Transaction Information Research Articles

Phenomenom Cyber Crime in Indonesia in the Digitalization Era

Science and technology are increasingly developing rapidly and advancing, offering various interactions in human life. Information and communication technology continues to develop in the digital era, especially the internet, which has a big influence on people's life patterns. The development of the internet has triggered the emergence of a type of cyber crime which is usually known as Cyber Crime. Various cases of cyber crime (Cyber Crime) have emerged in Indonesia, especially in the banking sector. In the following years until now, in Indonesia there have been many incidents of Cyber Crime, for example computer program piracy, cracking, bank burglary (banking fraud), unauthorized use of other parties' credit cards (carding), pornography, including crimes against domain names (domain names). Cyber Crime could happen because unlimited internet access. Apart from that, computer user negligence is also often the cause of this Cyber Crime. This is something that is often overlooked, namely a weak network security system. In fact, a weak network security system creates a big loophole for people who intend to commit crimes. Currently, what is used as the legal basis for Cyber ??Crime cases in Indonesia isLaw Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE). The ITE Law consists of 13 chapters and 54 articles which explain in detail the rules for living in cyberspace and the transactions that occur therein. Prohibited acts (cybercrime) are explained in Chapter VII (Articles 27-37)

IMPLICATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS OF THE NEW ELECTRONIC INFORMATION AND TRANSACTION LAW

Regarding regulations related to the electronic world, the purpose of this study is to link the law on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) No. 1 of 2024 which is the second amendment to Law No. 11 of 2008. The emergence of various problems regarding the ambiguity of protection in the scope of ITE has caused the public to urge the government to revise it as soon as possible. The methodology used in this study is normative juridical type sourced from primary and secondary legal materials. With an approach through legislation (Statute Approach) and a historical approach (Historical Approach). The Law on Information and Electronic Transactions which was born in 2008 (ITE Law No. 11 of 2008) contains provisions governing the electronic realm. Apart from that, the ITE Law has many weaknesses that conclude multiple interpretations of the contents of the article. To overcome this, the government made the first revision contained in Law No. 19 of 2016. The emergence of controversy has not been able to answer the changes in the first change. So there are still articles that reap pros and cons in the form of interpretation. Among them are Article 27, Article 28, Article 29, and Article 36. So the government made a second revision contained in Law No. 1 of 2024.

Criminal penalties for individuals who create stickers with other people's faces

The crime category is people who edit stickers with other people's faces that are distributed via online media. This study uses a legal-normative research method. Data was collected using a literature study on related legal materials and analyzed descriptively. The research results are based on the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (UU ITE) and the Copyright Law. ITE Law Article 32 Paragraph (1) Article 32 Paragraph (1) of the ITE Law states that making WhatsApp stickers with a person's face without permission, which can insult, harass, or harm the individual's reputation, can be considered a violation of this article. Violations of this article may be subject to criminal penalties and/or fines under the provisions of the ITE Law Article 48 Paragraph (1). Article 48 Paragraph (1) regulates criminal sanctions for violations included in the offense of complaints. If proven to violate and offend the person in the photo, they can be subject to sanctions under the ITE Law, according to Article 27 paragraph (3) of the ITE Law, namely under Article 45 paragraph (1) The ITE Law, which states that you can be punished with imprisonment for a maximum of 6 (six) years and/or a fine of a maximum of IDR 1,000,000,000. Implications include increased scrutiny of digital content and potential policy revisions to strengthen legal protections for individuals who are victims of unauthorized use of their faces.

Tinjauan Kriminologi Perkara Tindak Pidana Penyebaran Video Porno Melalui Media Sosial

ABSTRACT. The Criminological Review of the Crime of Pornography Through Social Media Applications is based on the large amount of pornographic content that is widely spread on social media applications and the public's lack of understanding about the criminal act of pornography itself. The crime of pornography is regulated in Law No. 44 of 2008 concerning pornography, generally stated in article 4 paragraphs (1) and (2). Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. The problem formulation of this research is what are the factors that cause perpetrators to commit the criminal act of distributing pornographic videos via social media and what are the crime prevention efforts against the criminal act of distributing pornographic videos via social media. Using criminal law policy theory and the theory of the causes of crime (criminology). The research method used in this research is the juridical-normative method, namely by examining statutory regulations, legal theories, legal principles, and relevant legal doctrines to answer the legal problems being researched. The results of this research conclude that the factors causing the perpetrators to commit the criminal act of distributing pornographic videos via social media, namely the main motive of the perpetrators, the lack of legal awareness of the perpetrators, and the ease of use of social media. Responding to the existing phenomenon requires legal firmness, especially from officials who act in law enforcement as well as the important role of all levels of society to be aware of the dangers of pornographic content and to be more concerned about the surrounding environment. In tackling the criminal act of distributing pornographic videos via social media, this can be done by protecting victims, monitoring content on social media, counseling and education, as well as strict law enforcement.

