Information Technology Policy Research Articles

Analysis of Information Technology Proficiency Levels For Academic Services Using The Cobit 2019 Framework: Case Study of SMP Negeri 102 Jakarta

This research intends to analyze the level of capability of information technology (IT) in academic services at SMP Negeri 102 Jakarta using the COBIT 2019 framework. The background of this research is the important role of information technology in increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the learning process in educational institutions. COBIT 2019 was chosen as a framework because it is a best practice in IT governance that can help institutions achieve their strategic goals. This research focuses on the IT governance process implemented at SMP Negeri 102 Jakarta, the maturity level of existing information system governance, and recommendations for improving IT governance. The case study method is used with limitations on the domain within Align, Place and Organize (APO) 09 dan Deliver, Service and Support (DSS) 01 the COBIT 2019 framework. Research findings show that IT governance at SMP Negeri 102 Jakarta is at a certain level of capability that needs to be improved. This research provides recommendations for improving academic services through improving IT governance. It is hoped that the results of this research can become a reference in determining IT policies at SMP Negeri 102 Jakarta and contribute to the development of knowledge in the field of information technology governance.

Analisis Efektivitas Tata Kelola TI Menggunakan Framework Framework Cobit 5 pada PT Bima Mandira Abadi

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of implementing the COBIT 5 framework in Information Technology (IT) governance in organizations. The main focus is to evaluate the extent to which COBIT 5 is able to improve IT management, operational efficiency, and the achievement of the organization's strategic objectives. This study uses a case study approach with qualitative methods. Data were collected through interviews with IT stakeholders, analysis of IT policy and procedure documents, and employee surveys to assess their perceptions of the effectiveness of IT governance. The assessment was carried out by comparing the implementation of COBIT 5 against the performance indicators and controls set out in the framework. This study revealed that although COBIT 5 provides a comprehensive framework for IT governance, the success of its implementation is highly dependent on managerial support, adequate training, and adjustments to the specific needs of the organization. Recommendations for improving effectiveness include strengthening training, improving internal communication, and periodic evaluation of COBIT 5 implementation. The implementation of COBIT 5 has shown substantial benefits in improving IT governance and supporting the achievement of organizational goals. However, to maximize its effectiveness, attention is needed to the aspects that influence the adoption and implementation of this framework.

Toward Using Technology for Instructional Purposes in Lesotho

Preparing both teachers and students for the technological world is very challenging, requiring a total shift of the entire education system to accommodate the thorough use of technology. Studies show that technological competence is the key factor that holds the entire modern education structure together. However, the use of technology in teacher education is still delayed as student-teachers engage in technology for activities without meaningful learning purposes, such as fun-related activities. This calls for thorough training meant to remove the physical barriers that hinder student-teachers’ use of technology in the classroom. This study examined factors that influence student- teachers’ self-efficacy in using technology in learning in one teacher education institution in Lesotho. A systematic review approach was adopted to select and analyze studies on student-teachers and the use of technology in tertiary education. After screening for relevance, some studies were excluded. The themes that emerged from the selected studies were analyzed to build themes that are relevant to student-teachers' self-efficacy in using technology in learning. Findings indicate that student-teachers’ self-efficacy in using technology is influenced by the lack of technological tools in classrooms and computer laboratories, lack of professional development, lack of information and communication technology (ICT) policy, cost of connectivity, and the benefits of technology in learning entrepreneurship education. These findings imply that teacher education is required to restructure its curriculum and offer adequate support to student- teachers and lecturers. In addition, teacher education must restructure their classrooms and computer laboratories to shape student-teachers for future roles.

