Information Superiority Research Articles

On the Use of Event Studies to Evaluate Economic Policy Decisions: A Note of Caution

Diskussionspapiere / Technische Universitat Ilmenau, Institut fur Volkswirtschaftslehre; 80 ISSN 0949-3859

Information Warfare?

While information warfare (IW) has been treated by its foremost western proponents as a strategic revolution, the reasons for such a claim are actually rather weak if one considers how non-western approaches to the informational components of warfare have put forth their positions within a multidimensional context of strategy. This article ventures an Asian perspective that can potentially offer a more nuanced contribution to the study of IW. This article will pan out by first critically analyzing the predominantly American interpretation of IW as a set of five characteristics that can be contrasted to an Asian rival. Subsequently, we will elaborate a list of features likely to characterize a generic Asian IW approach, which I will argue, is more appropriately termed information operations (IO). These Asian IO features will be teased out through a reading of Sun Tzu, Mao Zedong, and Vo Nguyen Giap. An Asian IO approach will not distinguish wartime and peacetime applications, and neither will it place a premium on liberal democratic ideology as a basis for information superiority.

Reservations on the use of event studies to evaluate economic policy

Event studies represent an increasingly popular method to evaluate the welfare effects of economic policy decisions. The basic idea is that stock market reactions to the announcement of policy decisions contain superior information about the welfare effects of these decisions. This paper investigates the degree of reliability of event studies as a policy evaluation method by critically reflecting upon two underlying assumptions. Since both the information superiority of financial markets and the determination of economic welfare effects based on abnormal returns consist of considerable interpretation problems, we issue a note of caution: scientists and policy makers should be very reluctant to rely on stock market reactions as a referee on economic policy decisions. Event studies cannot replace thorough theoretical economic analysis.

Command and control information systems semantic interoperability using a canonical messaging approach

Abstract In presence of rapid development of information and communications technology (ICT) able to increase data processing, much more data can be stored, used and/or mediated and disseminated. Today, information and knowledge become a resource of strategic importance in complex systems, both business and military. On the other hand the question of credibility of the collected data arises: complex systems have to deal with an increasing access to information with less knowledge about their origins and their quality. Due to this lack of information on information, contemporary organizations suffer from organizational indifference. In this paper the ways and means for ensuring semantic interoperability in order to achieve information superiority in complex systems are examined, with special emphasis to military systems using Command and Control Information Systems (C2IS). Canonical messages (canonical intermediaries) based on canonical forms (canonical data models and formats) reduce the number of transformation maps that system must create and manage. An approach based on canonical messaging within the military domain is presented: Multilateral Interoperability Programme (MIP). If implemented correctly and consistently it should lead to achievement of information superiority.

First Versus Second Mover Advantage with Information Asymmetry about the Profitability of New Markets

Is it better to move first, or second—to innovate, or to imitate? We show that if one player's information about the profitability of new markets is only modestly superior, the possibility of foreclosing the market can lead to a first‐mover advantage. On the other hand, more extreme information superiority can reverse this, leading to a second‐mover advantage. Knowing more surely what is the best choice, the better‐informed player wants to delay to keep his information private and the less‐informed player wants to delay to learn. Because of this, more accurate information can actually lead to inefficiency by increasing the incentive to delay, and exogenous costs of delay can aid efficiency by neutralizing that strategic incentive. In fact, in some circumstances a player may purposely coarsen his information to deter imitation.

Traffic Evacuation of Cellular Network after Dangerous Goods Spill

After dangerous goods spilling, the emergency evacuation transportation of the hazardous area is rather important to reduce personal injuries and economic losses. This paper analyzes the emergency evacuation on major and core road networks during a given time. The objective function is a cell model for regional emergency evacuation considering road network capacity. Then, combining with the complexity of the model characteristics and advantages, the quantum particle swarm model is solved. The example shows that under emergency situations, if the traffic management department makes most of the information superiority and dominant road network evacuation capacity, the evacuation capability will increase by 56.9% than normal cases. The proposed models and algorithms provide a theoretical support for emergency traffic management.