Analisis Perlindungan Hukum bagi Konsumen Belanja Online

This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the legal protection applied to online shopping consumers. The research can be carried out by using a normative juridical method that is closer to descriptive qualitative. The source of the data obtained in this study is secondary data with data collection techniques, namely literature review. Various sources of literature both from journals, books and laws and regulations are reviewed and analyzed and analyzed. The analysis was carried out descriptively which was then taken to generalize A statement that summarizes the problem in the research. The results of the study show that consumer protection is governed by Law no. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection. In online shopping transactions, the ITE Law also applies, namely Law number. 19 of 2016 on Information and Electronic Transactions. In resolving online shopping disputes, it can be done in 3 ways, namely instant claims (negotiation, mediation, etc.), asking for help from the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency, and through the courts.

Multi-stage probabilistic linguistic matching method with the screening mechanism and individual preference relationship fusion

Considering the diversification of transaction information and complexity of matching environment, the original information with the language tendency plays an important role. Thus, under this circumstance, this paper gives a matching decision-making system under the probabilistic linguistic environment so as to improve the matching efficiency and quality. First, this paper demonstrates the multi-stage two-sided matching problem and illustrates the system frame. Then, for the multiple indicators, a probabilistic linguistic integrated cloud Bayesian network is constructed to present the dependency relationship, and determine the corresponding probability. It is known that the accuracy of agents’ preference information acts on the stability of final matching results, which may involve the strong ranking, agents’ psychological preferences and personal interests, etc. Thus, the improved ORESTE (organísation, rangement et Synthèse de données relarionnelles, in French) method is introduced to derive strong ranking and determine preference, indifference, and incomparability relation (PIR). Furthermore, this paper constructs the dynamic two-sided matching model considering the screening effect. Finally, a case study in second-hand house transaction is used to demonstrate the matching process. Simulation and comparison analysis validate its feasibility and effectiveness.

Emerging market multinationals and international investment agreements

This study investigates the effects of international investment agreements (IIAs) on the internationalization decisions of emerging market multinationals (EMNEs). Drawing on the POLI advantage framework, we argue that bilateral investment treaties (BITs) add to the political and institutional capabilities of EMNEs, enhancing their OLI advantages in host countries. We identify two mechanisms through which BITs facilitate EMNEs’ internationalization: by offsetting political risk and by mitigating the informational asymmetries and transaction costs associated with investing in unfamiliar destinations. We probe the plausibility of our claims with data from an original survey of firms in four emerging economies and a larger sample of bilateral FDI flows from UNCTAD’s FDI/MNEs database. Our findings show a positive association between BITs and FDI from the South, especially in politically unstable and unfamiliar contexts. Apart from adding to the International Business literature on EMNEs, this study contributes to International Political Economy scholarship on FDI by highlighting the growing relevance of South-South IIAs.

Applications of blockchain technologies in artificial electricity market settlement and clearing

Abstract Blockchain technology is demonstrating vast potential in the realm of distributed energy transactions. This article employs the Ethereum platform to architect an energy trading settlement framework. By incorporating whitelists, authorization mechanisms, and dedicated energy tokens, transactions are rendered more secure and reliable, ensuring the openness, transparency, traceability, and immutability of transaction information. The proposed transaction settlement mechanism automatically updates users' energy imbalances and levies corresponding charges, thereby ensuring strict adherence to transaction contracts. Furthermore, during the settlement phase, smart contracts are employed to autonomously evaluate the creditworthiness of transaction parties, with results recorded on the blockchain. As the credit levels of the entities across the entire network increase, the block generation time for distributed energy trading blockchains becomes shorter, with the block generation time predominantly influenced by the credit rating of the highest-rated entity in the network. Hence, through smart contract design based on energy trading, blockchain technology is utilized to enhance the transparency and security of transaction settlement and clearing. Future research could focus on improving blockchain scalability, integrating emerging technologies, to advance the effectiveness and adoption of blockchain-based energy trading systems.

