Information System Interface Research Articles

Perancangan Sistem Informasi Sekolah SD Negeri 4 Kerta Payangan Menggunakan Metode Design Thinkin

School information systems are one of the most important needs in educational institutions. Building a school information system is the right step to help provide more relevant information and also in processing data in schools into useful information. However, there are some schools that have not implemented it such as SD Negeri 4 Kerta, In providing conventional information that is done manually where all data or documents are stored in hardcopy form, as well as in processing data such as school profile information, academic and school finances. The purpose of this study is to determine the design of the school information system user interface to be a solution to these problems. This research uses the Design Thinking method implemented to design a website-based school information system for SD Negeri 4 Kerta. The user interface design of the school information system is built in the form of a prototype using the figma application. This study used interview methods and literature studies in collecting data and related information. And the result of designing the user interface of the SD Negeri 4 Kerta school information system is to design a website to provide school information and to process school data and process the financial section.

The Effect of Touchscreen Layout Division on the Usability and Driving Safety of In-Vehicle Information Systems

Compared to traditional physical controls, in-vehicle touchscreen interaction relies more on vision. Irrational In-Vehicle Information System (IVIS) interface layout design can lead to decreased driver performance and even serious traffic accidents. This study investigated the impact of IVIS layouts on usability and driving safety. We extracted and analyzed the current mainstream IVIS homepage layouts in the market and summarized four different layout structures. An experiment was conducted on a driving simulator to examine the usability of the IVIS layout design based on task reaction time, error rate, NASA-TLX (a subjective workload assessment scale developed by NASA), and subjective preference (PREF). The safety issues of IVIS layout design were also examined based on standard deviation lane position (SDLP), speed variation (SV), mean glance time, mean number of glances, and blink frequency. This study recorded and evaluated the driving performance of 40 participants during real driving tasks at four speeds (0, 60, 90, and 120 km/h). Results showed that there were significant differences in task reaction time, NASA-TLX, PREF, mean glance time, SDLP, and SV among the four layouts. Furthermore, we observed that these four layouts had varying effects on usability and driving safety at four speeds. In the stationary state, the three-partition layouts were more efficient, while the two-partition layouts had more advantages during driving. Meanwhile, the horizontal dock bar layout interfaces have more advantages compared to the vertical dock bar interface. The study provides empirical evidence for optimizing the IVIS interface layout design for enhanced usability and driving safety.

Conversational AI: An Explication of Few-Shot Learning Problem in Transformers-Based Chatbot Systems

With the recent advancements in conversational artificial intelligence (AI), the practical applications of chatbots have risen significantly in diverse domains such as healthcare, education, e-government, customer support systems, social platforms, and entertainment. The chatbot converses with humans in natural language and responds to their queries with precise and relevant answers. The relevant literature presents several methods for intent classification and slot mapping for chatbot question answering. However, the existing chatbot architectures still suffer from few-shot learning problem (imbalance ratio of class labels over samples) and ineffective dialog management to retain the context and slots mapping. This study aims to introduce the architecture of chatbot by focusing few-shot learning problem and context management in dialog-based conversations. First, to mitigate the few-shot learning problem with chatbots, we propose a novel hybrid intent and slots transformers (HIST) model. The HIST chatbot architecture utilizes transformers and self-attention mechanisms along with bigated recurrent unit and combines conditional random field algorithms for intent classification and slot extraction. Second, to address dialog management, we introduce a hybrid interaction strategy for slots mapping and effective conversational context management. To validate the proposed model’s effectiveness, comprehensive empirical analysis is carried out using three benchmark datasets including airline travel information system (ATIS), banking77, and conversational language interface for natural conversation 150 (CLINC150). The results show that HIST outperforms against the state-of-the-art existing methods with a clear margin and obtained an accuracy of 94.89% and 96.17% for intent classification and slots extraction, respectively. The empirical results confirm the effectiveness of the HIST chatbot for resolving the few-shot learning problem with effective dialog management in chatbot systems.

