Infrastructure Support Research Articles

Trends and Implications of Emerging Markets and New Destinations for the Hospitality and Tourism Sector in Canada

Purpose: The study sought to analyze the trends and implications of emerging markets and new destinations for the hospitality and tourism sector.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: Canada's hospitality and tourism sector is expanding into emerging markets and diversifying beyond traditional destinations. This shift towards sustainability and technology integration is improving the visitor experience and attracting eco-conscious travelers. Enhanced accessibility and economic benefits underscore the need for strategic collaboration to maximize opportunities while ensuring responsible tourism development.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Diffusion of innovation theory, Resource-based theory & Market segmentation theory may be used to anchor future studies in the trends and implications of emerging markets and new destinations for the hospitality and tourism sector. Hospitality businesses should tailor their offerings to cater to the unique needs and preferences of travelers in emerging destinations, while also ensuring sustainability and cultural sensitivity in their operations. Policymakers should prioritize the development of supportive regulatory frameworks and infrastructure to attract investment and foster tourism growth in emerging destinations.

Investigating the Management of COVID-19 Pandemic Risks in Primary Schools: A Case of Public Primary Schools in Lindi Region, Southern Tanzania

The spread of COVID-19 in the year 2020 put various nations at risk, especially in social, economic, and educational aspects. School closure was employed as one of the response measures against the spread of this virus. However, the measure imposed high social and educational risks with consequences of a massive drop academically. This study investigated the management of the COVID-19 pandemic risks in primary schools in the Lindi region in Tanzania intending to suggest the essence of having a risk management plan for indeterminate outbreaks and other uncertainties to avoid the recurrence of the risks. The study adopted a qualitative case study design which allowed an in-depth data collection through one-on-one interviews and observation methods. Thematic analysis was adopted to analyze the data for this inquiry. Findings revealed that the targeted schools were able to manage the COVID-19 pandemic risks even though the management was done locally due to the lack of risk management plans in the schools. Furthermore, it was discovered that there was no budget set to deal with the emerging risks. Headteachers from the investigated schools went as far as using part of their salaries to tackle the emerging risks as a result of school closure. Additionally, findings also revealed that during school closure teachers were unprepared on how to conduct the teaching and learning processes amongst the pupils through distance mode. Despite several endeavors to try to ensure pupils continue to learn in their homes, the strategies were not successful due to inadequate Information and Communication Technology (ICT) knowledge and skills among the teachers, parents, and pupils as well as insufficient supportive distance learning infrastructures such as ICT equipment and the internet. Consequently, proper implementation of distance teaching and learning during school closure was impaired due to the lack of risk management plans in schools. It is recommended that the risk management plan be developed to ensure that teaching and learning processes are never hampered by emergencies.

Examining Technology Use and Competence of Higher Education Academics During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objectives: The present study describes the utilization frequency and competencies of educational technologies among academics at a university in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Participants were 391 faculty members and lecturers working in the faculties and vocational schools of a Turkish university during the 2020–2021 academic year. A survey included questions regarding the use of educational technologies and perceived competency in the use of those technologies. Results: Academics are more familiar with distance education than hybrid or blended learning. Academics reported that blended learning, hybrid learning, and distance education provide more effective education on integrating technology but report that they mostly prefer face-to-face teaching after the COVID-19 pandemic. The top three self-reported competencies are MS Office, the university academic information system, and meeting and course management tools. More information is needed about educational technology approaches and various applications such as augmented reality, simulations, assessments, and video tools. Conclusion: Faculty use of digital tools is limited, they experience significant deficiencies in using various digital tools and systems, and they are less competent in applying these tools. Academics still consider traditional face-to-face teaching as the primary choice if they are free to make decisions in the context of education and training. Thus, there is a need for professional development focused on pedagogical educational technology approaches, models, and methodologies. Implications: Various factors such as the course type, subject matter, education level, technical infrastructure, and technological and methodological support should be evaluated within the context of digitizing universities.

