Infusorial Earth Research Articles

Extraction of abuse drugs in biological media

Extraction methods are determined by the nature of the matrix, the drug to be isolated and the availability of equipment, staff and economic resources. This review critically describes the main extraction techniques commonly known as 'Liquid-Liquid' (LLE), those using modified Infusorial Earth (IE), Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) and Supercritical Fluids Extraction (SFE). Technical, economic, staff training and equipment-related aspects are assessed. All of them have advantages and limitations in their application. Generally, each technique, if properly chosen, meets the aim of isolating the analyte of interest. Nowadays, the techniques most often used are the LLE, the IE and the SPE, the use of which is growing day by day. The most recently developed technique, the SPME, is being more frequently used in recent years owing to the development of new fibres, leaving the SFE as the least used, mainly due to the equipment requirements.

Lipase immobilized by different techniques on various support materials applied in oil hydrolysis

Batch hydrolysis of olive oil was performed by Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on Amberlite IRC-50 and Al2O3. These two supports were selected out of 16 carriers: inorganic materials (sand, silica gel, infusorial earth Al2O3), inorganic salts (CaCO3, CaSO4), ion-exchange resins (Amberlite IRC-50 and IR-4B, Dowex 2X8), a natural resin (colophony), a natural biopolymer (sodium alginate), synthetic polymers (polypropylene, polyethylene) and zeolites. Lipase immobilization was carried out by simple adsorption adsorption followed by cross-linking, adsorption on ion-exchange resins combined adsorption and precipitation, pure precipitation and gel entrapment. The suitability of the supports and techniques for the immobilization of lipase was evaluated by estimating the enzyme activity, protein loading immobilization efficiency and reusability of the immobilizates. Most of the immobilizates exhibited either a low enzyme activity or difficulties during the hydrolytic reaction. Only those prepared by ionic adsorption on Amberlite IRC-50 and by combined adsorption and precipitation on Al2O33 showed better activity, 2000 and 430 U/g support, respectively, and demonstrated satisfactory behavior when used repeatedly. The hydrolysis was studied as a function of several parameters: surfactant concentration, enzyme concentration, pH and temperature. The immobilized preparation with Amberlite IRC-50 was stable and active in the whole range of pH (4 to 9) and temperature (20 to 50 ?C), demonstrating a 99%degree of hydrolysis. In repeated usage, it was stable and active having a half-life of 16 batches which corresponds to an operation time of 384 h. Its storage stability was remarkable too, since after 9 months it had lost only 25 % of the initial activity. The immobilizate with Al2O3 was less stable and less active. At optimal environmental conditions, the degree of hydrolysis did not exceed 79 %. In repeated usage, after the fourth batch, the degree of hydrolysis was reduced to 53.5 %.

Stability-Indicating Analysis of Injectable Estrogen-Androgen Combinations in Formulations Containing Corn Oil

A method was developed for the analysis of testosterone 17-enanthate 3-benzilic acid hydrazone, 17-β-estradiol 3,17-dienanthate, and estradiol benzoate combinations dissolved in an oily vehicle. Testosterone 17-enanthate 3-benzilic acid hydrazone was separated from the other drugs and vehicle components by chromatography on an acetonitrite-infusorial earth column followed by quantitation using UV spectroscopy. The estradiol esters were separated from the oil by an additional chromatographic step using a heptane-silanized infusorial earth column prior to quantitation by GLC. Subjecting formulations to elevated temperatures resulted in detectable losses for testosterone 17-enanthate 3-benzilic acid hydrazone and 17-β-estradiol 3,17-dienanthate. For both drugs, degradation was due to hydrolysis; the degradation products, testosterone 17-enanthate and 17-β-estradiol 17-enanthate, did not interfere with the intact drug determination. Methods also were developed to estimate degradation product levels in the formulation.