Proposed Web-Based Goods Recording Information System in the Warehouse of PT Bahana Unindo Teknik Plant Plastics Injection

PT Bahana Unindo Teknik Plant Plastics Injection is a company engaged in manufacturing. In the company's warehouse there is a problem, namely the absence of an integrated goods recording system, this is an obstacle because the recording is still done using stock cards and Microsoft Excel. Recording with this method affects the level of speed in the activity of recording goods in the warehouse, recording time takes an average of 10 minutes depending on the variation in the number of items. The proposal given is an information system for recording goods to support activities in the warehouse. System development is carried out using Unified Modeling Language (UML) modeling and creating an information system interface design. The use of an information system for recording goods is expected to shorten the time for recording and provide flexibility in data sharing capabilities in the warehouse of PT Bahana Unindo Teknik Plant Plastics Injection.

Architecture of an intelligent information system for forecasting components of medical projects

The article concerns the development of an intelligent information system for forecasting components of medical projects. The purpose of the study is to propose an intelligent information system for forecasting component medical projects, which is based on the use of neural network models, as well as statistical and expert methods, which, unlike existing ones, ensures the accuracy of forecasting component medical projects, adaptability to changes in their project environment, as well as accessibility for users. The task of the research is to substantiate the architecture and develop an algorithm for the operation of an intelligent information system for forecasting component medical projects, as well as to develop the user interface of this system and to carry out forecasting of component medical projects. The object of research is decision support processes in medical project management. The subject of the study is the architecture of an intelligent information system for forecasting the components of medical projects, which defines the model, structure, functions, and relationships between its components. The scientific novelty is to substantiate the algorithm and architecture of an intelligent information system for forecasting the components of medical projects based on the use of dynamic data (modern medical records, medical information system server, and other external data), which ensures the formation of a large database underlying the training of neural network models and ensuring high accuracy of forecasting the components of medical projects. The proposed intelligent information system is an effective tool that can be used to increase the accuracy of management decisions and the effectiveness of medical projects. The system involves the use of a medical information system for the formation of a historical database, which ensures the formation of a knowledge base and the development of a set of systematically interconnected blocks. The developed algorithm of the proposed intelligent information system involves the implementation of 17 steps, which reflect the intellectual approach, which involves the use of neural networks for forecasting the components of medical projects. A user interface of an intelligent information system for evaluating component medical projects has been developed, which involves the use of 6 tabs. The use of dialog boxes for forecasting components of 5 groups of projects is foreseen. These include projects for the creation of hospital districts, projects of highly specialized medicine, projects of specialized medicine, projects of primary medicine, and advisory and diagnostic projects. A proposed neural network for predicting the duration of diabetes treatment projects in children. It is a deep neural network with two levels, which provides forecast accuracy at the level of 95.4 %, which indicates its sufficient efficiency and feasibility of use in an intelligent information system. Established trends in the duration of diabetes treatment in children due to changes in the main factors that cause them. The obtained results depend based on improving the quality and accuracy of decision support for assessing the duration of diabetes treatment in children with different states of their disease

A Vehicle Simulation Study Examining the Effects of System Interface Design Elements on Performance in Different Vibration Environments Below 3Hz.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between system interface elements' design features and interaction performance in simulated vehicle vibration environments. Touch screens have been widely used in vehicle information systems, but few studies have focused on the decline of touchscreen interaction performance and task load increase when driving on unpaved roads. The interaction performance (reaction time and task accuracy rate) with vibration frequencies below 3Hz (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5Hz) and different interface design elements was investigated employing a touch screen computer and E-prime software. The results indicate that vehicle vibration (below 3Hz) can significantly reduce interaction performance with a vehicle information system interface. An appropriate increase in the physical size of the interface design features (visual stimulus materials and touch buttons) can help to mitigate this negative effect of vibration. The results and findings of this study can be utilized for the design of information system interfaces as it relates to the vibration scenario of unpaved roads.

