Wireless Network Infrastructure Research Articles

Regional IP Allocation Techniques Using Drones

Drones, which were initially developed for military applications, have recently been studied and applied to various fields. In this paper, we propose a DANET algorithm that uses a large number of drones to build a wireless communication network infrastructure, and in situations where communication is not possible, such as in disaster areas, we propose a DANET algorithm that uses drones to form a network so that nodes that want to join the network can efficiently acquire IP addresses without collision. In a DANET, a pool of IP addresses is gradually passed to the drones in the next zone in blocks, and the drones in each zone distribute IPs to newly joining nodes, thereby increasing the IP address allocation rate and reducing the IP allocation time to form a temporary but efficient network. Drones assign their own IP addresses through simple Request and Response message exchanges with land-based stations or M-Droin (Mother Droin) in the divided zones that can assign IP addresses. Therefore, DANET can completely eliminate the process of IP collision avoidance (Duplicate Address Detection) and the process of network separation or integration caused by the movement of ships. This paper presents a new possibility for building wireless network infrastructure in unconnected areas such as disaster areas by performing simulations under various conditions to verify the applicability of DANET.

Investigations on OFDM UAV-based free-space optical transmission system with scintillation mitigation for optical wireless communication-to-ground links in atmospheric turbulence

The potential integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with free space optical (FSO) communication systems stands as a promising innovation in the realm of wireless network infrastructures. This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the application of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in conjunction with UAV-based FSO technology, with a specific focus on establishing robust wireless communication links to ground sites within the evolving landscape of 5G networks. The research introduces a pioneering 4-level quadrature amplitude modulation (4-QAM)-OFDM-FSO framework tailored for UAV-to-ground communication, revolutionizing the prospects for seamless and high-throughput data transmission within dynamic network environments. Through comprehensive simulations and theoretical analyses, we unveil the system's efficacy in mitigating atmospheric turbulence, achieving heightened signal integrity, and ensuring performance adaptability over varying link distances, thus significantly addressing present limitations in traditional wireless communication models. Anchored within the context of modern wireless network infrastructures, this work serves as a crucial stepping stone for the practical application of OFDM-UAV-FSO communication systems, representing a paradigm shift in fostering resilient and agile wireless connectivity in the era of 5G networks. The inception of cutting-edge wireless networks expected to outperform the capabilities of 5G necessitates an infrastructure that can handle vast amounts of data. This infrastructure must be not only cost-effective and simple to deploy but also readily scalable to accommodate the diverse demands of front-haul and backhaul applications. Motivated by the growing interest in harnessing UAVs to extend the reach and enhance the operational efficacy of conventional cellular networks, this work introduces a novel application of UAV-ground station connections. The concept employs FSO to facilitate network traffic within both the segments. To optimize throughput, resilience, and spectral efficiency, the application of OFDM is proposed. The research considers the transmission of a 20 Gbps 4-QAM data signal across various channel conditions. It thoroughly assesses the performance implications of factors such as transmission distance and beam divergence. The study explores the correlation between pointing error, scintillation, beam divergence angle, and average spectral efficiency. A slight increase in pointing error results in a rapid rise in the scintillation index, while a larger beam divergence angle can help minimize the impact of scintillation. Adapting the beam's divergence angle based on the pointing error between the optical transceivers can reduce the effects of scintillation and improve the average spectral efficiency and channel capacity. Additionally, the relationship between pointing error, scintillation, and the determination of the optical beam divergence angle in terms of beam divergence and average spectral efficiency and channel capacity is examined, and theoretical evaluations further confirm the method's effectiveness in reducing scintillation in the presence of pointing errors. Furthermore, the simultaneous use of OFDM adaptive beam divergence control and modulation could significantly enhance the data rate. This approach aims to reduce the impact of scintillation in UAV FSO links, which often experience significant losses due to unpredictable fluctuations in the atmosphere's refractive index. The results of the simulations indicate that the integrated 4-QAM-OFDM-FSO framework can realize high data transmission rates, efficiently serving front-haul and backhaul needs, thereby signifying a significant evolutionary leap for the next generation of wireless technology. The numerical findings demonstrate the significant impact of the coherent FSO OFDM optical wireless communication (OWC) setup in UAV wireless communications to ground links, particularly in mitigating the effects of strong turbulence and pointing errors (PEs). Through the integration of spatial coherence diversity and adaptive modulation OFDM in the coherent OWC, there has been a noticeable enhancement in the average spectral efficiency (ASE). Notably, our results indicate an ASE of 53 bits/s/Hz and 37 bits/s/Hz achieved at an average transmitted optical power of 10 dBm for an aperture diameter of 10 cm, without and with PEs for the coherent OWC-FSO OFDM UAV technique, respectively. The proposed method was validated through simulations, demonstrating both improved average spectral efficiency and effective reduction of the scintillation effect. This approach holds promise for mitigating scintillation effects in UAV-FSO links.