Radioimmunoassay of Plasma Testosterone, with Use of Polyethylene Glycol to Separate Antibody-Bound and Free Hormone

We have developed a reliable radioimmunoassay for testosterone in plasma, polyethylene glycol ("Carbowax 6000") being used to separate antibody-bound and free hormone. Testosteron is separated from interfering steroids, notably dihydrotestosterone, by liquid-liquid partition chromatography on infusorial earth (Celite). The assay is sensitive (9 pg for standards), precise, and accurate. The lowest measurable concentration fo testosterone is 350 ng/liter for plasma from men and 70 ng/liter for plasma from women. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 6.9% and 9.7%, respectively, for plasma from men, and 9.6% and 11.8%, respectively, for plasma from women. Our method for separating antibody-bound and free hormone is practical and convenient and may be generally applicable to all radioimmunoassays of steroid hormones in plasma.

Some Nuclear-Chemical and Physicochemical Problems in Fission-Product Recoil Separation

Most of the energy generated during the fission process is released as kinetic energy of the fission products. This energy moves the fission products a distance of a few microns in solid materials. When the fissionable material is prepared as a powder of particles with diameters smaller than the range of the fission products in the material used, it is expected that the fission products will leave the particles of the fissionable material. To avoid the penetration of the fission product into an adjacent particle of fissionable matter, the latter may be diluted with a liquid or solid diluent. The use of solid diluents having strong adsorption properties is believed to improve the separation between fission products and fuel when sedimentation in water is chosen as the separation method. In a series of experiments, mixtures of U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ with infusorial earth and sllica gel as diluents having strong adsorbing properties were irradiated. About 95% of the fission products were found in the diluent. Most of the activity of the U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ was due to Np. The readsorption of fission products to U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ was smaller than in previous experiments in which no adsorbent was mixed with themore » fissionable material. Surface activation of the U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ was found after irradiation. About half of the fission products taken up by the diluent were found to be absorbed at its surface. Mean fissionproduct ranges in U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ were estimated on an experimental and theoretical basis and agreement between theory and experiment is found to be good for most of the fission products. (auth)« less

The effect of aseptic proliferative inflammation on the localization and growth of spontaneous tumors of the mammary glands in mice of the high-cancer C3HA strain

Experiments were performed on 160 female mice of the highly cancerous strain C3HA with the so-called “milk factor”. These experiments were aimed at studying the effect of proliferative inflammation on the growth of cancer. This proliferative inflammatory process was induced by the injection of 0.3 ml of 10% emulsion of infusorial earth in peach oil. At the age of 5 months the same mice received a repeated injection of 0.3 ml of 10% emulsion of infusorial earth in peach oil into the same site. Experiments demonstrated that the inflammatory process considerably affected the localization and the time of appearance of the tumors of the mammary glands. The neoplasms most frequently occur in the mammary gland affected by the proliferative inflammatory process. These neoplasms appeared in younger mice in comparison with the analogous group of control animals. The author assumes that the foci of the cellular proliferation caused by the inflammatory process create favorable conditions for manifestation of pathogenicity of the virus causing spontaneous cancer of the mammary gland.

ON SEMI-SULFITE PROCESS

This is the report of the researches at the Sakamoto Mill of the Oji Paper Manufacturing Company, Kumamoto Prefecture, Kyushu, under the semi-sulfite process of pines, which was suggested by Mr. Harold R. Murdock, G.H.Q.This mill is producing 900, 000 1bs of pulp per month under the above-mentioned process. The test of this process has shown the necessity of making the total acid as high as possible (more than 5.2% of total acid) and of making the combined acid high (more than 1.4% combined acid), as far as this process is concerned.Cooking is to be carried out under low temperature (maximum at 125°C) and high pressure (6 kg/cm and more). For treating of pulp, edge runners and stone refiners are used.The screens are to be of the double system. Better pulp and the worse one are to be separated, and disposed according to the quality of paper. Au ordinary beater was used for the beating of pulp. But this must be tested with much care, for the process of beating influences the quality of paper and the bursting strength ratio. The pitch troubles were eliminated by using infusorial earth at the suggestion of Mr. Harold R. Murdock.The yield of pulp was increased by more than 20%, compared with the normal S.P. The strength of paper was enhanced by 2040%. As to newsprint, S.P. blending has been reduced from 25% to 20%. Wrapping paper which has 100% of semi-sulfite pulp is 70% stronger than usual wrapping paper. It is now under further investigation, in order that it may be more improved and that it may be used for cement bags, instead of kraft paper.