Competition and Coordination: Regional Dynamics in the Rise of China’s New Energy Vehicle Industry

Studies on China’s success in the electric vehicle industry overlook the role of regional clustering and regional electric vehicle policies in supporting sustainable production and consumption. This paper adopts a mixed-method policy inventory and analysis to examine the rise of the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry in China’s Greater Bay Area. It also systematically analyses the policies implemented by the central government, province, and cities in building a sustainable regional industry. A core dilemma is that cities are competing with one another for NEV development, yet regional industrial development requires coordination and cooperation. Examining the four policy areas of production, consumption, infrastructure support, and pollution suppression reveals that the competition among cities can be a driving force for the adoption of sustainable technology when supported by regional policy coordination.

Applying Montessori Education Philosophy in preschool education in Vietnam

The Montessori educational philosophy, founded by Maria Montessori, emphasizes the holistic development of preschool children, focusing on their innate abilities and fostering independence and self-regulation. In Vietnam, the application of Montessori principles in preschool education has gained traction, albeit with several challenges. This paper assesses the implementation of Montessori education in Vietnamese preschools, examining successful cases and existing hurdles. Drawing from a range of sources, including scholarly articles, books, and dissertations, the analysis highlights the shortage of adequately trained Montessori teachers, high tuition fees, and misconceptions about the Montessori approach. The study proposes solutions such as enhancing teacher training, international collaboration, and improving infrastructure and financial support for Montessori preschools. Furthermore, the paper underscores the significance of applying Montessori principles in Vietnamese early childhood education and suggests future directions for development. By adhering to Montessori's core principles and addressing the identified challenges, this approach has the potential to optimize preschool children's capacities and contribute to the nation's future development.

Marburg virus in Tanzania: examining emergence, consequences, and mitigation approaches

The first-ever Marburg virus disease (MVD) outbreak in Tanzania serves as a stark warning of the vulnerability of the entire world to newly emerging infectious diseases. This article looks at the causes of Tanzania’s susceptibility to MVD, containment efforts, and strategies to stop further outbreaks. The analysis emphasizes the significance of addressing socio-economic variables, environmental issues, and community participation in addition to healthcare infrastructure and surveillance systems for long-term health security. It highlights the requirement for a concerted effort on the part of governments, international organizations, and local communities, as well as ongoing financial support for public health infrastructure. The opinion also urges regional collaboration and coordination, as well as the adoption of a learning attitude to incorporate lessons from this and other outbreaks for enhancing and perfecting public health policies. We can contribute to global efforts to prevent and limit future infectious disease outbreaks and protect the health of communities around the world by adopting a thorough, proactive, and evidence-based strategy.

The Existence and the Role of Islamic Education Institutions in the Era of Industry 4.0 Revolution: A Case Study of Central Alkhairaat Education Institution in Palu City, Indonesia

Islamic education institutions in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 are facing several challenges, such as the harmony between the development of science and technology. One example occurred in the Alkhairaat educational institution, where the school paid attention to the formation of student character in each lesson, but this institution did not optimally use learning support facilities in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. Therefore, the researcher intends to analyze the existence and role of Islamic educational institutions in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 Era (Study. This study used a qualitative approach, and the data was gathered through in-depth field observation, interviews, and document analysis. The data was analyzed by using a matrix style and the validity of the data was tested through the triangulation method. The results of the study show that the existence and role of the Alkhairaat educational institution in the 4.0 revolution era was assessed based on McKinsey's 7S theory, indicating that the measurement of the seven elements in McKinsey's 7S theory has been carried out well. However, the utilization of learning support infrastructure has not been optimally implemented, but the Alkhairaat institution has succeeded in producing students who have morals in accordance with the vision and mission of the Alkhairaat institution. The students practice Islamic education, Islamic teachings, and social activities that are by Islamic values such as monotheism values, sharia values and moral values. As such all members of Alkhairaat institution can fortify itself from the negative influences of industry 4.0 impact.

More than just 'added value': The perils of not establishing shared core facilities in resource-constrained communities.

