consumer of energy drinks (30%) and 3% make use of drinks mixed with alcohol. The children and adolescents, who consume energy-alcohol mixed drinks, are more likely to present risk-taking behaviors than those who do not consume these mixed beverages: combined use of medicines to get high; cocaine consumption, consumption of cement/glue, consumption of marijuana, physical violence (fighting), use of weapons, suicidal ideation, deliberate self-harm, low educational expectation, sexual intercourses, cyberbullying and school apathy. The students perceived the intake of energy beverages as of low risk for their health. They also agree that frequent consumption is because drinks have good flavors and nice logo designs and the ability to stay awake and with more energy for longer periods of time in order to improve in academic homework, sports performance and to endure more the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Conclusions: Public health policies should consider controlling the publicity aimed to children and adolescents regarding the marketing of energy and alcoholic drinks.

Cognitive bias modification for energy drink cues.

Energy drink consumption is increasing worldwide, especially among young adults, and has been associated with physical and mental health problems. In two experiments, we tested the prediction that energy drink consumption is in part driven by biased cognitive processing (attentional and approach biases), with a view to modifying these to reduce consumption. Young adults (18–25 years) who regularly consume energy drinks completed the dot probe (Exp.1; N = 116) or approach-avoidance task (Exp.2; N = 110) to measure attentional and approach bias for energy drink cues, respectively. They then underwent a cognitive bias modification protocol where they were trained to direct their attention away from pictures of energy drink cans (Exp.1), or to push a joystick away from themselves in response to these pictures (Exp.2). Following a post-training assessment of attentional (Exp.1) or approach bias (Exp.2), energy drink consumption was measured by an ostensible taste test. Regular energy drink consumers showed both an attentional and an approach bias for energy drink cues. Cognitive bias modification successfully reduced both biases. However, neither attentional nor approach bias modification significantly reduced energy drink intake. The results lend some support to incentive sensitisation theory which emphasises the role of biased decision-making processes related to addictive behaviours.

Association of frequent intake of fast foods, energy drinks, or convenience food with atopic dermatitis in adolescents.

Specific food consumption, besides food allergy, may aggravate atopic dermatitis (AD). However, previous reports on the association between AD and food intake in adolescents are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between AD and specific food consumption frequency in adolescents. A cross-sectional analysis using data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey 2017 was performed. The frequency of food consumption in the recent-diagnosed AD group (AD diagnosed within 12months) compared to those in the previous-diagnosed AD (AD diagnosed more than 12months ago) or control group were investigated. A total of 53,373 participants were eligible for this study. The weighted prevalence of the recent-diagnosed AD and the previous-diagnosed AD was 7.39% and 18.00%, respectively. When compared with subjects with the previous-diagnosed AD, those with the recent-diagnosed AD were significantly more likely to frequently consume fast foods (odds ratio OR 1.405; 95% CI 1.150-1.717), energy drinks (OR 1.457; 95% CI 1.175-1.807), or convenience food (OR 1.304; 95% CI 1.138-1.495). Patients of the recent-diagnosed AD were significantly more likely to frequently consume fast foods (OR 1.374; 95% CI 1.155-1.634) than the control group. The differences in the frequency of specific food consumption among groups were more pronounced in high school students than in middle school students. Frequent intake of fast foods, energy drinks, and convenience food was related to the recent-diagnosed AD in adolescents. Prospective cohort and interventional studies are needed to identify causal relationships.