A simplified method for the isolation of glutathione from yeast

ONE of the difficulties in isolating glutathione from yeast is the extremely slow filtration encountered in removing the yeast residues after extraction. For example, in Pirie's [1930] method, which is probably the simplest thus far proposed, the ifitration requires 4-6 hr. It has now been found that this time can be reduced to 20 min. by liberating the glutathione with acetone, extracting the yeast residue with water, and filtering in the presence of a large quantity of infusorial earth. The details of the method are as follows.

Committee on Foods

<h3>VARSITY EXTRA PALE DRY GINGER ALE</h3><h3>Manufacturer.—</h3> The Hibbard Laboratories, Cleveland. <h3>Description.—</h3> Ginger ale; a carbonated beverage prepared from water, sucrose, citric acid, extracts of ginger root, grape and apple, oils of lime and orange and caramel color. <h3>Manufacture.—</h3> Ginger root extract is prepared by steeping macerated ginger root in boiling water. An equal volume of ethyl alcohol and infusorial earth is added to precipitate out gums and resins, and the extract solution is decanted and filtered. The citrus oils and fruit extracts are added to the clear filtrate. The other ingredients in definite proportions are added to the flavoring solution. The final mixture is filtered, filled into bottles, cooled, five volumes of carbon dioxide are introduced under 70 pounds pressure and the bottles are sealed. City water treated with ultraviolet light is used. <h3>Calories.—</h3> 0.3 per gram; 9 per ounce. <h3>Claims of Manufacturer.—</h3> Complies with the United States Department

THE ADSORPTION OF BACTERIOPHAGE WITH KAOLIN AND INFUSORIAL EARTH*

Journal Article THE ADSORPTION OF BACTERIOPHAGE WITH KAOLIN AND INFUSORIAL EARTH Get access MORRIS L. RAKIETEN, MORRIS L. RAKIETEN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar GEORGE A. HUNT GEORGE A. HUNT Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 16, Issue 3, November 1932, Pages 823–831, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117887 Published: 01 November 1932 Article history Received: 26 May 1932 Published: 01 November 1932

Effect of Viosterol on Serum Calcium of Parathyroidectomized Rats.

Recently Hess suggested that the effect of viosterol in raising the serum calcium level was through the parathyroids. This suggestion was based on his observations that in monkeys and dogs fed large doses of viosterol the serum calcium level frequently rose to 13-16 mg. %. After thyroparathyroidectomy, however, large doses of viosterol failed to raise the calcium above the tetanic level. Greenwald reports similar observations with cod liver oil and irradiated ergosterol. On the other hand, Jones, Brougher, Urechia and Popovicius report that antirachitic agents, when given in large doses, are able to raise the serum calcium level and ameliorate the tetanic symptoms in thyroparathyroidectomized animals. The diets in these experiments are either not mentioned or are of an inconstant composition. Greenwald's diets were usually of the high phosphorus and low calcium type, and he attributes the beneficial results of vitamin D in one of his animals to an accidental mixture of calcium in the infusorial earth and that in Brougher's experiments to the administration of milk. In the preceding paper the importance of the calcium and phosphorus of the diet in relation to the serum calcium level after parathyroidectomy was stressed. In the present communication the effect of viosterol and of diet on parathyroid tetany is reported. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. Low calcium and optimal phosphorus diet. (a) When viosterol is added to this diet in dosages of 5% equivalent to cod liver oil† moderate elevation of the serum calcium may be observed after 20 days, and the animals continued on this diet with mild or no tetany for several months. The serum calcium levels ranged between 6.9 to 8.1 mg.%.