Blockchain and City Information Modeling (CIM): A New Approach of Transparency and Efficiency

For over a decade, digital modelling has transcended geometric representations to more advanced object-based modelling using real-life attirbutes. Digital technologies, especially Building Information Modelling (BIM) have been widely adopted in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations (AECO) industry, while a newer niche - City Information Modelling (CIM) has emerged as an extension of BIM for urban informatics. This research proposes a framework that integrates heterogeneous CIM using a multi-level, nested data environment. The CIM is developed through a network of BIM models synchronized into a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) interface. The individual BIM models are blockchain-enabled by connecting them to a distributed ledger and shared across a network of project collaborators using a Common Data Environment (CDE) in a Building Level Framework.. The resulting CIM from the network of BIM models is shared between the asset owners in a City Level Framework. Use case scenarios are presented to illustrate the application of the research in real life, and research limitations are discussed. The study aims to improve management of buildings and urban assets, providing a more efficient and secure platform for collaboration and data sharing through a blockchain-CIM integration, providing opportunities for further research in digital modelling and smart technologies.

Blockchain and City Information Modeling (CIM): A New Approach of Transparency and Efficiency (REDIRECT)

For over a decade, digital modelling has transcended geometric representations to more advanced object-based modelling using real-life attirbutes. Digital technologies, especially Building Information Modelling (BIM) have been widely adopted in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations (AECO) industry, while a newer niche - City Information Modelling (CIM) has emerged as an extension of BIM for urban informatics. This research proposes a framework that integrates heterogeneous CIM using a multi-level, nested data environment. The CIM is developed through a network of BIM models synchronized into a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) interface. The individual BIM models are blockchain-enabled by connecting them to a distributed ledger and shared across a network of project collaborators using a Common Data Environment (CDE) in a Building Level Framework.. The resulting CIM from the network of BIM models is shared between the asset owners in a City Level Framework. Use case scenarios are presented to illustrate the application of the research in real life, and research limitations are discussed. The study aims to improve management of buildings and urban assets, providing a more efficient and secure platform for collaboration and data sharing through a blockchain-CIM integration, providing opportunities for further research in digital modelling and smart technologies.

Analisis Penerimaan Pemustaka pada Layanan Electronic Thesis and Dissertation (ETD) di Perpustakaan Universitas Islam Negeri Syekh Ali Hasan Ahmad Addary Padangsidimpuan Menggunakan Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)

ETD (Electronic Thesis and Dissertation) is one of Padangsidimpuan State Islamic University's Syekh Ali Hasan Ahmad Addary Library's key services for end-user reading. The new service's user satisfaction is unclear. ETD user acceptability at Padangsidimpuan's Syekh Ali Hasan Ahmad Addary Library needs analysis. Analysis is needed to test user acceptance of ETD (Electronic Thesis and Dissertation) services at the Syekh Ali Hasan Ahmad Addary Library of Padangsidimpuan.The services taken in this study are ETD (Electronic Thesis and Dissertation) services and are located at the Library of Sheikh Ali Hasan Ahmad Addary State Islamic University Padangsidimpuan using the TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) approach, therefore the author's reason for knowing and analyzing how users receive and use ETD services at the Syekh Ali Hasan Ahmad Addary Padangsidimpuan State Islamic University Library. The method used in this study is quantitative research with data collection techniques, namely literature techniques, field research (research files), and distributing questionnaires. Researchers intend to use the TAM method to measure client happiness with ETD offerings. Participants are people who have used ETD services at UIN SYAHADA. The results of TAM X1-Y used to study the opinions of system users or respondents showed that on average 32.825% of respondents answered with Strongly Agree, while 55.7% answered with Agree. Multiple regression analysis shows that variables related to information system interface design (X1), user attitudes toward information systems (X3), and user behavioral attitudes toward information systems (X4) all have a significant impact on users' actual situation (Y). The simplicity of the user interface (X2) has nothing to do with this. R2 = 0.352, so it seems pretty close. So, external factors account for a total of 35.2% of the variance in users' real-world ISS conditions. The remaining 64.8%, then, were influenced by factors not included in the model.

Effects of different types of interference on nurses' working memory: An ERP study.