The accelerating pace of technological advancements necessitates specialised expertise and cutting-edge instruments to maintain competitive research in life sciences. Core facilities - collaborative laboratories equipped with state-of-the-art tools and staffed by expert personnel - are vital resources that support diverse scientific endeavours. However, their adoption in lower-income communities has been comparatively stagnant due to both financial and cultural challenges. This paper explores the perils of not supporting core facilities on national research enterprises, underscoring the need for balanced investments in discovery science and crucial infrastructure support. We explore the implications from the perspectives of funders, university leaders and lab heads. We advocate for a paradigm shift to recognise these facilities as essential components of national research efforts. Core facilities are positioned not as optional but as strategic investments that can catalyse breakthroughs, particularly in environments with limited resources.

Investigating students’ perceptions of single-use plastics at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa

ABSTRACT Single-use plastics have become interconnected with human populations globally, yet, studies on plastic pollution and practices have predominantly been conducted outside Africa. This study explored perceptions of single-use plastics at the University of the Witwatersrand, with 1398 respondents in an online survey and 18 in a solicited diary during 2019. Despite social media and research exposure amongst university students, only 57% of respondents were familiar with the term single-use plastics. However, respondents displayed considerable pro-environmental attitudes relating to plastic pollution and recycling. These attitudes did not translate into pro-environmental behaviour in daily life, whereby 88% of respondents believed that single-use plastics are used with too many products, yet, only 22% avoid products which incorporate them. Respondents faced constraints in their pro-environmental behaviour relating to recycling infrastructure, re-use and the expense of alternative products. Negative perceptions exist towards single-use plastics in South Africa due to their ubiquitous pollution and presence in daily consumption practices. Increased pro-environmental behaviour provides an opportunity to curb plastic pollution and rethink consumption patterns. However, changing attitudes alone to stem the tide of plastic consumption and pollution will be meaningless without supportive recycling infrastructure from the government and reduced single-use, non-recyclable plastic production.

Pedagogical Strategies for Enhancing Online Collaboration

Purpose: The main objective of this study was to examine the pedagogical strategies for enhancing online collaboration among learners.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to pedagogical strategies for enhancing online collaboration. The study provides insights into effective pedagogical strategies for fostering collaboration in online education, emphasizing structured group activities, peer feedback, social media integration, instructor presence, gamification, and cultural sensitivity. It highlights the importance of designing collaborative learning experiences that engage learners, promote interaction, and build community. The findings underscore the pivotal role of instructors in guiding collaborative efforts and fostering a supportive online environment. Continuous research and professional development are essential to enhance the quality of online collaboration, empower learners, and address emerging challenges in digital learning.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social Constructivism, Community of Inquiry framework and the Connectivism theory may be used to anchor future studies on pedagogical strategies for enhancing online collaboration. The study on pedagogical strategies for enhancing online collaboration recommends that educators diversify collaborative learning activities, leverage technology tools, foster a sense of community, provide scaffolding and support, and support faculty development and infrastructure to create enriching online learning experiences for students. By incorporating these recommendations, educators, instructional designers, policymakers, and educational institutions can promote collaboration, engagement, and success in online courses, ultimately enhancing the quality and effectiveness of online education.

Exploring challenges and perceptions in the learning environment: an online qualitative study of medical students

BackgroundThe teaching and learning environment (TLE) in medical schools is critical for shaping the outcomes and competencies of graduates. Research on TLE has highlighted its influence on student learning approaches and outcomes, yet gaps remain, particularly in qualitative insights, especially in Saudi Arabian contexts. This study aims to explore the students’ experiences and perceptions of the TLE in a new medical college.MethodsThis qualitative study consisted of a total of five focus group discussions (3consequtive sessions for male group and two for female group) conducted virtually using the Zoom videoconferencing application. All the discussion sessions took place during a lockdown because of the COVID-19 pandemic between December 2020 and February 2021. Each session lasted for 45–60 min. Each group was formed of 4–5 students from different academic levels in the Majmaah medical school, which was established 10 years ago and is located in a small city. After “verbatim transcription” of the sessions was made, a framework thematic analysis of the data was performed using the NVivo software.ResultsThe study results revealed that various elements, such as educational content, faculty roles, and personal factors, collectively influenced the students’ educational experiences. The students valued educational relevance and autonomous decision-making. The multifunctional role of faculty as mentors, evaluators, and resource providers was considered essential in enhancing academic experiences. Additionally, there was an evident need to improve the physical learning environment and facilities to adapt to emerging educational needs. These results align with existing literature, emphasizing the integration of theory and practice and the significant impact of faculty roles in academic experiences.ConclusionThe findings suggest that medical colleges should involve students more in decision-making related to their education and ensure the practical relevance of the educational content. Establishing open communication channels between students and faculty who act as mentors and evaluators is also essential. Furthermore, enhancing supportive infrastructures, such as mental health and financial services, and promoting extracurricular activities are crucial for fostering a more effective and nurturing learning environment.