Certain Characteristics of the Infectious Processes in Connection with the Influence Exerted on the Immunity Response

Summary The observations described in this paper inform us concerning important properties of the lesions, with the help of which the production of the tuberculin type of sensitiveness is successful. Twenty-four hours after the injection of a large dose of the R1 strain into the testicle, the injection of eggwhite in the same place produces tuberculin type of sensitiveness. When intraparitoneal injections are used, forty-eight-hour intervals were necessary between the two injections. In the production of the sensitiveness the local reaction at the site of the tubercle bacillus injection played the preponderant rôle because only the injection of eggwhite in this place was effective. The intravenous injection of small doses is without effect. At the stage when we injected the eggwhite an acute inflammatory reaction is present, with large accumulation of leucocytes around the injected bacteria. The typical tissue reaction of tuberculosis is not yet developed. The latter is not a prerequisite of the development of the tuberculin type of sensitiveness. It was possible to produce a tuberculin type of sensitiveness with the injection of eggwhite into the testicle of guinea pigs infected with smallpox vaccine. With extensive acute inflammatory processes produced with infusorial earth, tapioca, turpentine, the immunity response of the animals was not influenced. The local reactions produced with the antigenic lipoid substances of the tubercle bacilli also remained without effect. With the soluble substances of the tubercle bacillus we did not succeed in increasing the antigen response. Different considerations make it improbable that the substances of the bacterium are directly responsible for the influence exerted by the lesions on the immunity response. We give also a review of unsuccessful experiments in which we tried to transfer passively the increased response toward the antigens with the products of tuberculous lesions.

The Mechanism of the Lethal Effects of Ultrasonic Radiation

That the lethal effects of ultrasonic waves on protozoa and other single cells could be traced to the cavitation of dissolved gas, has recently been discovered by Johnson. Any gas suffices, apparently; there is no specificity of cavitated oxygen as was found for acceleration of chemical reactions by Schmitt, Johnson and Olson. We have repeated the experiments of Johnson and are able to confirm his results fully. The present communication extends these observations and examines the mechanism of the lethal effect. A large number of microorganisms were tested, including various types of protozoa, rotifers, copepods, Daphnia, etc. In addition to these a number of eggs and embryos of frogs and snails were treated. About 10 cc. of the fluid containing the material to be tested was placed in a glass tube and radiated at atmospheric pressure, and at pressures of 60-80 lb. per square inch. After the minimum lethal dose for those radiated at atmospheric pressure was determined, it was found that an exposure many times this dosage had no effect upon cells radiated under 60-80 lb. pressure. Radiation of frog embryos yielded results which seem to indicate that radiation affects the head region rather preferentially, and that there is a definite selective interference in organogenesis. A study of these effects will be reported later. To test the possibility that the function of the cavitated bubbles is to reflect the waves from their surfaces and thus tend to concentrate the radiation locally, two types of experiments were performed. In the first, cells were radiated in a suspension of infusorial earth, the suspended particles ranging from very small to relatively coarse. In the second, paramecia were allowed to ingest Chinese black which packed the food vacuoles with solid granules.

ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL BUNT (TILLETIA TRITICI, WINT.) IN WHEAT WITH A FORMALIN‐GYPSUM DUST

Summary.A series of experiments over a period of four years is described in which attempts are made to control Bunt in wheat by dressing heavily infected seed with a dry powder or dust composed of formaldehyde and calcined gypsum.Good control was obtained in the first two years when clean seed, artificially infected with bunt spores obtained from crops of different varieties, was used.In the last two years the seed was heavily infected naturally by bunt spores obtained from the same crop. Under these conditions, the formalin‐gypsum powder exercised little or no control of Bunt.The experiments seem to provide some evidence to support the view that Tilletia tritici is a fungus comprising a number of biologic forms.While going to press, attention has been drawn to a paper by J. D. Sayre and R. C. Thomas, which appeared in the October, 1927, number of Science (Vol. LXVI, No. 1713). In this paper the authors give the results of one year's experiments on the control of oat smut using a dry powder incorporating formaldehyde with charcoal or infusorial earth.