Vehicle Tracking System for Small Scale Areas Using Wireless Sensor Network

A real-time vehicle tracking system is designed for specific covering zones based on wireless sensor network (WSN) technology. In this designed WSN infrastructure the location of the vehicles is tracked using a Neo-6MV2 UBLOX GPS module which is placed on the vehicles. Furthermore, the Enhanced ShockBurst protocol is employed to transmit wirelessly acquired location data to a master/center (destination) node using the NRF24101+PA LNA modules. The location information of the vehicle is graphically represented for a security center using an ADO.net-based desktop application. It is used to record the vehicle location information at certain time intervals (minutes) in the MSSQL database. This system intimates the system administrator about the long ques/waiting time of vehicles outside the premeditated area. After the successful deployment of the proposed WSN system, it has been substantiated that the proposed system can be used as an alternative to other wireless network infrastructures like WIFI or GSM for the small-scale areas vehicle tracking.

Towards Multi-user Access Fairness in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted Wireless Networks

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) provides additional physical channels to existing wireless network infrastructure and has attracted intensive research attention to enhance the communication capacity and extend additional user accommodation. Existing RIS researches mainly focus on optimizing the physical-layer channel utilization, and have yet to consider the multi-user fairness of the medium access process when involving the RIS channel. This article shows that RIS can lead to severely unbalanced access opportunities among RIS-assisted users and others from the experimental analysis. Specifically, we demonstrate that due to the capture effect and unbalanced receiving rate of management frames, RIS-assisted users can have unfair competitive priorities to normal users without RIS resources. To overcome such unfair access issues, we propose a novel antiunfair algorithm that allows equal access opportunities for all kinds of users in a RIS-assisted network. Specifically, we optimize the management frames' modulation and coding scheme (MCS) selections to fight against unexpected bias to balance the access opportunities. We have conducted an experimental evaluation with a practical RIS system showing that the proposed antiunfair algorithm can significantly alleviate the fairness problem without compromising the network performance.

Roles of Wireless Networks in Bridging the Rural Smart Infrastructural Divide

The past decade has seen a rise in the availability of modern information and communication technologies (ICTs) for developing smart societies and communities. However, the smart divide, characterized by inequalities in ICT infrastructures, software access, and individual capabilities, remains a significant barrier for rural communities. Limited empirical studies exist that explore what and how ICT infrastructures can be developed to bridge the smart divide. The paper aimed to address rural broadband access in the context of infrastructural dimensions of smart divide (i.e., smart infrastructural divide) in the United States, focusing on the wireless network infrastructure’s role in narrowing the gap. It examined the broadband specifications needed for smart applications like smart education and telehealth, emphasizing the importance of wireless network capabilities. While fixed broadband offers higher speeds, wireless networks can support many smart applications with decent flexibility and ease of access. To further understand the implications of wireless broadband to rural communities, we conducted a case study in Carbondale and Cairo, two rural towns in Southern Illinois, using on-site user-inspired speed testing. An Android application was developed to measure download/upload speeds and Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) for broadband quality. Results suggest both Carbondale and Cairo experienced below-average speeds with high variability among census blocks, which highlights the need for improved wireless network infrastructure. The paper culminated in the technological and policy recommendations to narrow down the smart infrastructural divide.

Analisis Performansi Algoritma LEACH-C pada Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network infrastructure that requires sensor nodes to process information and communicate. Small sensor nodes generally use batteries as their energy source, causing sensor nodes to have limited power, therefore energy efficiency is needed to extend network life. The solution to overcome these problems is by using the clustering method. In this study the cluster-based routing algorithm used is LEACH-C which can function to allocate overall energy consumption between sensor nodes. In this study, LEACH-C divides the network into several clusters, each of which has a cluster head (CH). cluster head is performed at the base station based on the average energy size of all nodes. The research simulation uses a scenario of changing nodes 50, 100, and 150. The simulation results show that the number of nodes affects the value of energy consumption, the number of data packets received, and the number of packet losses.

PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZING THE 5G NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE

Trends in the development of the network infrastructure of future wireless networks have been established. The interrelation between the construction of a network information infrastructure and technologies to reduce the environmental impact in 5G networks is noted. The use of vRAN technology, which allows to reduce total carbon dioxide emissions, is considered. 5G network services are presented, leading to an increase in total energy consumption in these networks. The limitations of the 5G network infrastructure associated with the use of slicing technology are shown.