To explore the effects of different types of interference on nurses' working memory, and the role of attention control. A repeated measures design. A single-factor, four-level within-subjects design was adopted. Thirty-one nurses completed a delay-recognition task with four blocks in September 2020: Interrupting Stimulus (stimuli requiring attention), Distracting Stimulus (stimuli to-be-ignored), No Interference and Passively View. Behavioural responses of the participants and EEG data were recorded. MATLAB 21b and EEGLAB 21b were used for electroencephalogram data preprocessing and data extraction. Firstly, when nursing information system was used as task material, the accuracy rate and false alarm rate of primary tasks under interruption condition was statistically significantly different with that of distraction and no interference condition. There is a statistically significant difference in electroencephalogram measurement between correct and wrong response under interruption. Secondly, the role of attention control was different under interruption and distraction. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the average amplitude distraction attention control index and task accuracy, and statistically significant negative correlation between the latency interruption attention control index and the accuracy of working memory task. There were different effects of interruptions and distractions on nurses' working memory and the role of attention control were also different. Measures can be designed according to these results to reduce the negative impact of interference on nurses, so as to improve work efficiency and reduce patient risk. This study has implications for clinical nursing during human-computer interaction. Resumption of the speed of the target information after an interruption affected task performance. Therefore, interventions should be designed to reduce the time needed for nurses to extract task information after an interruption, such as providing key clues in the information system interface. Registered nurses participated in the study as subjects.

Assessing the Immunization Information System and electronic health record interface accuracy for COVID-19 vaccinations.

Our objective is to assess the accuracy of the COVID-19 vaccination status within the electronic health record (EHR) for a panel of patients in a primary care practice when manual queries of the state immunization databases are required to access outside immunization records. This study evaluated COVID-19 vaccination status of adult primary care patients within a university-based health system EHR by manually querying the Kansas and Missouri Immunization Information Systems. A manual query of the local Immunization Information Systems for 4114 adult patients with "unknown" vaccination status showed 44% of the patients were previously vaccinated. Attempts to assess the comprehensiveness of the Immunization Information Systems were hampered by incomplete documentation in the chart and poor response to patient outreach. When the interface between the patient chart and the local Immunization Information System depends on a manual query for the transfer of data, the COVID-19 vaccination status for a panel of patients is often inaccurate.

First Steps toward Voice User Interfaces for Web-Based Navigation of Geographic Information: A Spanish Terms Study

This work presents the first steps toward developing specific technology for voice user interfaces for geographic information systems. Despite having many general elements, such as voice recognition libraries, the current technology still lacks the ability to fully understand and process the semantics that real users apply to command geographic information systems. This paper presents the results of three connected experiments, following a mixed-methods approach. The first experiment focused on identifying the most common words used when working with maps in a web browser. The second experiment developed an understanding of the chain of commands used for map management for a specific objective. Finally, the third experiment involved the development of a prototype to validate this understanding. Using data and fieldwork, we created a minimum corpus of terms in Spanish. In addition, we identified the particularities of use and user profiles to consider in a voice user interface for geographic information systems, involving the user’s proprioception concerning the world and technology. These user profiles can be considered in future designs of human–technology interaction products. All the data collected and the source code of the prototype are provided as additional material, free to use and modify.

Online Integration and Reconstruction Platform Interaction Research of Industrial Design Professional Guiding Model in Higher Vocational Colleges Based on Complex Information System

Based on the complex information system, this paper studies the education mode of the industrial design major in higher vocational colleges, and designs a background processing and online integration and reconstruction platform for the guidance network of the higher vocational industrial design major. Firstly, it analyzes the characteristics of the complex information system interface with Kernal as the frame, studies the application of the industrial design specialty in the complex information system interface design in higher vocational education, and implements the arrangement, topic selection, implementation principle, implementation process, Specific practice has been carried out in terms of assessment requirements and so on. The practice data is entered and processed based on MongleDB, and the online data is integrated and reconstructed using C++ modeling.

Perancangan Sistem Informasi Pengelolaan Data Penjualan Pada UD Memeri

UD Memeri is one of the SMEs that sells various types of ducks. As long as this UKM is running, the quality of the ducks is sold by UD Memes are never bad. Currently, UD Memeri's sales transactions per day can reach 50 to 100 individuals. start recording sales of ducks. With manual sales and recording, it is possible for errors can occur in recording transactions. Transaction activities and product data management are still carried out in a conventional way which makes the work process take a lot of time because in the transaction process in sales, therefore an information system is needed to manage sales transaction data at UD Memeri. Making an information system cannot be developed immediately before there is a needs analysis and system described in the form of a design. The results of the analysis of user needs, there are three users of the information system, namely admin, owner, and staff. The system design is based on the analysis of user needs by designing Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) and designing databases using Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERD), and designing an information system interface that will be built based on a website. Interface design includes admin page interface design, staff page interface design, and owner page interface design. With this design made, UD Memeri has an overview of the information system that will be built and adjusted to needs