Towards Learning Excellence in Universities: A Critical Review of Information and Communication Technology Policies in Education in Kenya

The current reality is that technological advancement has shaped how learning is being conducted in education. Communication technology has been embraced in education by both educators and learners. However, the embracement has been slow, and this was experienced during the Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, when teaching and learning had to shift and relied heavily on communication technology, but in actuality educational institutions were not ready. The virus continues to linger on and has served as a wake-up call for the education sector. This therefore makes Information and Communication Technology (ICT) an essential component in education today, not only to be implemented during crises, but also due to technological advancement and stakeholders’ needs in the current times. Governments have made efforts to integrate ICT in education, as is the case in Kenya. This paper reviews the National ICT policy in Kenya since its formulation in 2006 and its revision in 2019. These two policies were national, and education was integrated into the policies. However, in 2021, an additional policy on ICT in education and training was formulated and will also be analysed in this study. The paper analyses the strategies and implementation in higher learning institutions and outlines the barriers and challenges experienced in its implementation. Accessibility and equity have been pinpointed as some of the major factors influencing ICT integration. As higher learning institutions focus on blended or hybrid learning, ICT becomes a fundamental tool to facilitate education. The paper makes recommendations based on the policy inadequacies and how to focus on ICT in education for future meaningful impact.

Implementation Of A Waste Bank Management Program In The South Tangerang City Area (Study In Benda Baru Subdistrict)

This research aims to analyze the implementation of the waste bank management program and the waste bank management model in Benda Baru Subdistrict, South Tangerang City. This research uses a qualitative approach, data collection techniques using observations, in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and documentation. The sampling technique used in this research was purposive sampling. The informants consisted of 5 groups of informants, namely the Environmental Service, Village Employees, Waste Bank Managers, Environmental Monitoring Institutions and the Community of Banda Baru Village, South Tangerang City. This research uses the Miles and Huberman Model Qualitative Data Analysis Technique where the implementation of the waste bank management program uses policy implementation theory from George C. Edwards III, namely four variables in public policy, namely Communication, Resources, attitudes (dispositions or attitudes) and bureaucratic structure and Van Horn Theory. The latest in this research is the collaboration between the use of information technology and public policy regarding waste bank management. Waste bank management model to implement a waste bank management program by including information technology elements in the information flow, sorting/sorting flow, bookkeeping flow and customer deposit distribution flow at the waste bank. Meanwhile, the model for implementing the waste bank management program in the flow of collecting or purchasing waste from local government waste banks requires establishing a Regional Owned Enterprise or regional company that specifically handles waste produced from waste banks. This has a massive impact on the green economy concept to improve community welfare.

E-learning use and teaching and learning performance in Tanzanian universities

The use of E-learning as a new educational technology is currently a top priority in many universities in developing-countries. The main purpose of this research is to determine how e-learning affects the teaching and learning (T&L) performance in Tanzanian universities. Employing a questionnaire tool, a quantitative approach was used to collect the data. A total of 390 out of 400 respondents including lectures and students were taken into account, with a 97.5% response rate. Data in SPSS version 21 were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). According to the findings of this study, only one of the nine hypotheses tested have a non-significant effect on T&L performance, as indicated by p-values >0.01. Further, there is no statistically significant effect of perceived usefulness in using e-learning in T&L performance by lowering cost/expenses. Furthermore, other variables assessed including performance expectancy, ease of use, and perceived usefulness have significance effect on T&L performance by increased quality of instructional material delivery, convenience in teaching and learning facilities. The findings of this study inform policymakers on how to reformulate information and communication technology (ICT) policy to clearly spell out the adoption of e-learning for providing facilities in universities. The policy should, in particular, have a clear vision of implementing an appealing, conducive teaching and learning service delivery environment, as well as achieving appropriate and high T&L performance. By influencing the cost/expenses in T&L, quality of instructional material, and the convenience of T&L service delivery as the indicators of performance, this paper contributes to improve understanding of the factors of e-learning (including performance expectancy, perceived usefulness, and ease of use) on teaching and learning performance of the Tanzanian universities. These factors, which have a substantial influence on T&L performance in Tanzanian universities through affecting its indicators, were not thoroughly addressed in earlier relevant studies.

Understanding security behaviour among healthcare professionals by comparing results from technology threat avoidance theory and protection motivation theory

ABSTRACT We investigate security behaviour among healthcare professionals while comparing upon two prevalent theories in information security (IS) research: Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and Technology Threat Avoidance Theory (TTAT). Although IS research often uses these models, very few studies compare the two models using a diverse sample of 245 healthcare professionals. The data were analysed using partial least squares regression - structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Results indicated that both models were similarly robust at predicting security behaviour. Perceived severity and response efficacy positively influenced avoidance motivation (AM) for PMT. All factors of the threat appraisal arm of TTAT and safeguard efficacy played an influencing role on AM in TTAT. Response cost and self-efficacy were not supported in either model, providing us with potentially new insights into this specific population’s security intentions. With the addition of Perceived Threat, TTAT appears to be slightly more robust model with 64% of the variance explained by the given model while PMT explains only 60% of the variance. Given the ever-increasing risk of data breaches in healthcare, practical applications and implications of the study’s findings to health information technology (HIT) policy and infrastructure are also discussed.