Online Decision Support Infrastructures for Integrating Spatial Planning and Flood Risk Management Policies

Accessible geospatial data are crucial for informed decision making and policy development in urban planning, environmental governance, and hazard mitigation. Spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) have been implemented to facilitate such data access. However, with the rapid advancements in geospatial software and modelling tools, it is important to re-visit the theoretical discussion about the different roles of data-focused SDIs and decision support and modelling tools, particularly in relation to their different impacts on policy making and policy integration. This research focuses on addressing this issue within the specific context of policy integration in spatial planning and flood risk management. To investigate this, an experiment was conducted comparing a data-focused SDI, the Myplan Viewer, with a prototype Internet-based Spatially Integrated Policy Infrastructure (SIPI). The findings reveal that the SIPI, which provides access to both data and decision support and modelling tools, significantly enhances policy integration compared to the Myplan Viewer. Moreover, drawing upon communicative action theory, this study underscores that while data-focused SDIs support instrumental goals, they possess limitations in facilitating trade-offs and balancing diverse interests in the policy-making process, particularly in supporting strategic and communicative actions.

The Impact of Laguna Beach Tourism on Social Change in the Community of Pao-Pao Village, Tanete Rilau District, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi

This study aims to determine the condition and management of the Laguna beach tourist destination and describe the socio-economic impact of Laguna beach tourism on the social changes of the people of Pao-Pao Village, Tanete Rilau District, Barru Regency. This research was conducted in January-February 2022. The sampling method used was the purvosive sampling method with the following criteria, informants and the entire community who were considered to know in-depth information and problems and could be trusted as valid data sources and were willing to be interviewed. The data sources used are primary data and secondary data. In Laguna beach tourism there are socio-economic impacts that affect the survival of the community which are felt by managers, traders/business actors and the local community, where the social impact on Laguna beach tourism, the community experiences changes in people's thinking patterns in responding to education and the times so that social interaction develops. over time, but it can still be monitored and overcome if it is negative and the economic impact that occurs, the community can open a business/sell-sell so as to increase their income. In improving the social welfare of the community, it can be done by developing lagoon beach tourism with the support of good facilities and infrastructure, cleanliness and safety as well as socio-economic impacts that provide social change for the community, whether it is a decent and harmonious life, even though the changes require a long period of time.

Media Choice and Public Participation in the Budget Making Process for Nyeri County

Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Media Choice on Public Participation in the Budget Making Process in Nyeri County.
 Methodology: The study population constituted all the residents operating and living in Nyeri County, Nyeri County Government officials and leaders from both the County Executive and County Assembly. The study applied a descriptive study design and used both primary and secondary data that was obtained from public participation reports, publications, and interviews with county government officials, budget committee members and questionnaires to the MCAs, residents, staff of the County Assembly. Stratified random sampling was used to select and identify respondents from Nyeri County residents’ attendees in public participation fora and a further random sampling to obtain respondents from the Wards. Strata and purposive sampling was used to get key informants from the County Executive and County Assembly. A sample size of 72 general respondents and 12 key informants was used. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected using a study questionnaire and interview guides respectively. Qualitative data was represented using study themes or goals and was discussed in narrative. The quantitative data was sorted and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. The findings were presented using tables and graphs
 Findings: A regression correlation analysis of the data showed that the independent variables (social media =0.044, for print media = 0.047) were significant with p values of less than 0.05 - the predetermined significance level – to imply that the results were statistically significant. The p value for radio station was 0.326, greater than 0.05, thus not significant in its effect on public participation in the budget making process in the County Government of Nyeri. From the data collected, great importance was placed on vernacular and community radio stations which are potential channels for communicating pertinent information on the budget making process. The research found out other factors that determine effectiveness of public participation to include public’s awareness of its rights, individual understanding of the processes, and level of education and prevailing support infrastructure.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Medium Theory and Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Participation Model informed the study variables and approach. Further research is recommended to explore other variables. The study findings will help planners and implementers at the County level when setting out to engage the public for their participation in the County’s development agenda. .