NCW 효과측정에 관한 문헌조사 연구

NCW(Network Centric Warfare) offers BSEs(Battelspace-Entities) the capabilities of sharing information through C4ISRCommand, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) network and it also improves their combat powers based on information superiority with awareness of common situation in battlefield and self-synchronization. Although the concept of NCW was developed at the end of 1990 and there have been various studies for NCW from the development of its concept, the effort for measuring the synergistic effect of NCW is insufficient at the present time. Therefore, in this paper we reviewed literatures concerning the effectiveness measurement of NCW. The category of our survey is network effect, metrics, simulation, battlefield information, social network analysis and mathematical model. The main purpose of this study is to suggest future researchers a research direction by analyzing the aspects and limitations of existing studies about the quantitative measurement of NCW.

GeoSpatial-Temporal Analytics to gain Insight from Linked Open Data

Collective endeavours, operating in an environment of efficient collaboration and informed decision making in a value network, bear the only effective way to meet the challenges and threats we face in this modern, interconnected world. Enhanced inter-agency and inter-company communication and collaboration has been defined as the capability to deliver information superiority when required to enable agile and informed decision making to underpin effects-based operations: delivering the right effect, at the right time, to achieve the outcome required. Challenges and threats in our modern world are global and multi-faceted requiring complex responses: governments and corporations buoyed by the realization that the interests of both are mutually engage, are pursuing joint corporate social responsibility to make life and business conduct safe and sustainable. One outcome is increasing openness: organisations increasingly publish data and knowledge in open formats and open spaces and(others) provide tools to gain insight from this open and accessible data. This case study summarizes the technological state-of-the-art and points the way how value networks can benefit from these digital society trends.

Competing on Information: An Exploration of Concepts

In the literature for strategic management a number of authors have explained in which ways information and communication technology (ICT) is being deployed in the strategy of the firm. In management books and articles in management journals a variety of cases have been described how specific firms deploy ICT but increasingly information, in their strategy. A number of authors have proposed conceptual frameworks for new strategies enabled by the deployment of ICT, but less so due to the changing nature of information and the exploitation of information. Both for educational purposes and for transferring insights gained from leading firms to other firms in a reliable and comprehensive way a conceptual framework is needed to understand new strategies, especially those based on competing on information and information superiority. This paper explorers the different concept of information in relation to a strategic deployment of information. The strategic deployment of ICT can be explained in the concepts of industrial organization as the underlying theory of strategy. The strategic deployment of information partly fits into traditional concepts, but also questions traditional concept of strategy. Also the lower costs of information and communication make corporate strategy and some aspects of business strategy converge, whereas other aspects of business strategy converge with operations. The higher transparency in markets due to lower costs of information and communication forces firms to shift their strategies from the conduct level to the structure level to create and maintain market power. Especially information overload and mediation of goods and services create strategies outside the scope of traditional strategies. The increased role of information in marketing, sales and the customer value proposition and the increased volatility in consumer preferences require firms to created some form of information superiority, that is the capability to acquire, record, store, retrieve, interpret information and turn this into product and price differentiation and adjusted customer value propositions. The attempt to understand the various roles of information in firm’s strategies reveals that the field of strategy lacks a coherent theory.

해군 함정 컴퓨팅 체계 정보교환을 위한 Publish Subscribe 모델 기반 아키텍처 및 매칭 알고리즘

정보우위는 현대전에 있어 승패를 결정할 수 있는 요소로써 효과적인 정보교환을 통해 달성이 가능하다. 현재 해군함정에는 다양한 체계가 탑재되어 운용 중이나 체계 들이 군 독자표준(MIL-STD)과 상용(COTS) 장비들이 혼재 되어 구성이 되어 상호운용성이 제한되고 체계들 간의 정보교환이 어렵다. 이에 본 논문에서는 Publish Subscribe 모델 기반의 함정 체계 간 정보교환 아키텍처를 제안한다. 제안 아키텍처는 Publish Subscribe 모델을 통신 미들웨어로 적용하여 서로 다른 체계들 간의 상호운용성을 향상시키고 정보교환이 가능하도록 하였으며 확장성을 가질 수 있도록 하였다. 그리고 Publish Subscribe Broker의 부하 경감을 위해 개선된 트리 기반의 매칭 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 제안하는 트리 매칭 알고리즘은 트리를 구성하는 각 노드에서 Subscription의 Predicate 정보를 포함하여 이벤트 매칭 시간을 단축할 수 있다. 그리고 본 논문의 성능평가를 통해 제안한 트리매칭 알고리즘이 비교대상 알고리즘에 비해 이벤트 매칭시간을 절감 할 수 있는 것을 확인하였다. Information superiority is an essential factor in modern warfare and it can be archived by efficient information exchange between systems. Various computing systems are installed on the today's navy vessels. However, it is hard to improve interoperability and efficiency of information exchange since the configurations of installed systems are varying. The military standard and commercial standard are mix-used between systems. In this paper, we propose an information exchange architecture based on Pub/Sub model as a communication middleware to improve interoperability as well as enhancing scalability. We also propose a novel tree matching algorithm to improve a performance of PubSub broker. In the proposed algorithm, each tree nodes have information about predicates of subscription that can reduce event matching time. The performance evaluation results show our proposed algorithm reduces time for matching predicates compare with other algorithms.

