Infrastructural Gaps Research Articles

Rapid assessment of NCD services rollout in Health and Wellness Centres in North-Eastern Indian state: A cross- sectional study.

The creation of health and wellness centres (HWCs) to deliver comprehensive primary healthcare (CPHC) is a programmatic response to the changing demographic and epidemiological profile in India. Since the north-eastern (NE) states face distinct challenges to routine healthcare services, and it has been two years since the rollout of non-communicable disease (NCD) services through the HWCs, a rapid assessment of the rollout with respect to all components of CPHC was undertaken in the NE state of Manipur. The assessment was undertaken using a mixed methodology to assess the rollout of NCD services under CPHC based on the functionality criteria of HWCs. The districts and the facilities were sampled purposively using pre-defined criteria. Primary data were collected using adapted pre-tested semi-structured tools and an interview schedule, which were triangulated with facility-based records and field observations. The data were anonymized, analysed thematically and presented under the domains of CPHC. The assessment aided in identifying progress and challenges in the rollout of NCD services through the HWCs. Overall, the initiative was successful in generating demand and community awareness of the expanded range of services at the primary level. Yet, constraints posed by infrastructural gaps, logistical delays, training gaps, fund flow and weak community-level convergence compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic challenged seamless NCD service delivery. In as much as the attainment of universal health coverage is dependent on NCD prevention and control, the rollout of NCD services is dependent on strong institutional structures, especially at the primary level. The assessment highlights the need to strengthen the HWCs through adequate financing, human resources, logistics for medicines and technology, community participation, citizen engagement and change management.

Current and future approaches to shifting businesses towards plastic-free packaging systems based on reduction and reuse

Abstract The fate of plastics and packaging are intimately connected; plastics revolutionised the world of packaging, and today, packaging is plastics’ biggest market. However, as awareness of plastics’ negative human and environmental impacts grows, policymakers, civil society and industry are seeking alternatives to plastic packaging as a pathway to reducing plastics production, waste and pollution. The shortcomings of recycling, lightweighting and material substitution strategies has turned attention to source reduction strategies up the waste hierarchy. These strategies transform products, business models and supply chains to prevent packaging altogether or accommodate reusable packaging systems. As these are radical changes from business-as-usual, widespread industry uptake has not been forthcoming. This review highlights three categories of current and potential approaches to incentivising businesses to adopt plastic-free packaging systems based on reduction and reuse: persuasion, legislation and enabling measures. Predominant persuasive approaches based on voluntarism are not delivering desired results under current policy settings and could be more successful if combined with legislative reform to level the economic playing field between single-use and reuse. Additionally, enabling measures that fill practical and infrastructural system-level gaps could help to accelerate and coordinate uptake of effective and efficient unpackaged or reusable packaging systems.

Testing The Effect of Islamic Financial Inclusion, Infrastructural Quality on Economic Growth in Nigeria: New Insight From Bootstrap and Non-Linear ARDL

<p>Inclusive growth can hardly be achieved without improvement in the inclusive finance that would enable the vulnerable households to become key economic players. While efforts are now shifted towards the Islamic financial inclusion based on the realization of weakness of traditional financial inclusivity, the impact of Islamic financial inclusion particularly, its pathways of bridging infrastructural gaps and growth drive have been partially explored. This study examines the effect of Islamic financial inclusion, infrastructural quality on economic growth in Nigeria. The study uses monthly data covering from 2017 until 2020 which was analyzed via a newly developed Bootstrap Autoregressive Distributive Lag. The results reveal a number of findings. First, the result of bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag demonstrates that there is strong co-movement between economic growth, Islamic financial inclusion, Sukuk and infrastructural quality. This finding points to the existence of a strong positive relationship between Islamic financial inclusion, infrastructural quality and economic growth in Nigeria. Second, results from nonlinear models have revealed that Islamic financial inclusion and Sukuk have asymmetric effects on economic growth. This asymmetric pattern reinforces the claim that Islamic financial inclusion can play a dedicated role in ameliorating economic downturn. Third, the results of nonlinear causality reveal strong bidirectional causality Islamic financial inclusion, economic growth and Sukuk. In this sense, inclusive Islamic finance could play a dedicated role to help countries in overcoming economic recession.</p>