Incorporating health IT into primary care transformation.

To understand the role of health information technology (IT) vendors and health IT functionality in supporting advanced primary care. We synthesized multiple rounds of surveys and interviews (2017-2022) from a mixed-methods evaluation of Comprehensive Primary Care Plus (CPC+), a multipayer model developed by CMS. CPC+ was the first federal advanced primary care reform effort that formalized health IT vendors' roles in supporting health IT implementation and specified detailed health IT requirements for practices. We conducted content analysis to identify cross-cutting themes related to health IT for both practices and vendors, comparing similarities and differences across participants and (when possible) over time. Vendors and practices reported advances in registries and dashboards for improved information management within the practice as well as strengthened relationships between vendors and practices that supported health IT implementation. However, CPC+ practices noted several gaps or challenges using existing functionalities, and both vendors and practices reported broader challenges for more transformative health IT change, particularly the lack of interoperable health information exchange needed to support care management and care coordination. Key factors constraining vendors' investment in further advances included long product development schedules, making it difficult to respond to rapidly evolving model requirements. Vendors also shared that CPC+ practices represented a small fraction of their client base, so investing in developing new functionality was not strategic unless it was more broadly relevant outside CPC+. Continued collaboration among health IT vendors, practices, policy makers, and payers could support continued technological improvements, particularly related to information exchange and communication. Aligning requirements more closely with other federal and private models could also help mitigate the risk for vendors.

Cyber Crime and Cyber Law’s In India: A Comprehensive Study with Special Reference to Information Technology

The rapid evolution of information technology has brought about significant advancements in various sectors, but it has also given rise to new challenges, particularly in the realm of cyber security. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of cybercrime and cyber laws in India, with a special emphasis on the Information Technology Act, 2000. The research begins by defining cybercrime and elucidating its various forms, including hacking, identity theft, phishing, and other malicious activities conducted in the digital domain. A detailed examination of the cyber threat landscape in India is presented, highlighting the increasing frequency and sophistication of cyber-attacks and their impact on individuals, businesses, and the government. The study then delves into the legislative framework governing cyber activities in India, primarily focusing on the Information Technology Act, 2000, and its subsequent amendments. It explores the legal definitions of cybercrimes, jurisdictional issues, and the powers conferred upon law enforcement agencies to investigate and prosecute offenders. Special attention is given to recent legal developments and case studies that illustrate the application of cyber laws in real-world scenarios. Furthermore, the research scrutinizes the role of government agencies, such as the Cyber Crime Cells, in combating cyber threats and promoting cyber security awareness. The study also assesses the effectiveness of international collaborations and treaties in addressing transnational cybercrimes, considering the borderless nature of cyber threats. The research investigates the role of Information Technology policies, standards, and best practices in India. It analyses the measures adopted by organizations to safeguard their digital assets and sensitive information, highlighting the importance of cyber security awareness and education. The study synthesizes the findings to provide recommendations for strengthening the existing cyber laws, enhancing cyber security infrastructure, and fostering a collaborative approach among stakeholders to mitigate the challenges posed by cybercrime. The research aims to contribute to the understanding of the dynamic landscape of cyber threats in India and serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, legal professionals, and academia involved in the field of information technology and cyber security.