Human Factors Evaluation of the Advanced Search Boolean Design of the Dynamic Enterprise Integration Platform (DEIP)

Introduction. Due to recent defense information superiority initiatives, intelligence assets have exponentially increased collection. Under the Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) program, the Dynamic Enterprise Integration Platform (DEIP) has been created to mitigate this data overload and fuse several systems into a common interface. Practice Innovation. A recent human factors evaluation revealed concerns with the design of the DEIP Boolean Advanced Search Functionality. Users of DEIP appear to have difficulty constructing accurate queries. The goals of this study were to assess the accuracy of DEIP Advanced Search users and to determine the effectiveness of the addition of visible Boolean equations in the Advanced Search graphical user interface (GUI) header. Findings. Overall, expert users were 67% accurate using DEIP Advanced Search. Further, participants answered 74% of queries correctly without Boolean equations visible but only 57% correctly with equations visible. Discussion. Recommendations include ...

전술데이터링크 상호운용을 위한 XML 기반 메시징 시스템

전술데이터링크(TDL)는 전술정보 및 상황정보를 실시간으로 교환하기 위한 통신체계이며, 네트워크 중심전(NCW)에서 정보우위를 점하는데 필요한 주요 요소이다. 한국군에서도 정보우위를 위해 다양한 전술데이터링크를 사용 중이나 이러한 다양한 전술데이터링크의 사용은 전체 C4I 시스템의 통합과 다른 전술데이터링크와의 연동을 어렵게 만들어 전체 시스템의 상호운용개념에 반하게 되는 문제점을 가진다. 본 논문에서는 네트워크 중심전 환경에서 다양한 전술데이터링크간의 상호운용이 가능한 XML 기반의 메시징 시스템을 제안한다. 제안 시스템은 전술데이터링크와 C4I시스템에서 사용하는 메시지와 인터페이스를 XML로 정의하여 이용한다. 그리고 제한된 네트워크 대역폭을 가지는 군 환경을 고려하여 바이너리 XML을 통해 네트워크 부담을 줄이는 것을 제안한다. 본 논문에서는 실험결과를 통해 전술데이터링크 메시지가 XML 스키마에 정의된 대로 상호운용이 가능한 메시지 형태로 변환됨과 바이너리 XML serialization을 통해 파싱과 전송시간의 감소를 가져오는 것을 보여준다. Tactical Data Links are standardized radio communication data links for military armed forces and used to transmit and receive data. Because they are the core elements of achieving information superiority in a NCW environment, various kinds of TDL are used by the Korean armed forces. Operating various types of TDL is very helpful in getting more information; however, at the same time, it is hard to integrate and make them co-operate with other TDLs or C4ISR systems. In this paper, we propose a XML based messaging system to make various types of TDL interoperable in a NCW environment. For the messaging system between TDL and C4ISR systems, we define XML message processing interfaces and suggest binary XML for serialization to save transmission loads over constrained military communication bandwidth. Our experiment results show that the TDL message can be transformed into generalized XML data that is interoperable with other TDLs and binary XML serialization, and it saves parsing and transmission time.

THE DIGITAL BATTLEFIELD

The US Army has become too reliant on information systems: a major risk when it operates in environments where it cannot assure information superiority, or when it cannot support its voracious logistical requirements in the field. Infantry training must take into account that only parity, not supremacy, is possible, argues James E Shircliffe, and soldiers must be taught how to fight once again without advanced electronic aids.