The Problem of Improving the Competence of Schools and Teachers in the Context of Digital Education

Digitalization in the field of education has added the information and communication competence of a teacher to the number of professional requirements for teachers. The article considers the importance of the digital school and the digital competencies of teachers in digital education, based on state programmes and a survey conducted by the authors among the subject teachers involved in the implementation of trilingual education in secondary education institutions. The opinions of subject teachers about the role of digital learning technologies in the educational process, its application, the digital competence of the teacher, the organization of advanced training in informative-communicational technologies (ICT) are analyzed on the basis of the survey results. The authors note the infrastructural, technological and professional gaps that arise in the conditions of digital education, justifies that the use of digital technologies in the educational process requires the development of a special digital concept at school and its systematic, systematic, phased implementation. Three practical steps are proposed to improve the professional qualifications of teachers in the conditions of digital education. In order to implement teaching and learning using digital learning technologies, it is necessary to coordinate these processes and integrate them into the daily life of the school. Here the necessity of developing a framework plan for the development of media education is justified.

Laboratory-based surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in regions of Kenya: An assessment of capacities, practices, and barriers by means of multi-facility survey.

Adequate laboratory capacity is critical in the implementation of coherent surveillance for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We describe capacities and deficiencies in laboratory infrastructure and AMR surveillance practices among health facilities in Kenya to support progress toward broader sustainable laboratory-based AMR surveillance. A convenience sample of health facilities from both public and private sectors across the country were selected. Information was obtained cross-sectionally between 5th October and 8th December 2020 through online surveys of laboratory managers. The assessment covered quality assurance, management and dissemination of AMR data, material and equipment, staffing, microbiology competency, biosafety and certification. A scoring scheme was developed for the evaluation and interpreted as (80% and above) facility is adequate (60-79%) requires some strengthening and (<60%) needing significant strengthening. Average scores were compared across facilities in public and private sectors, rural and urban settings, as well as national, county, and community levels. Among the participating facilities (n = 219), the majority (n = 135, 61.6%) did not offer bacterial culture testing, 47 (21.5%) offered culture services only and 37 (16.9%) performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). The major gaps identified among AST facilities were poor access to laboratory information management technology (LIMT) (score: 45.9%) and low uptake of external quality assessment (EQA) programs for cultures (score 67.7%). Access to laboratory technology was more than two-fold higher in facilities in urban (58.6%) relative to rural (25.0%) areas. Whilst laboratories that lacked culture services were found to have significant infrastructural gaps (average score 59.4%), facilities that performed cultures only (average score: 83.6%) and AST (average score: 82.9%) recorded significantly high scores that were very similar across areas assessed. Lack of equipment was identified as the leading challenge to the implementation of susceptibility testing among 46.8% of laboratories. We identified key gaps in laboratory information management technology, external quality assurance and material and equipment among the surveyed health facilities in Kenya. Our findings suggest that by investing in equipment, facilities performing cultures can be successfully upgraded to provide additional antimicrobial susceptibility testing, presenting a chance for a major leap toward improved AMR diagnostics and surveillance in the country.

Issues and Challenges of Power Sector Reforms in Nigeria: The Political Economy Approach

The post-colonial status and the formation of the Nigerian state have no doubt, redefined it as a neo-patrimonial, pseudo-capitalist and dependent entity. Its forceful integration into the global capitalist ideological orbit could be predicated on the historical antecedents of its colonial heritage. The rentier nature of its political economy had further broadened the basis of capital accumulation through the enlistment of the Nigerian political class interest. The Nigerian economic crises that persist in varying degrees have equally precipitated a number of reform policies by the successive governments in finding the alternative to the economic crises. One of such is the power sector reform with the critical infrastructural gaps despite the continued interventions over the years. There are quite emerging robust literature to support the engaging debates on the nature and character of the Nigerian pervasive economic crises. This paper, interrogates and historicizes the power sector reform policy and undertakes a careful examination of the implications of the privatization exercise as purportedly implemented under the current reforms and its far-reaching effects amidst the exacerbating social crisis of pervasive poverty and the near-absence of effective regulatory mechanism to curtail the exploitative tendencies against the Nigerian mass of electricity consumers. It is also in the contention of this paper that, the post-privatization era in the power sector is still riddled with a plethora of challenges as mostly crystallized by the poor service delivery and the exploitation of electricity consumers.