Legal Problems regarding the Crime of Fake News (Hoax) during the Covid-19 Pandemic

The problem of spreading fake news/hoaxes. This happens almost all over the world, including Indonesia. One example of hoaxes in Indonesia is the spread of false information in North Sumatra province, especially through social media. Thesis writing technique This research approach is a normative legal system. The results of the study show that Developing a Criminal Law Policy to Combat False Information Crimes Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning the Criminal Code, Law no. 1 of 1946 concerning Criminal Law Regulations, and Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning Electronic Transaction Information (ITE). Provisions related to the COVID-19 pandemic are in the updated Criminal Code.

Optimizing E-Commerce For Micro Small Medium Enterprises

Technological advances to support the excellence of a company need to be carried out with policies that focus on marketing methods in the company, one of which is through e-commerce. In connection with that, business people in companies tend to want effective and efficient marketing as a means of information in transactions. MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) are new in commercial activities or activities. These MSMEs are engaged in a trade where, in this case, it involves entrepreneurial activities or activities. Conventional business activities, which in recent years have become the spearhead of driving the country's economic growth, must immediately transform into a technology and information-based business mode or what is commonly called Online Business. Online business is a system or business activity that relies on the Internet as a marketing medium. Online sales or Online Business have many advantages over conventional sales. Therefore, it is necessary to have knowledge, understanding and skills in managing a business online. Observing the problems mentioned above, training is needed for MSMEs to understand how to run a business online, as well as skills in managing their business online by utilizing various social media and e-commerce features available.

Empowering Batik Artisans: The Synergy of UU ITE and Smart Transaction Technologies in SMEs

The background of the research is rooted in the pivotal role of Smart Transaction Systems in the digital transformation of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) within the batik industry in Semarang, Indonesia, amid the burgeoning Smart Economy era. The study aims to comprehensively explore the impact of national regulations, particularly the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (UU ITE), on the utilization of Smart Transaction Systems in electronic commerce by batik SMEs during the Digital Literacy Smart Economy era. To achieve its objectives, the research employs an analytical and evaluative approach, scrutinizing the legal framework, including UU ITE and related regulations, while also conducting an in-depth analysis of the implications and benefits for SMEs and consumers. The study’s findings and conclusions highlight the impact of UU ITE on the efficiency of transactions ensuring security and legal protection for both batik SMEs and consumers. The research emphasizes the need for regulations governing Smart Transaction Systems to build trust, enhance security and promote growth for SMEs. The study is unique due to its examination of how UU ITE and Smart Transaction Technologies work providing insights into the legal and technological complexities in today’s rapidly evolving digital landscape. The implications of the research, to improving frameworks that support SMEs digital initiatives fostering development and ensuring consumer safety in the era of the Smart Economy.

Allocation of transportation capacity for complex natural gas pipeline network under fair opening

China has formed a national natural gas pipeline network, and reasonable and accurate pipeline capacity allocation scheme has important significance for improving the utilization rate of pipeline network, improving the income of pipeline network operators and ensuring the gas consumption of downstream users, which poses greater challenges to the formulation of pipeline capacity allocation rules and mechanisms. This paper takes the natural gas pipeline network system as the research object, and studies the rules and mechanisms of pipeline capacity allocation. A capacity allocation model of natural gas pipeline network is proposed with the net present value of pipeline network operator's income as the goal, considering the gas consumption characteristics of downstream users, the dynamic change of gas source node capacity, pipeline hydraulic characteristics, pipeline flow direction, compressor and other constraints. Based on the simulation of the actual pipeline network by the proposed model, seven allocation rules and one mechanism are proposed. Specifically, the user priority of non-interruptible type, the pipeline path adjustable type and the gas source node adjustable type is higher than the corresponding comparison type. In the pipeline capacity allocation mechanism, the amount compensation mechanism for pipeline capacity transactions is as follows: When the pipeline capacity transaction occurs between users, the transaction information is submitted to the pipeline network operator. The pipeline network operator proposes the corresponding amount compensation according to the transaction information, and the transaction parties negotiate the proportion of the amount compensation and submit it to the pipeline network operator. In addition, it is recommended that pipeline network operators vigorously develop LNG receiving stations and downstream interruptible and compressible users in the future.