DIGITALISED TALENT MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC SECTOR: A LESSON LEARNED FROM THE WEST JAVA PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

Objective: This empirical study aims to address the existing gap in scholarly research pertaining to talent management within the public sector. Specifically concentrating on the West Java Provincial Government in Indonesia, the research investigates the practical implementation of digital-based talent management for civil service personnel through a case study approach. Methods: The research adopts a qualitative methodology employing interviews, observation, and documentation studies to delve into the intricacies of talent management within the governmental context. Result and Conclusion: The findings underscore the pivotal role of talent management in upholding the merit system, ensuring equitable and objective placement in critical positions. Implementation strategies encompass various steps, ultimately leading to the realization of benefits from a digitalized approach, including the generation of comprehensive and measurable talent data. The digital transformation not only enhances Human Resources management but also promotes objectivity and operational efficiency. Implication of the research: This study bears significance in emphasizing the critical factors contributing to successful digital-based talent management implementation, namely top leadership commitment, HR manager capability, and IT infrastructure support. These insights provide practical implications for organizations seeking to enhance talent management practices within the public sector. Originality: While contributing valuable insights into the talent management process, it is imperative to acknowledge the limitations of this study, primarily its exclusive focus on the procedural aspects without exploring the subsequent impact on individual or organizational performance. Future research endeavors could leverage our findings as a foundational reference, expanding upon these areas for a more comprehensive understanding.

Investigating green initiatives at South African public universities

Purpose: All institutions of higher learning including public universities in South Africa must participate in green programmes in order to be considered socially responsible. This requires a better understanding of the green environment and green initiatives. Hence, the primary objective is to identify and investigate the existing green initiatives implemented at South African universities.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: The study investigated five key green initiatives: 1) Renewable energy generation and consumption. 2) Water-saving technology and consumption. 3) Waste management. 4) Sustainable buildings. 5) Personnel training and awareness creation. A five-point Likert scale collected data across 18 criteria measuring the five green initiatives. University managers completed and returned 149 questionnaires but only 144 were usable.
 Findings: The data has marginal reliability (α=0.412), acceptable sample adequacy (KMO=0.531) and significance at the 95% confidence level (p≤0.05). The results show that universities implement 20-25% of their green initiatives. The exploratory factor analysis identified seven factors explaining a cumulative variance of 56.14%. They are: 1) Recovering natural resources and recycling. 2) Supportive infrastructure. 3) Reallocation of resources. 4) Conservation of natural resources. 5) Leadership involvement and improved communication. 6) Improved technology.7) Efficient use of financial resources.
 Conclusion: This research contributes to the "going green at universities" of knowledge in South Africa. It is valuable to students, researchers, communities and the department of education in their pursuit to implement green initiatives at universities.

The Role of Social Support and Academic Infrastructure on Student Learning Achievement with Learning Intensity

This research is based on the research gap between the involvement of social support and academic infrastructure on student learning achievement. High or low social support has no effect on learning achievement, but if it is mediated by learning intensity, there is an influence on learning achievement. The aim of the research is to examine the influence of Social Support and Academic Infrastructure on Academic Achievement with mediation in the form of Learning Intensity for Muhammadiyah University Gresik students. The location of the research was at Muhammadiyah University Gresik which has a population of 5,411 people. This research uses quantitative methods with a population of all Muhammadiyah University Gresik students, using Stratified Random Sampling for each faculty. The number of samples obtained was 372 respondents. The results of this research show that (1) Social Support does not have a significant influence on Learning Achievement, (2) Academic Infrastructure has a significant influence on Learning Achievement, (3) Learning Intensity has a significant influence on Learning Achievement, (4) Social Support also influences Learning Intensity, ( 5) Academic Infrastructure has a significant effect on Learning Achievement, (6) For the results of the indirect effect test through the mediating variable Learning Intensity, Social Support has a significant effect on Learning Achievement with the mediation of Learning Intensity, (7) Academic Infrastructure has a significant effect on Learning Achievement with the mediation of Intensity.