Critiquing the SDG Framework Through the Lens of Goal Two: Empirical Reflections from Two Case Studies in India

Theoretically, much skepticism has emerged insofar as the translation of SDG framework at local level is concerned. Comparatively, much less has been done to investigate the empirical reality of this discourse. Using case study exploration technique situated in two urban areas of India – Mumbai and Sitamarhi, this paper explicates how key contentions of the debate manifest at the ground level. Reflections from Mumbai show that SDG’s reliance on targets and indicators masks extreme inequality underlying so-called ‘extraordinary’ achievements in reducing child stunting. Despite its transformatory claims the operationalization of SDG framework adopts a narrow view on inequality and bypasses related structural processes. At the same time, preoccupation with numbers and targets while implementing nutrition programmes for SDG two in the town of Sitamarhi, distorts the reality and diverts priorities away from systemic issues like infrastructural and institutional gaps. SDG framework’s continued engagement with indicators, targets and numbers, indeed hides multiple axes of inequality in nutrition outcomes, creates fallacious claims of successes and therefore, closes the window for potential improvement. Eventually, both Mumbai and Sitamarhi, despite their development contrast, are faced with similar question – what structural and institutional transformation, must precede the operationalization of SDG two?

STEM Education as a Concept Borrowing Issue: Perspectives of School Administrators in Turkey

Purpose As a borrowed concept, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education holds limited relevance in many country contexts. This study investigates how school administrators in Turkey view STEM education from three dimensions: (a) their understanding of STEM education, (b) their experiences of STEM implementations, and (c) their perception of their roles in STEM implementation. Design/Approach/Methods This phenomenological study analyzes the perceptions of school principals working in prominent high schools in Turkey. Findings The findings indicate that there are gaps in STEM implementation at both the conceptual level and the school level, including epistemological issues, infrastructural gaps, mismatch with overall organizational culture, and knowledge and skill gaps. Despite efforts to integrate STEM education into educational practices, significant deficiencies are making it an unrealistic practice in Turkey. Originality/Value While the literature on STEM education is expanding, a few empirical studies focus on school management in relation to STEM education. Arguably, despite promising to transform science and mathematics teaching, STEM education appears to have limited relevance to science and mathematics teaching in Turkey—rendering it yet another example of concept and policy borrowing in education.

An evaluation of the driving and restraining factors affecting the implementation of hospital accreditation standards: A force field analysis

ABSTRACT Background: Integrating accreditation standards in healthcare business operations is context-sensitive and affected by diverse factors. This study explored the driving and restraining factors influencing the implementation of accreditation standards in Saudi Arabian hospitals. Methods: A qualitative design using semi-structured in-depth interviews was employed. Twenty-seven hospital directors and 29 hospital quality directors were interviewed. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed. A force-field analysis framework was adopted to present a visual picture of the various factors influencing the implementation of hospital accreditation standards. Results: The analysis yielded 42 driving and restraining factors affecting the implementation of accreditation standards. The main drivers identified were teamwork, the quality mindset of leaders and staff, employing a continuous readiness model, and commitment toward customers. By contrast, insufficient manpower, infrastructural gaps, workforce recruitment challenges, variability among surveyors, the COVID-19 pandemic, limited financial support, and bureaucratic decision-making procedures were the main reported restrainers. At the national level, perceived restrainers pose a serious challenge to compliance with the existing accreditation model. Conclusion: Exploring the factors affecting accreditation standards implementation assists in assessing accreditation readiness, helps to prioritize efforts to strengthen drivers and weaken restrainers, and contributes to the institutionalization of accreditation standards.

Digitising education in Nigeria: lessons from COVID-19

The sudden outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dealt a great blow on the global educational sector, given the ill-preparedness of most countries to leverage digitisation. This study x-rayed the performance of the Nigerian educational sector and its response to COVID-19 pandemic with a view to underscoring the imperativeness of digitising education to forestall future shocks. The findings revealed the unimpressive performance of the Nigerian educational sector as learning came to a screeching halt during the pandemic, given the pervasive infrastructural deficits in the sector. Further result showed that Nigerian graduates are likely to face non-employability unless strategic steps are taken to expose them to digitisation, which the modern world of work requires. It, therefore, becomes pertinent to increase the budgetary allocation to the sector to bridge its infrastructural gaps. This would help Nigeria catch-up with global best practices in education and set the pace for improved educational service delivery in Africa.