Artificial Intelligence Implementation Strategy to Make It Happen Smart Government Indonesia Gold 2045

The world is currently faced with the challenges of the industrial revolution 4.0 era to realize Smart Government based on internet of things (IOT), big data, augmented reality (AR), cyber security, artificial intelligence (AI), additive manufacturing (AM), simulation, system integration and cloud computing. The application of Artificial Intelligence / AI to public services has been successfully implemented in Singapore and Finland. Meanwhile, in Indonesia there are still challenges that must be faced in implementing AI in public services to realize Smart Government, including information technology (ICT) infrastructure, policies and regulations, rigid bureaucracy, and the ability of human resources to use ICT. So, this research will explain the strategy for implementing AI in Indonesia using the Al-Besher Smart Government Framework based on the results of the SWOT analysis. This research uses qualitative research methods through literature review in the form of primary references, namely journals, articles, news and government performance reports. The research results show that the application of AI to realize Smart Government must carry out the strategy of IoT Enable System, AI Principles/Regulation/IoT Principle, and Shareholders to form a Smart Government Domain which contains 5 (five) Priority Fields for Indonesian Artificial Intelligence for 2020-2045. Apart from that, this research found that to realize Smart Government, administrative reform efforts must be made by forming autonomous organizations, increasing ASN competency by strengthening the meritocracy system, building collaborative governance and establishing a bureaucratic digital transformation law.

Impacto de las políticas de tecnología educativa en la educación superior: mejoras, retos y perspectivas

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of educational technology policies in the field of higher education, covering both the progress achieved and the challenges faced, as well as future perspectives. In order to carry out this study, a qualitative methodology has been selected based on the analysis of documents related to information and communication technology (ICT) policies and programs in the educational system, as well as on the research of innovative practices of ICT integration in the teaching and learning process. The results obtained show that, although ICTs have had a substantial impact on the transformation of higher education, significant challenges remain, such as the need to promote greater digital inclusion and to design and implement policies and programs more effectively. Regarding future perspectives, the importance of strengthening ICT-related policies and programs, as well as promoting innovative practices for the integration of these technologies in education, in order to achieve inclusive and high-quality education, is emphasized.

Grow a Backbone! Introducing Nomos as a New Taxonomic Backbone for Western Australia

In 2022, the Biodiversity Information Office (BIO) launched Dandjoo, a central, actively managed biodiversity data repository for the state of Western Australia (WA) to facilitate data sharing across all environment-related sectors to make biodiversity data more discoverable, accessible, and useable. Future integration with other platforms such as Environment Online as part of the Streamline WA project will support efficient, evidence-based, and transparent decision making for conservation and environmental assessments in Western Australia. Dandjoo will also integrate with The Biodiversity Data Repository as part of the Australian Government's Digital Environmental Assessments Program. Biodiversity data requires taxonomic information as its foundation. To enable the curation of data ingested into Dandjoo, BIO developed Nomos, a taxonomic names management system and authoritative source to aggregate, store and manage recognised taxonomic names of organisms found in Western Australia and any changes to them through history and into the future. This solution did not come without its challenges. There is no single source of Western Australian taxonomy—official checklists are only maintained for some taxonomic groups, and the availability of structured data around taxonomic changes is largely limited to plants through an internal departmental system called WA Census. WA Census is a legacy Oracle forms system for managing and referencing taxonomic names that underpinned several other applications such as FloraBase, WAHERB (WA Herbarium’s collection management information system), NatureMap (now defunct) and the Threatened Species and Communities branch databases for threatened flora and fauna. While Dandjoo needed a taxonomic backbone, there were also many internal systems that would essentially break without a similar source of information to draw from, hence the need to aggregate taxonomic names from the WA Museum and WA Herbarium (WA Census) into one single source of truth. There were also technical challenges for development. Nomos needed to support two nomenclatural codes, and link names together in hierarchies as well as through synonyms. It also needed to integrate with other agency systems and adhere to internal information technology policies and requirements. Additionally, the tight deadline for Dandjoo’s release meant that BIO needed to manage Nomos’s scope carefully for its initial release, deferring some non-core features for future releases. Nomos now aggregates taxonomic names from the Western Australian Herbarium and Western Australian Museum and provides the backbone that enables curation in Dandjoo and access to Western Australia’s biodiversity data. It stores a rich and growing history of taxonomic change, especially names of threatened flora and fauna, providing the capability to “relate” names to each other and track relationships through time. BIO staff, including data engineers and science officers, developed innovative workflows around maintaining taxonomic information in Nomos from Western Australian Herbarium and Western Australian Museum. For example, Nomos and WA Census are unable to be connected via API due to WA Census infrastructure, so data engineers and science officers worked together to develop a script to highlight record changes between WA Census extracts, to make sure that Nomos is kept up to date with WA Census. A similar process was deveoped to keep threatned species names and codes in Dandjoo systems up to date and in line with Threatened Species and Communities. Future workflows need to be developed around standardising the way agencies handle taxonomic names from invasive, alien and naturalised species. Future developments will expand API-driven connectivity with other systems, introduce conservation codes, and enhance functionality around subgenera and hybrid taxa. Nomos and the information it contains will ultimately enhance interoperability and knowledge-sharing across agencies, and support a common understanding of biodiversity data.