Opportunistic airborne virtual network infrastructure for urban wireless networks

We study the suitability of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as purely opportunistic airborne virtual network infrastructure to support urban wireless networks, specifically in two Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) use cases: First, UAVs being used as relays for cooperative awareness applications; second, UAVs being used to coordinate channel access for platooning in urban areas. We do not require that these UAVs alter trajectory nor speed from those of their random, unrelated primary missions, so that these additional tasks can be executed with close-to-zero impact on the execution of their primary missions. Based on extensive computer simulations we show that, within a wide band of acceptable speeds, flight routes (up to a standard deviation of 300m from the optimum) as well as altitudes, opportunistic relaying of transmissions via UAVs can yield a benefit to system performance that is on the same order of magnitude as that of optimally deployed UAVs. We further show that an opportunistic channel access control can reduce the total number of packet collisions by approx. 86% compared to a scenario without any UAVs. Moreover, much of the reduction in impact due to suboptimal missions can be recovered simply by moderately increasing the number of UAVs.

An Improved Quality of Service Design for Real-Time Services Over Future Generation Wireless Networks using Blockchain Technology

The sixth generation of wireless networks, or 6G, is expected to provide unprecedented levels of connectivity and communication capabilities. It is essential to make sure that the underlying infrastructure is dependable, secure, and trustworthy in order to meet the growing demand for high-speed and low-latency communication services. A flexible and scalable solution is also provided by the proposed infrastructure, which is essential to meet future demand for high-speed and low-latency communication services. Blockchain technology has been recognized as a possible option due to its capacity to offer security, accountability, and transparency. The proposed infrastructure is designed using permissioned distributed ledgers, which provide an efficient and secure solution to improve accountability, transparency, and security in the delivery of wireless services. The proposed method makes use of the benefits of permissioned distributed ledger technology and blockchain technology to provide a dependable and trustworthy infrastructure for 6G wireless networks. The proposed solution is modular and easily extendable, allowing for the integration of new services and applications as they become available

Enhancing the security of quality of service-oriented distributed routing protocol for hybrid wireless network

Merging the wireless infrastructure network with the wireless mobile ad-hoc networks constitutes hybrid wireless networks (HWNs). Quality of service (QoS) demands are available with the help of HWNs. However, these networks are subjected to many types of attacks because of their open wireless medium. To enhance the security of HWNs, it is necessary to provide secure routing protocols. Several routing protocols have been proposed for HWNs, one of them is the quality of service-oriented distributed (QOD) routing protocol. In this paper, two security mechanisms have been proposed for the QOD protocol. The first mechanism is used to protect transmitted data in the network using asymmetric and symmetric cryptography. The second mechanism has been proposed to enhance the security of the QOD routing protocol using keyed hash message authentication code (HMAC). The second security mechanism assumed that there is a secret key shared between each pair of neighbor nodes. Also, asymmetric cryptography is used to exchange the secret key. The secret key is used to include the message authentication code (MAC) for each message exchanged between the neighbor nodes. A network simulator NS2 is used to simulate our proposed schemes.

Energy Efficient Multi-hop routing scheme using Taylor based Gravitational Search Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

A group of small sensors can participate in the wireless network infrastructure and make appropriate transmission and communication sensor networks. There are numerous uses for drones, including military, medical, agricultural, and atmospheric monitoring. The power sources available to nodes in WSNs are restricted. Furthermore, because of this, a diverse method of energy availability is required, primarily for communication over a vast distance, for which Multi-Hop (MH) systems are used. Obtaining the optimum routing path between nodes is still a significant problem, even when multi-hop systems reduce the cost of energy needed by every node along the way. As a result, the number of transmissions must be kept to a minimum to provide effective routing and extend the system's lifetime. To solve the energy problem in WSN, Taylor based Gravitational Search Algorithm (TBGSA) is proposed, which combines the Taylor series with a Gravitational search algorithm to discover the best hops for multi-hop routing. Initially, the sensor nodes are categorised as groups or clusters and the maximum capable node can access the cluster head the next action is switching between multiple nodes via a multi-hop manner. Initially, the best (CH) Cluster Head is chosen using the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm, and then the data is transmitted utilizing multi-hop routing. The comparison result shows out the extension of networks longevity of the proposed method with the existing EBMRS, MOGA, and DMEERP methods. The network lifetime of the proposed method increased by 13.2%, 21.9% and 29.2% better than DMEERP, MOGA, and EBMRS respectively.