Infrastructural Breaks on the Road from Birth to Death in Contemporary Russia

This paper addresses the problem of infrastructural breaks in two systems—the funeral market and maternity care. The authors analytically problematize how dysfunctions in the operation of these infrastructures shape the experiences of funeral and childbirth in contemporary Russia. The authors propose the conceptual model of the ‘rite of passage’, supplemented with the sociology of repair joint with the anthropology of infrastructures. Based on the ethnographic studies of the funeral market and maternity care (2015–2019), the authors uncover multiple infrastructural gaps and challenges that Russian families face while preparing for childbirth and funeral, especially in remote areas of the country. Empirical data of participant observations, in-depth and expert interviews demonstrated that continuous infrastructural failures can be considered to be an integral part of these life-cycle rituals, as both burial and maternity care arrangements never happen smoothly and unproblematically. In conclusion, the authors argue that necessity of “repairing” or patching the infrastructural gaps obtains self-sufficient symbolic meanings that possess ontological features.

Identifying infrastructural gap areas for smart and sustainable tribal village development: A data science approach from India

In the present era of rapid economic development, successive governments in India have placed priority on ‘inclusive economic growth and social justice’. After independence, India chose to adopt mixed economy model and central role for development planning and resource allocation across sectors have been done by the State's planning machinery. It has been the resolve of the Government of India to achieve development and welfare of all social groups including scheduled tribes in the country. In this pursuit, several tribal development programmes have been undertaken from time to time entailing enormous human, financial and material resources. However, data driven planning involving data analytics has not been in use for overall planning process for tribal development instead traditional statistical approach has been mostly in practice. The aim of this paper is to bring to the fore the usefulness of data driven gap based planning using data analytics tools. The endeavour is to put in place a scientific mechanism to identify and prioritize the infrastructural gaps in tribal dominated areas for the State of Telangana using twenty-two different parameters. Expert workshop conducted to cluster twenty-two parameters into seven broad clusters viz Finance Infrastructure, Village Material Infrastructure, Household Material Infrastructure, Information Infrastructure, Social Infrastructure, Education Infrastructure, Health Infrastructure. Moreover, the paper aims to connect the smart and sustainable village development considering various parameters such Information and Social Infrastructure. AHP and TOPSIS multi-criteria approaches have been applied to identify and prioritize the infrastructural gap areas for all nine districts and 1663 tribal dominated villages of Telangana. Analysis reveals that Mahbubnagar being the top ranked district while Adilabad being lowest ranked district in the Telangana in terms of gaps in infrastructure facilities. Villages in all nine districts have been clustered into three categories viz. Good, Fair and Poor. Findings and recommendations have been provided in the paper.

Sapere e sentire digitale

The paper aims to present the peculiarities, objectives, and innovative character of the Piedmontese project “Sapere digitale. Educazione civica digitale in biblioteca” with particular attention to the design and results of the field research phase. The mixed-methods approach was used to achieve the research objectives: inquiring about Piedmont’s territorial context in terms of digital skills and tools and understanding the librarians feeling towards the digital environment. The research has made it possible to identify a series of infrastructural and training gaps in Piedmont libraries’ digital field, but it has also demonstrated the relevance and role that projects such as Sapere Digitale could play for our libraries and society.

Benefits and Challenges of COVID-19 Induced Telework Across Gender: Policy Lessons for Sustainable Future Telework