Forming Policy Intellectuals in the Asia Pacific and Africa: Communication Policy Research South, 2006–2018

ABSTRACT Knowledgeable and motivated policy intellectuals are needed for effective information and communication technology policy and regulation. This article describes a Telecommunication Policy Research Conference (TPRC)–influenced conference and training program intended to develop such policy intellectuals in the Asia Pacific and Africa, which began in 2006 and ended in 2018. It was unique in emphasizing the development of junior scholars. Evidence of research and policy engagement from tracer surveys is presented. The causes of the brevity of CPRsouth’s existence are analyzed in relation to EuroCPR and TPRC using a model of knowledge network evolution, including the role of external “subsidies” and the mismatch between potential funders and the scope of the activity.

Adoption and use of various health information exchange methods for sending inside health information in US hospitals

BackgroundHospitals may adopt various information transmission methods to participate in health information exchange (HIE) programs. However, even if they adopt multiple mechanisms, they may not actively use all of them to send inside information. This study analyzes the frequently used methods for sending data and the common barriers blocking sending practices in hospital settings. MethodsOur sample included 3,015 community hospitals that reported their methods of sending patient health information in the 2019 American Hospital Association Information Technology Supplement Survey. The relationship between obstacles hospitals experienced and their use of the information-sending method was analyzed by using robust Poisson regression models. ResultsMany-to-many exchanges that involve intermediaries such as a health information service provider (HISP), electronic health record (EHR) vendor-based network, and national network, once adopted, were more often used by hospitals than one-to-one exchange methods such as provider portals and direct access to EHR by login credentials. Hospitals that lacked the technical capability to electronically send patient health information were less likely to use any of the methods (p <.01), while hospitals located in a more concentrated market were more likely to send information to outside providers by using provider portal, interface connection and national network (p <.01). DiscussionThere is still a notable gap between hospitals' adoption and the actual use of different HIE methods to send inside information to outside organizations. Results argue that even if hospitals adopted an HIE method, they might not necessarily participate in the actual sharing of information, and the method may remain unused due to several usage barriers. ConclusionHospital and market-level barriers associated with using one-to-one and many-to-many HIE methods for sharing information may affect progress in interoperability. Examining the barriers to using multiple HIE methods and their impact on interoperability could offer implications for health information technology (IT) policy and inform health system leaders.

A Model for Implementing Information Technology Policies in The Sixth Development Plan Based on the Neural Network Approach

A Model for Implementing Information Technology Policies in The Sixth Development Plan Based on the Neural Network Approach

Perspectives on Challenges and Opportunities for Interoperability: Findings From Key Informant Interviews With Stakeholders in Ohio.

Interoperability-the exchange and integration of data across the health care system-remains a challenge despite ongoing policy efforts aimed at promoting interoperability. This study aimed to identify current challenges and opportunities to advancing interoperability across stakeholders. Primary data were collected through qualitative, semistructured interviews with stakeholders (n=24) in Ohio from July to October 2021. Interviewees were sampled using a stratified purposive sample of key informants from 4 representative groups as follows: acute care and children's hospital leaders, primary care providers, behavioral health providers, and regional health information exchange networks. Interviews focused on key informant perspectives on electronic health record implementation, the alignment of public policy with organizational strategy, interoperability implementation challenges, and opportunities for health information technology. The interviews were transcribed verbatim followed by rigorous qualitative analysis using directed content analysis. The findings illuminate themes related to challenges and opportunities for interoperability that align with technological (ie, implementation challenges, mismatches in interoperability capabilities across stakeholders, and opportunities to leverage new technology and integrate social determinants of health data), organizational (ie, facilitators of interoperability and strategic alignment of participation in value-based payment programs with interoperability), and environmental (ie, policy) domains. Interoperability, although technically feasible for most providers, remains challenging for technological, organizational, and environmental reasons. Our findings suggest that the incorporation of end user considerations into health information technology development, implementation, policy, and standard deployment may support interoperability advancement.