Review of methods for modeling and control of cyber-physical systems in multi-energy microgrids

The article analyzes the development of methods for modeling and control of multi-energy microgrids through cyber-physical systems. We used the methods of literature review and meta-analysis based on publications from international databases Scopus and Web of Science, Russian database eLibrary, digital platform IEEEXplore et al. According to the analysis, Smart Grid implementation drives the development of cyber-physical systems. As summarized in this study, control interfaces, data transmission channels, and remote debugging ports are vulnerable parts of IoT devices that can possibly be attacked by intruders. A review of the recent publications in this field finds multi-agent technologies to be an effective approach not only for the operational control of multi-energy microgrid modes, but also for the construction of its reliable information network at the level of medium and low voltage systems. In the field of distributed energy systems, literature review of information technology indicates that the more capabilities are added to receive and process various kinds of information (transaction data, mode parameters, status of controllers, etc.) from external sources, the more vulnerable a multi-energy microgrid is to any cyber threats. Modern mathematical methods such as artificial intelligence, dynamic optimization, and multi-agent approaches should be used to effectively solve the problem of load distribution between different energy sources with cost minimization.

User trust and evaluation mechanism based on community classification calculation in opportunistic social networks

With the development of Internet of Things technology, 5G communication has gradually entered people’s daily lives. The number of network users has also increased dramatically, and it has become the norm for the same user to enjoy the services provided by multiple network service providers and to complete the exchange and sharing of a large amount of information at the same time. However, the existing opportunistic social network routing is not sufficiently scalable in the face of large-scale network data. Moreover, only the transaction information of network users is used as the evaluation evidence, ignoring other information, which may lead to the wrong trust assessment of nodes. Based on this, this study proposes an algorithm called Trust and Evaluation Mechanism for Users Based on Opportunistic Social Network Community Classification Computation (TEMCC). Firstly, communication communities are established based on community classification computation to solve the problem of the explosive growth of network data. Then a trust mechanism based on the Bayesian model is established to identify and judge the trustworthiness of the recommended information between nodes. This approach ensures that more reliable nodes can be selected for interaction and complete data exchange. Through simulation experiments, the delivery rate of this scheme can reach 0.8, and the average end-to-end delay is only 190 ms.

An Anonymous and Supervisory Cross-chain Privacy Protection Protocol for Zero-trust IoT Application

Internet of things (IoT) development tends to reduce the reliance on centralized servers. The zero-trust distributed system combined with blockchain technology has become a hot topic in IoT research. However, distribution data storage services and different blockchain protocols make network interoperability and cross-platform more complex. Relay chain is a promising cross-chain technology that solves the complexity and compatibility issues associated with blockchain cross-chain transactions by utilizing relay blockchains as cross-chain connectors. Yet relay chain cross-chain transactions need to collect asset information and implement asset transactions via two-way peg. Due to the release of user transaction information, there is the issue of privacy leakage. In this article, we propose a cross-chain privacy protection protocol based on the Groth16 zero-knowledge proof algorithm and coin-mixing technology, which changes the authentication mechanism and uses a combination of generating functions to map virtual external addresses in transactions. It allows fast cross-chain anonymous transactions while hiding the genuine user’s address. The experiment shows that, in a zero-trust IoT context, our scheme can effectively protect user privacy information, accomplish controlled transaction traceability operations, and guarantee cross-chain transaction security.

Evaluating information asymmetry effects on hotel pricing: a comparative analysis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Taiwan’s market

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has imposed substantial impacts on the global hotel industry. This study employed a two-tier stochastic frontier model to investigate the dynamics of transaction information distribution within the tourist hotel lodging prices in Taiwan from July 2019 to November 2020. The primary objective was to analyze the disparities in price information between consumers and hoteliers before and after the outbreak of COVID-19. Empirical findings reveal a notable reduction in the divergence of lodging price information between consumers and hoteliers post the COVID-19 outbreak, particularly in metropolitan areas. The shift in consumer group structures within hotel operations induced by the pandemic has, in turn, exerted an influence on the pricing strategies adopted by hoteliers. The empirical results underscore that the outbreak of COVID-19 has contributed to a more transparent and comprehensive market price information environment, consequently diminishing the asymmetry in information between hoteliers and consumers.