The Achievements and Future of Information Technology related Patient Safety

<p>隨著科技的進步與智慧醫療的蓬勃發展，因資訊系統問題而導致的病人安全事件層出不窮，引起國際間重視。2020年醫策會與ECRI合作，建置台灣第一個醫療科技問題與病人安全風險學習平台(Information Technology related Patient Safety, ITPS)，由醫院通報以收集因資訊科技所導致的病人安全事件。本平台於2021年共收案50件，事件類別以檢驗／檢查／病理切片事件(40%)及藥物事件(38%)最多，在資通訊事件分類方面，以資訊系統問題(48%)、系統介面問題(26%)最多。為確保通報資料正確性與完整性，由專人客製化進行問題的溝通與釐清，並由專家群進行深度剖析，挖掘資訊系統潛藏的病人安全風險，提供即時的回饋與建議，並辦理醫院通報及改善經驗標竿分享，共同研討此新興領域，共創安全E世代。</p> <p> </p><p>With the rapid technology advancement and intense development of smart healthcare, patient safety incidents triggered by information technology related problems emerge in an endless stream, attracting international attention. In 2020, the Joint Commission of Taiwan (JCT) collaborated with the Emergency Care Research Institute (ECRI) to establish Taiwan’s first Information Technology related Patient Safety (ITPS). ITPS aims to collect information technology related patient safety incidents of healthcare organizations via reporting. In 2021, ITPS received a total of 50 incident cases, with the highest number of incidents in categories of inspection/examination/pathology (40%) and medication (38%). In terms of cause classification, the information system (48%) and system interface (26%) problems were the most common. In order to ensure the accuracy and integrity of the reported incident, a dedicated specialist will communicate with the hospital and clarify specific details of the incident. Then, an expert team will conduct in-depth analysis to identify potential patient safety risks in the hospital’s information system and provide immediate feedback and recommendations with final reports. The expert team will also invite hospitals to share their improvement benchmark experience, jointly explore this emerging field, and create a safe e-healthcare system within the country.</p> <p> </p>

PERANCANGAN USER INTERFACE SISTEM INFORMASI E-REPOSITORY KARYA ILMIAH PADA AKADEMI KEPERAWATAN BAITURRAHMAH PADANG BERBASIS WEB

This study aims to produce a user interface for scientific work repository information systems that are useful for facilitating the Baiturahmah Nursing Academy in searching for scientific work references online. Scientific works are scientific essays that present general facts and are written according to the correct writing methodology and the truth can be proven, the opinions in scientific works are always accompanied by supporting evidence, for that the process of storing scientific works can be arranged in a structured manner. The management of scientific works from the Baiturrahmah Nursing Academy community is currently still manual, the process to access scientific works is done by borrowing directly from the library. The method used in this research is the Waterfall Model System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and system design tools using the UML model. While the programming language and database design used the PHP programming language and MySQL database. The results of this study are a scientific work repository application that can be accessed online which provides convenience in the process of storing scientific papers, making it easier for the Baiturrahmah Nursing Academy to find references for writing scientific papers.

The Challenges to Data Quality, at the Patient-Provider Interface of the School Dental Service, in the Western Province of Sri Lanka: A Qualitative Study

School Dental Service is the main oral health programme established to provide curative and preventive oral health care to children of ages 3 to 13 years in Sri Lanka. The information generated through the management information system is hence imperative to describe the oral health status of the children, resource allocation and for rational decision, making at all levels of the school dental service. The purpose of this study was to explore the challenges to quality of data generated at the patient-provider interface of the management information system of the School Dental Service in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. A qualitative exploratory study with School Dental Therapists was conducted, in the form of in-depth interviews. Twelve out of 101 school dental therapists were purposively selected and semi structured interviews were conducted in the last quarter of 2019, until the data saturation was achieved. A thematic analysis was performed to achieve the results. According to the results, the challenges to the quality of data generated at the patent provider interface of school dental service could be explained under three thematic areas. The issues related to reporting system and records, the working environment and the personal perceptions on data collection were the emerged areas of constrains to the data quality in the school dental service in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. The quality of data in the Management Information System of School dental Service could be further enhanced by addressing the issues identified under the key thematic areas at the patient provider interface.