Societies and Academies

PARIS. Academy of Sciences, July 28.—M. Guillaume Bigourdan in the chair.—Charles Moureu, Charles Dufraisse, and Marius Badoche: Auto-oxidation and anti oxygen action. The catalytic properties of sulphur and its compounds: generalisation of the phenomenon. A detailed study of the action of sulphur and its compounds in the catalysis of auto-oxidation. Six oxidisable compounds were selected and a large number of inorganic and organic compounds of sulphur taken as catalysts. A summary of the more important results with benzaldehyde acrolein, styrolene, turpentine, linseed oil, and sodium sulphite is given.—J. Bordet: The current theories of anaphylaxy. A critical review of the various theories which have been put forward to explain anaphylactic shock.—Henri Jumelle: Neo-dypsis and Chrysalidocarpus, palm trees of Madagascar.—F. Gau: The equation of the deformation of surfaces.—Siegle and Cretin: The elastic limit and resistance of annealed mild steels in the case of combined traction and torsion.—Th. Vautier: The propagation of explosive waves. An account of experiments on the transmission of sound waves in a tube one metre in diameter and several kilometres in length.—J. Cayrel: The influence of the pressure on the working of wireless detectors with solid contact. The pressure should be such that the mean resistance of the detector is of the same order of magnitude as the impedance of the circuit associated with the detector. If the impedance of the circuit is high the pressure should be small.—F. Wolfers: Interference by diffusion.—P. Lebeau and M. Picon: The action of heat and a vacuum on artificial graphite. In an apparatus described in an earlier paper the authors have utilised an electrically heated graphite tube. A preliminary study of the tube was necessary to determine the nature and amounts of the gases given up to a vacuum on heating. The present communication gives the results obtained.—Robert Stumper: The kinetic study of the decomposition of calcium bicarbonate in aqueous solution by heat.—Mile. Jeanne Liquier: The anomalous rotatory dispersion of acid solutions of nicotine in relation with the concentration in hydrogen ions.—C, Matignon and C. Faurholt: A new synthesis of oxalic acid. At a temperature of about 4700 C. and under a pressure of about 240 atmospheres, carbon monoxide reacts with potassium carbonate and some potassium oxalate is formed. The highest yield was 27 per cent, of potassium oxalate.—A. Cornillot: The constitution of phthalonic acid. Researches on its combinations with aniline. In the reactions studied, phthalonic acid reacts principally as an oxylactone, but a small proportion is clearly shown to react in the ketonic form.—Mme. Pauline Ramart: Molecular transpositions. The preparation and dehydration of 1:1:3-triphenyl-2:2-dimethyl-1-propanol. This compound on heating to 3250 C. in the presence of infusorial earth gives isobutylbenzene and benzo-phenone; dehydrated with acetic anhydride and acetyl chloride, two isomeric hydrocarbons, C23H22, are produced.—E. Asselberghs: The existence of a fault in the French Ardennes.—J. Savornin: Geology of the Haut Guir and of the Moyenne MouloUya (Morocco).—L. Gazaud: Zones of silence. The zone of direct hearing, concentric with a focus of sound emission, is of very limited range; the zone which succeeds it is alternately one of hearing or of silence according to the presence or absence of high compact clouds.—Ph. Schereschewsky and Ph. Wehrle: Perturbation currents and the polar front.—H. Colin and A. Grandsire: Green leaves and chlorotic leaves: the ternary materials.—I. A. Christiansen, G. Hevesy and Sn. Lomholt: Researches by a radio-chemical method on the circulation of lead in the organism. There is an essential difference between the results obtained with bismuth and with lead. The quantities of lead accumulated in the liver and eliminated by the faeces are greater, at the expense of the amounts found in the kidneys and urine. With bismuth the latter organs play the principal part in elimination.—A. Fernbach and I. Stoleru: The influence of the reaction of the medium on the antiseptic properties of the hop. The antiseptic power of hops depends essentially on the hydrogen ion concentration of the culture medium.—E. Kayser and H. Delaval: Contribution to the study of wine yeasts.—Henri Stassano and A. Rollet: The carbonic acid removed from milk by the usual method of pasteurisation. The advantage of treatment in a closed circuit.—A. Demolon and Mile. V. Dupont: The resistance of soils to acidification.—R. Argaud and D. Clermont: The glandular behaviour of the chordome.—Robert Ph. Dollfus: Polyxenia and pro genesis of the meta-cercaria larva of Pleurogenes medians.