An evident repercussion of COVID-19 on the organization of work has been a shift to telework. However, the challenges and benefits for employees induced by telework and lessons for its sustainable future are less documented. Acknowledging the current significance of telework and its potential role in the future, we first elicit information on the most important benefits and challenges of telework across men and women and subsequently propose policies for a smooth adoption and a sustainable future of telework. Based on 222 survey responses from the US and Japan collected online in the second quarter of 2020 employing Qualtrics, we find that both men and women equally report enhanced challenges caused by teleworking. The most frequently cited challenges include work concentration issues, infrastructural gaps, employee coordination and communication difficulties, and longer working hours. On the benefits side, more men than women report a comfortable home environment, minimal direct supervision, money saved on the commute, and fewer work meetings, as key benefits of telework. Given the common challenges across men and women, work organizations need to be proactive in designing policies for a smooth transition to telework and minimizing the divide among workers. In this regard, we propose the following policies. First, quick and extensive investments in infrastructure and technology necessary for telework and its dissemination should be prioritized by organizations. Second, HR divisions need to be more active than ever to reskill and upskill the workforce with digital abilities and artificial intelligence (AI), as these are essential for telework. Third, organizations need to utilize digital tools and devise new systems to minimize work-related coordination and communication issues, promote employee engagement through innovative tools, and most importantly, ensure indirect but empathetic employee supervision. We believe a combination of these policies can achieve a sustainable future of telework while bridging the digital divide among workers.

Improvising Field Research in COVID-era Hackerspaces

Hackerspaces and makerspaces are community-oriented technology and art workshops facilitating new forms of public life and filling infrastructural gaps in cities (but for the sake of brevity, I refer to both as hackerspaces here). My dissertation project aims at understanding how hackerspaces relate to the built environment and how they create new imaginaries of citizenship in U.S. cities like San Francisco and Detroit. Here I reflect on some of the challenges I faced researching these spaces as they constantly adapted to unaccommodating city environments before and during the pandemic. During my field research, I had to learn to follow them through their various improvisational strategies.

Obligatory medical prescription of antibiotics in Russia: Navigating formal and informal health-care infrastructures.

Antimicrobial resistance control programmes often aim to “fix” the behaviour of antibiotic users and prescribers. Such behavioural interventions have been widely criticised in social science literature for being inefficient and too narrow in scope. Drawing on these criticisms, this article analyses how political programmes for fixing antibiotic behaviours were adapted into the practices of health‐care professionals and patients in Russia. In 2018, we conducted interviews with medical doctors, pharmacists and patients in a Russian city; focusing on their practices around the policy requirement introduced in 2017 which obligated medical prescriptions of antibiotics. We conceptualised the obligatory medical prescription as a political technique which sought to change practices of self‐treatment and over‐the‐counter sales of medications by establishing doctors as an obligatory passage point to access antibiotics. Our analysis shows that the requirement for medical prescriptions does not fulfil the infrastructural gaps that influence antibiotic practices. By navigating the antibiotic prescriptions, doctors, pharmacists and patients informally compensate for the gaps in the existing infrastructure creating informal networks of antibiotic care parallel to the requirement of obligatory prescriptions. Following these informal practices, we could map the inconsistencies in the current policy approaches to tackle AMR as a behavioural rather than infrastructural problem.

Are Latin American cycling commuters “at risk”? A comparative study on cycling patterns, behaviors, and crashes with non-commuter cyclists

IntroductionAs part of the transformation of urban transportation dynamics, commuter cycling has acquired a high relevance as an alternative mode of transport in different countries, and Latin America seems to be one of the main focus of this worldwide “revolution”. However, the high rates of crashes and injuries suffered by commuters have become a relevant issue in the field of road safety, especially in emerging regions with low cycling tradition, where social and infrastructural gaps may endanger the cyclists’ safety. ObjectivesThis study had two objectives. First, to compare key safe cycling-related variables between cycling commuters and non-commuters; and second, to differentially asses the effect of individual and cycling-related variables on their self-reported crash rates. Method: For this cross-sectional research, the data provided by 577 Latin American urban cyclists from three countries (Argentina, Colombia and Mexico) with a mean age of 32.7 years was used. They answered a questionnaire on cycling habits, risk perception, rule knowledge, cycling behaviors and riding crashes. ResultsThe outcomes of this study showed that, despite having a higher risk perception, cycling commuters perform deliberate risky cycling behaviors (traffic violations) more frequently, and they suffer more crashes; cycling commuters report higher rates of psychological distress, and a lower degree of rule knowledge and protective behaviors than non-commuters. Furthermore, structural similarities and differences in the explanation of cycling crashes were found across commuters and non-commuters. ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that non-commuters, whose purposes for cycling are more aimed at leisure and occasional trips, perform less risky behaviors but suffer more cycling distractions, whereas commuters are comparatively more exposed to behavioral-based safety risks, and suffer more frequent crashes. Since recent evidence forecasts that urban cycling will keep growing in Latin American cities, it is necessary to implement policies and educational/training improvements that may enhance the safety and health of cyclists in these countries.