Інфраструктура підтримки малого підприємництва в україні

The article reveals the essence of the infrastructure structure that supports small businesses as an environment and the conditions for producing goods/services. The classification of the infrastructure of the support system for small and medium-sized businesses has been given. The small business support infrastructure components have been singled out: financial and credit, organizational and legal, informational and consulting, production and technical, social and environmental. Attention has been focused on the peculiarities of the functioning of infrastructure facilities supporting small businesses (business centers, business incubators, innovative business incubators, scientific and technological centers, technology transfer centers, small business support funds, leasing funds, consulting centers, other enterprises, institutions, and organizations) depending on the level of their function (state, regional, local). An analysis of small business support infrastructure facilities as of the end of 2023 was carried out. It has been found that the extensiveness of the infrastructure created by the state is used as one of the criteria for assessing the level of state support for the development of small businesses. It has been proposed to evaluate the innovative infrastructure of small business support of a separate region, considering the Digital Transformation Index, which includes the following sub-indices: institutional capacity, access to the internet, development of the Administrative Service Centers (TsNAPs), implementation of the paperless regime, digital education, the business card of the region, penetration of basic e-services, sectoral digital transformation. Keywords: small business, support infrastructure, infrastructure facility, innovative infrastructure, digital transformation.

NEP 2020 and Inclusive Education in India

Abstract: Education plays a pivotal role in all of our lives and paves the way for all of us to reach our highest potential. An educated person can become a great citizen in society. The modern, developed and industrialised world is running on the wheels of education. Quality education, is a major catalyst of development in families across India. NEP 2020 emphasizes upon inculcating Inclusive educational structure and inclusive educational culture in our school education system through infrastructural support and by making corresponding changes in curriculum incorporating materials on human values such as respect for all persons, empathy, tolerance etc NEP recognises the importance of providing quality education to the children with special needs similar as provided to the other children at all levels of education. This policy ensures that every child with special needs deserve for the meaningful and quality education. Inclusive education is a new approach to education that emphasizes access to education under one roof for traditionally excluded groups – especially children with and without disabilities and those who speak minority languages etc. Thus, inclusive education can greatly help reduce discrimination against children with disabilities and promote equality, access and rights to education and care. For that it is essential that schools try to include such learning methods in the curriculum.

Overview Implementation of Precast U-Ditch Drainage Construction on Jalan Otto Iskandardinata

The increasing use of transportation infrastructure in Indonesia demands the development of facilities and infrastructure to enhance the quality of public services. Kalimantan Timur is a rapidly growing province. The rising population of Kalimantan Timur necessitates the construction of supportive facilities and infrastructure. Drainage refers to the action or process of draining/disposing of water, resulting from human activities like household wastewater, industrial wastewater, as well as natural processes such as rain, water accumulation, floods, and groundwater level reduction. The Drainage Project aims to improve the drainage system to reduce flood and waterlogging risks while preserving water quality, accommodating the growth of the population and the need for supporting infrastructure like housing, schools, and healthcare facilities. In the Drainage Development Project on Jalan Otto Iskandardinata, the precast concrete method with dimensions of 100x70x20 is used. The implementation of the U-Ditch Precast Drainage Project on Jalan Otto Iskandardinata is expected to alleviate flood issues. Before commencing the work, various tests such as the Slump Test, Compressive Strength Test, Hammer Test, and Tensile Strength Test are conducted to ensure compliance with the required specifications. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) measures have been applied to the Drainage Project. Each stage of the project's implementation must be supervised by field inspectors to ensure the project runs smoothly and meets the required quality standards.