AI in SAGIN: Building Deep Learning Service-Oriented Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks

In next-generation mobile communications, spaceair- ground integrated networks (SAGINs) is an emerging infrastructure in future wireless access networks. Since artificial intelligence (AI) applications become more and more important, it is essential to build a deep learning service-oriented SAGINs. In this article, we present a hierarchical intelligent computing structure focusing on processing deep learning tasks in future SAGINs. An optimization strategy is also proposed to improve the quality-of-service (QoS) of deep learning tasks in the proposed structure. We test our work in small testbed and simulations. The evaluation results show that the proposed work outperforms other offloading strategies in a SAGIN environment.

An Analytical Study on Functional Split in Martian 3-D Networks

As space agencies are planning manned missions to reach Mars, researchers need to pave the way for supporting astronauts during their sojourn. This will also be achieved by providing broadband and low-latency connectivity through wireless network infrastructures. In such a framework, we propose a Martian deployment of a 3-D network acting as cloud radio access network (C-RAN). The scenario consists of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and small satellite platforms. Thanks to the thin Martian atmosphere, CubeSats can stably orbit at very-low-altitude. This allows to meet strict delay requirements to split baseband processing functions between drones and CubeSats. The detailed analytical study, presented in this article, confirmed the viability of the proposed 3-D architecture, under some constraints and tradeoff concerning the involved network infrastructures, that will be discussed in detail.

From Cold War Geopolitics to the Crisis of Global Capitalism: The History of Chinese Wireless Network Infrastructures (1987–2020)

AbstractThis paper explores the genesis and growth of the current Chinese wireless network infrastructures by pulling together the historical threads of two telecommunications infrastructures: first, the development of the first-tier inter-provincial optical backbone, the “Eight Vertical and Eight Horizontal Fibre-optic Grid,” in the late 1980s and 1990s; and second, the deployment of two broadband-access cellular networks, the third-generation (3G) cellular networks in 2008 and the fourth-generation (4G) networks from 2013 to now, which constitute the wireless network's edges. I insert the development of Chinese wireless networks since the 1980s into the interconnected global technological environment, contextualizing the infrastructure deployment in the history of Sino-American technological cooperation and competition, traversing the final decade of the Cold War era (the 1980s), the dual global expansion of economic neoliberalism and informational technology since the 1990s and the crisis of global capitalism since 2008. This historical inquiry reconciles two historical (meta-)narratives that are not always compatible with each other – the Chinese narratives grounded on the overarching concept of Chinese post-socialism, and the narratives in Western discourses that often evoke Cold War/post-Cold War dialectics. This paper examines the global distribution of wireless network infrastructures on the basis of commercialization, technology transfers and trades of techno-commodities across borders, challenging the reduced depiction of the Chinese wireless network as an extension, or an exception, to the West-centred techno-capitalist system.

A survey on network admission control solution in 6LoWPAN using cryptographic mechanism

This paper introduces a robust network admission control (NAC) solution tailored specifically for 6LoWPAN Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), aiming to enhance the overall security infrastructure. By implementing stringent measures, this solution not only safeguards legitimate nodes but also fortifies the network against potential security threats originating from unauthorized nodes attempting to communicate with both legitimate nodes and the Internet. The solution enhances security through innovative features for administrative nodes, including node presence detection and robust authentication. It incorporates data filtering to swiftly identify and discard unauthorized frames, strengthening network resilience. Established protocols like Neighbor Discovery and DSDV facilitate seamless integration. This strategic utilization minimizes the reliance on additional control messages, thereby optimizing the network's efficiency and resource utilization. The solution utilizes cryptographic methods, particularly the XOR algorithm, to enhance data security in wireless sensor networks. This algorithm ensures authenticity, integrity, and freshness of transmitted data frames, providing robust protection against manipulation and bolstering network security. The proposed network admission control solution addresses security risks in 6LoWPAN WSN and integrates advanced features for a strong and efficient overall security infrastructure in wireless sensor networks.