The Challenges and Prospects of ICT Utilisation in Counter Terrorism Efforts in a Transitional Democracy: The Case of Nigeria

The global quest to fight terror worldwide cannot be over emphasised as extremists and non -state actors continue to ravage the ungoverned spaces opening up around the globe. Consequently this work is an evaluation of the use of ICT in counter terrorism efforts in Nigeria as a fledgling democracy. The study reviewed the challenges and prospects of the application of ICT to counter terror in a country where Boko Haram, ISWAP, and other militant groups have continue to challenge the legitimacy and territorial integrity of the Nigerian state. The work used the mixed method –comprising qualitative and quantitative analytical efforts and found out that for the Nigerian State to make sustainable impacts in her counter terrorism efforts ICT should be the pivot. In the same vein, the study advocated adequate training and sustainable Information Technology policy and culture that will encourage the development of substantial capacity to drive an ICT-driven counter terrorism in a world full of rapidly mutating terrorism.

ASSESSING ORGANISATIONS’ READINESS TO ADOPT GREEN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: THE CASE OF A SOUTH AFRICAN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICES VENDOR

Green information technology (IT) adoption is an important topic in the fields of information systems, business sustainability, and corporate social responsibility. This case study applies the green IT adoption model (GITAM) to perform a systematic and qualitative readiness assessment at a major South African IT services vendor. Thematic data analysis was used to analyse the data collected from managers and specialist IT staff. The assessment revealed that the main organisational adoption readiness barriers were the lack of a formal green IT policy, an unclearly defined green IT governance framework, and a lack of green performance management. The main drivers of adoption were economic imperatives and regulatory and ethical requirements. Interestingly, a contextual variable – an exogenous shock caused by COVID-19 and the robustness of the organisation’s crisis response during the pandemic – rapidly increased the rate of green IT adoption at the firm. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Green IT Adoption Model (GITAM), Case Study, G-readiness Assessment, Green IT, Sustainability, Technology Adoption

Discussion on Marketing Mode Innovation and Technical Support of Rural E-commerce

In the innovation of rural e-commerce marketing model, products, external and government policies are the main factors affecting innovation, such as product scale, characteristics, sales form, marketing environment, basic equipment, information technology, geographical conditions, support and participation policies, etc. Modern rural e-commerce marketing is becoming more and more intelligent, and the marketing mode has also changed from B2C, F2C and F2B to more advanced F2C2C and F2C2B. The transformation of the model requires more advanced information technology and professional support, such as e-commerce platform construction, logistics technology, mobile payment technology and big data technology. These technologies are the essential basic support for rural e-commerce marketing, and they are also an indispensable part in the innovation process of rural e-commerce marketing model.

Capacity Building and Advocacy to Promote the Digital Accessibility Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Despite the progress that has taken place in the sector of technology, efforts of ensuring the inclusion of persons with disabilities remain limited. This is due to the limited opportunities of capacity building, weak awareness among engineers and industrialists, and the hindering of persons with disabilities’ voices in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) policy development and decision-making. Inspired by the disposition of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with disabilities regarding accessibility, the Global Initiative for Information and Communication Technologies have been playing a pivotal role in promoting the persons with disabilities’ right to inclusive ICTs. Benefiting from the results of its Digital Accessibility Right Evaluation Index, G3ICT has realized the increasing commitment of CRPD States Parties to issues of ICT Accessibility. Nevertheless, The DARE index data show the remaining challenges encountered by governments’ procurement capacity for offering actual support to inclusive ICT programs, products, and services. ICT accessibility continues to be absent from higher education and vocational training programs. Furthermore, advocacy efforts of persons with disabilities and their organizations remain limited within the realm of digital accessibility. This paper discusses G3ICT’s Digital Accessibility Right Education (DARE) Academy, and its role in tackling issues of digital divide through offering a platform of educational development and advocacy capacity enhancement for persons with disabilities around issues of ICT accessibility.