Advancements and Applications of Blockchain Technology: A Comprehensive Analysis

The digital code of blockchain technology has revolutionized every aspect of business, commerce and industry. This new system eliminates the need to store and manage codes by providing timely and immutable data. Unlike the traditional systems, these blocks are not specific to a particular organization but are monitored by a network of nodes or computers. Strong encryption protection and connect all blocks together. Blockchain’s immutability and security have revolutionized fundamental concepts such as trust, ownership, identity, and financial transactions[6]. This technology enables secure, fast, transparent and pseudonymous transactions. A source of in- formation about blockchain, this article provides an in-depth study of blockchain’s history, principles and popularity. Additionally, various consensus algorithms used in the blockchain technology are also carefully examined. Originally conceived as a system for cryptocurrencies, blockchain has evolved into a transformative force across industries. The article discusses the concepts, methods and applications of blockchain technology. Blockchain’s decentralized structure, driven by decentralized ledgers and encrypted confirmation, ensures reliability, and security and transparency of information transactions. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge about blockchain and is useful for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers who want to better understand the technology’s impact and future directions. Additionally, this article will examine various applications and real-life examples of blockchain technology and addresses related issues and problems [2-8]. The presentation of non-current events expands the range of the potential applications. This study provides a better understanding of all aspects of blockchain by providing an overview of the products.

Criminal Accountability False Investments with Ponzi Schemes in Indonesia

Indonesia is currently experiencing a surge of investments, which is resulting in both positive and negative outcomes. Supported by increasingly fast technology, “investment” activists are even more enthusiastic about continuing to develop their investments. Recently, investment activists have faced various forms of fraudulent investment with Ponzi schemes. This study aims to determine criminal liability in investing in Ponzi schemes in Indonesia and the protection measures that can be provided for victims. Using normative legal research methods, it was found that fraudulent Ponzi scheme investors in Indonesia can be charged with Article 378 of the Criminal Code. And, because they do not have a permit, fraudulent investments can be subject to Article 103 of Law Number 8 of 1995 concerning Capital Markets, related to investment victims, falsifying a Ponzi scheme in an application because it uses electronic media can be subject to Article 28 paragraph 1 of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning information and electronic transactions, which has been amended by Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning information and electronic transactions.
 Keywords: investment fraud, Ponzi scheme, criminal liability

Legal Implications for Parties Who Display Inappropriate Content Through Social Media Platforms (Copyright Study)

Copyright is one of the rights included in protected intellectual property rights. One form of creation protected by the expert is the work of photography and cinematography. However, it is known that with the development of existing technology, works in the form of photography and cinematography are often used by other parties/people by showing and/or uploading the work to social media without permission from the creator himself. It is not uncommon for the photography and cinematography created to have economic value. Another problem arises when it turns out that the photography and cinematography created contain immoral elements. Therefore, a more in-depth study is needed regarding the legal implications of uploading photography and cinematography without the author’s permission and the limits given by the norms of decency in producing the creation itself. Based on the research results, it is known that the legal responsibility of the party who shows photography and cinematography without the author’s permission on social media platforms, namely if the action is to obtain economic/commercial benefits. It is proven that if the creator suffers economic losses, then the perpetrator can be charged compensation. This type of research is normative juridical/normative legal research, which uses secondary data by processing data derived from legal materials, namely primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Study data were collected through documents and qualitative analysis.
 Keywords: copyright, intellectual property rights, information and electronic transaction law, photography, cinematography, social media

A Novel Similarity-Based Link Prediction Approach for Transaction Networks

A network consists of nodes and links, which represent components of a system and interactions between them, respectively. An example of networks is transaction networks, in which nodes and links represent firms and transactions, respectively. Link prediction in transaction networks is an important problem, which aims to estimate the likelihood of a transaction between two firms. It can be used to predict missing link information between firms to gain fuller knowledge as transaction information is not easily accessible between firms. In addition, firms can use it to predict future transactions as transactions evolve over time for various reasons such as a shift in customer demand, resource availability, etc. Many link prediction methods have been proposed for networks. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no existing link prediction method for transaction networks. Existing methods are not suitable for transaction networks as they assume homophily, the tendency of individuals to associate with similar others, which may not be true in transaction networks. In addition, they do not consider the hierarchy structure exhibited in transaction networks. In this article, we propose a new similarity score for transaction networks that account for multiple, temporal, and directed transactions. We then propose a link prediction procedure based on the proposed similarity score to predict new transactions in transaction networks, which avoids the homophily assumption and exploits the hierarchical structure of transaction networks. The proposed method is tested on real-world transaction networks and yields better area under the receiver operating characteristic curve compared to existing methods.