THE TECHNIQUE OF BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE PROTECTION SYSTEM BASED ON ADVERSARIAL MACHINE LEARNING IN 6G WIRELESS NETWORKS

Abstract The purpose of research is to develop the technique of analytical processing of big data of services and applications in the new generation communication networks to detect cybersecurity incidents and build sustainable protection systems based on adversarial machine learning. The methods of research: Analysis of modern methods of machine learning and neural network technologies, synthesis and formalization of algorithms for adversarial attacks on machine learning models. Scientific novelty: a technique for analytical processing of emulated data of services and applications for detecting cybersecurity incidents is presented, which provides a groundwork in the field of research into the security issues of complex intelligent services and applications in the infrastructure of wireless networks of the next generation. The result of research: The article proposes a technique of building a sustainable protection system against adversarial attacks in wireless ad hoc networks of the next generation. The main types of adversarial attacks, including poisoning attacks and evasion attacks, are formalized, and methods for generating adversarial examples on tabular, textual, and visual data are described. Several scenarios were generated and exploratory analysis of datasets was carried out using the DeepMIMO emulator. Potential application problems of binary classification and prediction of signal attenuation between a user and a base station for adversarial attacks are presented. The algorithmization of the processes of building and training a sustainable protection system against adversarial attacks in wireless networks of the next generation is presented on the example of emulated data

A Survey on Various MANET Protocols

In recent years, mobile technology is popular among the human society which makes the humans connected virtually to both living things [Social Media] and non living things [IOT]. MANET plays a vital role in wireless network infrastructure. Ad-hoc Wireless network consist of a two or more mobile nodes connected wirelessly in a self configured, self-healing network without having a constant framework. Each and every device in MANET was able to move freely in any directions to share the information between each devices or nodes of network. Many routing protocols for such networks have been proposed so far to find optimized routes from source to the destination and prominent among them are Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocols. The charateristics comparison of these protocols should be considered as the primary step to understand the routing protocol in a perfect manner.

Self-Powered Wide Area Infrastructure Based on WiMAX for Real Time Applications of Smart Grid

This work presents a wireless communication network (WCN) infrastructure for the smart grid based on the technology of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) to address the main real-time applications of the smart grid such as Wide Area Monitoring and Control (WAMC), video surveillance, and distributed energy resources (DER) to provide low cost, flexibility, and expansion. Such wireless networks suffer from two significant impairments. On one hand, the data of real-time applications should deliver to the control center under robust conditions in terms of reliability and latency where the packet loss is increased with the increment of the number of industrial clients and transmission frequency rate under the limited capacity of WiMAX base station (BS). This research suggests wireless edge computing using WiMAX servers to address reliability and availability. On the other hand, BSs and servers consume affected energy from the power grid. Therefore, the suggested WCN is enhanced by green self-powered based on solar energy to compensate for the expected consumption of energy. The model of the system is built using an analytical approach and OPNET modeler. The results indicated that the suggested WCN based on green WiMAX BS and green edge computing can handle the latency and data reliability of the smart grid applications successfully and with a self-powered supply. For instance, WCN offered latency below 20 msec and received data reliability up to 99.99% in the case of the heaviest application in terms of data.

IoT-Oriented 6G Wireless Network System for Smart Cities

The smart city is an emerging concept that is based on the integration of various electronic devices and citizens that enhance the flow of information. IoT is an integral part for next generation wireless network infrastructure for acting as an interface of collecting data and controlling delivery of message which are using in smart cities. In this paper, an IoT-oriented relay assisted MIMO for beyond the fifth-generation wireless network system is proposed. The proposed system provides higher capacity and lower BER. The proposed system's BER results are compared with various combinations of transmission and receiving antennas at source, relay, and destination. It is found from BER performance that the developed scheme with relay does provide 1–17 dB gain with respect to direct connection. It is also found from mathematical analysis and simulation results that this scheme provides 3 to 9 b/s/Hz improvement in performance of capacity at 5 to 10 dB by adding a different combination of STBC and VBLAST. Simulation results are also presented to demonstrate the diversity and multiplexing gain that is a key to providing high data rates with reliable communication with many interferences for the IoT system. This system can also be used for massive antennas-based IoT system by raising the number of transmitting and receiving antennas with proposed encoding and decoding techniques explained in this paper.

Routing protocols for hybrid wireless networks: a brief review

Hybrid <span>wireless networks (HWNs) are resulted from the integration of a mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET) and an infrastructure wireless networks. These networks have received increasing interest from researchers for their superior performance and reliability. Packet routing protocols in hybrid wireless networks are important to increase the capacity and scalability of these networks, therefore, several routing protocols have been proposed. Routing protocols in HWNs are designed and implemented from combining <span>the cellular transmission mode with the Ad hoc transmission mode. To route a message to the intended recipient of the sender, hybrid wireless networks use multi-hop technology. However, the source node needs relay nodes, which may be either adjacent nodes or base stations depending on set of parameters like bandwidth, load balancing, or the nearest node. This paper explores routing protocols for hybrid wireless networks and the techniques to enhance the security, performance, and capacity of these routing protocols.</span></span>