Post-COVID-19 Action: Guarding Africa's Crops against Viral Epidemics Requires Research Capacity Building That Unifies a Trio of Transdisciplinary Interventions.

The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that understanding the genomics of a virus, diagnostics and breaking virus transmission is essential in managing viral pandemics. The same lessons can apply for plant viruses. There are plant viruses that have severely disrupted crop production in multiple countries, as recently seen with maize lethal necrosis disease in eastern and southern Africa. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) is needed to detect new viral threats. Equally important is building local capacity to develop the tools required for rapid diagnosis of plant viruses. Most plant viruses are insect-vectored, hence, biological insights on virus transmission are vital in modelling disease spread. Research in Africa in these three areas is in its infancy and disjointed. Despite intense interest, uptake of HTS by African researchers is hampered by infrastructural gaps. The use of whole-genome information to develop field-deployable diagnostics on the continent is virtually inexistent. There is fledgling research into plant-virus-vector interactions to inform modelling of viral transmission. The gains so far have been modest but encouraging, and therefore must be consolidated. For this, I propose the creation of a new Research Centre for Africa. This bold investment is needed to secure the future of Africa’s crops from insect-vectored viral diseases.

Urban heritage tourism in Chandernagore, India: revival of shared Indo-French Legacy

Heritage tourism offers authentic value-addition to homogenized experiences providing authentic, one-of-a-kind take-away. Apart from popular world heritage sites there are little-exposed gems which can offer novelty and hedonics together. Chandernagore, located on the western bank of river Hugli, 40 km north of Kolkata, India, germinated during the medieval period, later became a thriving French Colony in Bengal displays brilliant prospect for urban heritage tourism. A detailed spatio-temporal inventory of shared heritage legacies both tangible and intangible is prepared using old literatures, oral interviews, GPS plotting and GIS mapping which offers a great platform for promoting urban heritage tourism. Chandernagore is at interesting cross-roads – bridging the infrastructural gaps and garnering involvement of the locals, for ascertaining true potentiality – the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) are identified to prepare a blueprint for heritage tourism revival strategy for the shared Indo-French melange. Empirical study is conducted for tourist profiling along with usage of descriptive statistics and to carry out perception analysis of locals and tourists. The SWOT analysis leads to a comprehensive strategy formulation which aims to act as base for the revival of Indo-French cultural melange through sustainable, robust tourism emphasizing the core and innovation capitals, tourism development strategies and management, tourism outcomes and resource sustainability.

Fragility and Insurgency as Outcomes of Underdevelopment of Public Infrastructure and Socio-Economic Deprivation: The Case of Boko Haram in the Lake Chad Basin

2019 marked 10 years since the beginning of the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria—a violent conflict that later spilled over to Chad, Cameroon, and Niger, killing over 37000 people and displacing 2.6 million. For over a decade, researchers and policy makers in peacebuilding and development have been trying to understand the drivers of conflict in order to find lasting solutions. Whilst violent conflicts rarely have straightforward explanations, the narrative on the Boko Haram insurgency has been somewhat reductionist, largely addressing the role of religion, and to a lesser extent, other drivers. Moreover, a lot of the literature has focused on Nigeria, for the obvious reason that it was the birthplace of Boko Haram and the epicentre of its activities. As a result of the disproportionate focus on Nigeria, data on the conditions in the affected regions and provinces of Chad, Cameroon, and Niger that facilitated the regional spill over are very minimal. To fill the gap, this article examines the role of the underdevelopment of public infrastructure and socio-economic deprivation as underlying drivers of the insurgency in all four affected countries. Complemented by data from secondary sources, the article builds on primary evidence from field observation, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions in Borno State of Nigeria, the Lake Province of Chad, the Far North Region of Cameroon, and the Diffa Region of Niger, to establish the link between infrastructural development gaps, illiteracy, unemployment, and poverty and the Boko Haram insurgency.