Patients and Clinicians Satisfaction with Clinical Laboratory Services at a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Clinical laboratories are an essential part of the health care system providing vital information required for patient’s care. As the importance of monitoring the satisfaction status is becoming necessary and no data regarding the same is available in this region, so present study was designed to implement it in the institution. Aim: To estimate the clinicians and patients satisfaction status with the services provided by the Central Clinical Laboratory, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre (CCL-KIMS and RC) in Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Central Clinical laboratory, KIMS and RC between April 2019 to December 2019 in three phases including a total of 150 clinicians and 150 patients. The patient’s satisfaction status was assessed using questionnaires by the investigator. Self-administered structured questionnaire was used for the determining the clinician’s satisfaction status. Likert scale was used and the mean score of satisfaction for each, patients and clinician was calculated. Data entry and analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 25 V software. Chi-square test was used to find out the association between satisfaction status and the different attributes. Spearman’s correlation was performed to assess to relationship between the satisfaction status and the different phases of the study. Results: In present study, the mean age of patients was 38.0±11.6 years and clinicians 42.9±8.7 years respectively. Majority of participants among patients were females n=82 (54.7%), and clinicians were males n=105 (70%). Among patients 63.3% were married (n=95), 90% came from the middle category of socioeconomic status (n=135), while 81.3% resided in the semi-urban area n=122. 67.3% of the clinicians (n=101) had an experience of more than three years at KIMS and RC. Overall 87.3% (n=131) of the patients and n=106 (70.7%) of the clinicians were satisfied with the services provided by the central clinical laboratory at KIMS and RC. An improvement in the satisfaction status of the patients and clinicians from phase I to III was observed. Around n=19 (12.7%) and n=44 (29.3%) of the patients and clinicians were dissatisfied with the laboratory services. Conclusion: In the present study, the overall level of patients and clinicians satisfaction status was high and satisfactory. An improvement in the observed satisfaction status from phase I to III was attributed to the trainings given to the laboratory staff on the international standards of laboratory management. Domains like the turn around time, interface of laboratory and hospital information system and waiting time for specimen collection required improvement.

Konsep Desain Sistem Informasi Manajemen Berkas Terpusat di Lembaga Amil Zakat Menggunakan Perspektif Nirlaba

The Amil Zakat Institution (LAZ) is a private non-profit organization that assists the Government of Indonesia in managing zakat. LAZ will produce performance reports and financial reports every year to ensure the accountability of the institution. The report is crucial, because it is the result of the performance of all LAZ partners and branch offices, so it must be stored and controlled properly. This performance reporting will be done centrally, so that in the process of making it, some authentic evidence that can be used as proof that it has been accepted and happened, or as a reference and complement, must be managed and distributed efficiently. The file management information system is a solution that can be applied for the management of report materials and the storage of valid reports. This research has resulted in business process flow design, system activity design, and file management information system interface design on LAZ. The theory of accountability of non-profit organizations is used as an analytical study along with the PIECES parameters, to ensure that the resulting design is in accordance with the supposed accountability. The design in this study has been presented systematically, so that it can be understood by LAZ managers or executives who are not from the information technology field.

Effect of Touch Button Interface on In-Vehicle Information Systems Usability

ABSTRACT We analyzed the button input method of infotainment systems as part of the in-vehicle information system (IVIS) interface and related research. As IVIS becomes more complex and the need for driver-vehicle interaction increases, so does the potential risk that accompanies driver input. In this study, we propose to analyze the influence of the touch button shape, background, button and text color combination, and the presence/absence of a button border on the usability of the button input operation, which has not been studied before. Thus, participants were made to perform a button press operation in various combined conditions in a driving simulator. For keypads of the same diagonal length, we recommend a square-shaped touch keypad. In addition, the use of an edge and a specific color combination has a positive effect on the overall task performance and user satisfaction. These results are expected to be useful in the development of effective IVIS information display and input.