Societies and Academies

PARIS. Academy of.' Sciences, July 7.-M. Leon Guignard in the chair.-C. Richet, P. Brodin, and F. Saint-Girons: The immunising action of sodium chloride against anaphylactic injection. The second injection of plasma, which normally causes a violent anaphylactic shock, can be rendered also innocuous by dilution with nine times its volume of an isotonic (0-8 per cent.) solution of common salt. The sodium chloride cannot be replaced by glycose. The plasma injected was from the horse, and dogs were used in the experiments, but the authors regard the immunising action of the salt as general, and not limited to these special cases.- A. Blondel: Some properties of the bipolar diagram of synchronised alternators on a network at constant potential.-V. Grignard and Ed. Urbain: The preparation of phosgene by means of carbon tetrachloride and oleum or ordinary sulphuric acid. The best yield of phosgene in this reaction is obtained with oleum containing 45 per cent, of SO3, and SO,HC1 is left as the residua! product. If the presence of some HC1 in the phosgene is without objection, ordinary sulphuric acid may with advantage be substituted for the oleum, using infusorial earth as catalyst.-M. Emanuele Paterno was elected a correspondant for the section of chemistry in succession to M. G. Charpy, elected member of the division of the applications of science to industry.-V. Karpen: The cause of the adherence of the concrete to th-° iron in armoured concrete constructions.-MM. Anclair?nd Bover-Guillon: An accelerograph.-T- Ubach: Observations of the annular eclipsp of December t, rniS, made at Buenos Aires.-F. Dienert ind F. Wandenbulcke: The action of sodium thiosulphate upon hypocMorites. When a potable water has been treated with hypochlorite, it is necessary to know the exact amount of sodium thio-sulphate to be added to destroy the free chlorine. The course of the reaction is variable, depending on the presence or absence of free carbon dioxide in the water, and a direct laboratory experiment must be made in each case.-M. Lespieau: Cryoscopy in acety-, lene tetrabromide. This substance, when pure, melts at +0-13° C., and has a high cryoscopic constant, 217. -M. Picon: The preparation of some true substituted acetylenes by means of the monosodium derivative of acetylene. A description of the preparation of heptine, decine, and octodecine.-Ch. Manguin and L. J. Simon: The action of concentrated sulphuric acid upon carbon tetrachloride.-S. Posternak: The constitution of the reserve phospho-organic principle of green plants.- A. Krempf: A primitive and essential stage, so far unrecognised, in the development of the Anthozoa.- A. Rochon-Diivigneaud: The double retinal fovca in birds of prey flying by day.

The Mineral Resources of Canada

THE publications of the Geological Survey of Canada have long been characterised by the want of promptness of publication. This defect is, however, to a large extent removed by the new departure made by the section of mines under the direction of Mr. E. D. Ingall. It consists in issuing a series of bulletins, giving in condensed and popular form information regarding the mineral resources of the Dominion, together with particulars of similar occurrences in other countries, which may be of use to mining engineers in Canada. We have received thirteen of these bulletins, and from the information given it is evident that the mineral resources of the Dominion are of a most varied character, and that the mineral industry is in a healthy condition. The subjects dealt with are platinum, coal, asbestos, infusorial earth, manganese, salt, zinc, mica, molybdenum and tungsten, graphite, peat, apatite, and copper.

Origin of the Radiolarian Earth of Barbados

THE Barbados infusorial earth is well known for the beautiful specimens of Polycystina which it contains, but concerning the rock itself, its geological position, and probable mode of formation, little has been written.

NITRO-GLYCERINE AND DYNAMITE.

Washington, D. C., Sept. 12, 1883. Dear Dr. Davis: Having seen in a recent number of theJournalan article concerning the toxic properties of dynamite and nitro-glycerine, it occurred to me that it might be well to say that nitro-glycerine is one of the most dangerous poisons known. A single drop on the tongue of a cow will kill her instantly, and the poisonous property of this explosive, when applied to the surface of the body, is well known to those operatives engaged in its manufacture. Now, dynamite is simply nitro-glycerine spread out upon the surface of the particles of an infusorial earth ( Kieselguhr ), which, by reason of its cupshaped surfaces, allows a greater portion of the nitroglycerine to be spread upon it, in proportion to its bulk, than any other substance at present known. It is thus seen that the nitro-glycerine is simply diluted when made into dynamite,

Infusorial earth and its uses

Infusorial earth and its uses