High-Level fusion for intelligence applications using Recombinant Cognition Synthesis

Intelligence applications exploit heterogeneous data using High-Level fusion systems to gain information superiority. Whereas Low-Level fusion systems have well established frameworks, High-Level fusion has not yet achieved the same level of maturity. Most High-Level systems implement specialized algorithms that yield useful results, albeit for a very narrow input space, and are characterized by stove-pipe architectures and a fragmented workflow. Recombinant Cognition Synthesis bridges the implementation gap of existing fusion models by defining a comprehensive framework of semantic, temporal, and geospatial enablers comprising the primitives, functions, and models, which through a recombinant workflow, maximize the data exploitation value-chain. This paper presents a methodology and the underlying architectural components necessary to implement a unified High-Level fusion intelligence application, followed by a case study that demonstrates the resulting improvements in knowledge discovery and predictive accuracy.

Assessing critical success factors for military decision support

This paper outlines the application of case-based reasoning and Bayesian belief networks to critical success factor (CSF) assessment for parsimonious military decision making. An important factor for successful military missions is information superiority (IS). However, IS is not solely about minimising information related needs to avoid information overload and the reduction of bandwidth but it is also concerned with creating information related capabilities that are aligned with achieving operational effects and raising operational tempo. Moreover, good military decision making, should take into account the uncertainty inherent in operational situations. Herein, we illustrate the development and evaluation of a smart decision support system (SDSS) that dynamically identifies and assesses CSFs in military scenarios and as such de-clutters the decision making process. The second contribution of this work is an automated configuration of conditional probability tables from hard data generated from simulations of military operational scenarios using a computer generated forces (CGF) synthetic environment.

Prevention of resource trading fraud in manufacturing grid: a signalling games approach

In the manufacturing grid resource market, the information asymmetry for buyers and sellers is a common situation. With resource information superiority, some resource service providers (RSPs, sellers) often make the pooling equilibrium, so that resource service demanders (RSDs, buyers) cannot recognise high-quality resources owing to imperfect information. Hence, the authors propose a signalling games approach to prevent resource trading fraud in the manufacturing grid. In support of the architecture of resource negotiation and trading, RSDs can get more accurate information about resource quality based on the collateral currency promised by RSPs. In this way, RSDs can more accurately identify resource quality. This method focuses on preventing low-quality RSPs from sending out an incorrect signal suggesting high resource quality to entice RSDs to purchase the low-quality resource. Simulation results indicate that the game theoretical model has a reasonable and perfect Bayesian separating equilibrium, from which RSPs do not initiatively deviate.

The Superiority of Greenbook Forecasts and the Role of Recessions

In this paper, we investigate the role of recessions on the relative forecasting performance of the Fed and the private sector. Romer and Romer (2000) showed that the Fed's forecasts of inflation and output were superior to that of the private sector in the pre-1991 period. D'Agostino and Whelan (2008) found that the information superiority of the Fed deteriorated after 1991. Our results show that the information superiority of the Fed in forecasting real activity did arise from its forecasting dominance during recessions. If recessions are excluded from the pre-1992 period, the informational advantage of the Fed disappears, and in some cases, private sector forecasts perform better. We do not find any systematic effect of recessions on inflation forecasts.

The formation of in-formation by the US military: articulation and enactment of infomanic threat imaginaries on the immaterial battlefield of perception

This article explores the role of perception management as a doctrinal concept in the construction and deconstruction of threats. Threat construction involves a continual, reciprocal and constitutive relationship between the attribution of meaning and practice. It takes place in an environment changed by the multiple forces of the so-called information revolution, in which discursive links are forged between technology and victory as well as between scientific progress and military superiority. Through articulation and enactment, information and information technology are represented as both threatening and threatened in three dimensions: dependency on information as data, possible loss of information superiority, and loss of control over information as image. The enemy ‘Other’ in these threat constructions is everywhere and nowhere at the same time, and is seen as being greatly empowered by the same tools that empower the United States military establishment. But while, for many military actors, regaining control in the information domain through technological innovation seems more or less straightforward, the immaterial battlefield of perception proves harder to master. We purport that military strategists do not seem to fully grasp the illusionary nature of the belief that the information space is a thing to be shaped at will and without restrictions.

International Education during the Cold War: Soviet Social Transformation and American Social Reproduction

Previous articleNext article No AccessInternational Education during the Cold War: Soviet Social Transformation and American Social ReproductionNatalia TsvetkovaNatalia Tsvetkova Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 52, Number 2May 2008 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/528762 Views: 460Total views on this site Citations: 26Citations are reported from Crossref History © 2008 by the Comparative and International Education Society. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Arina SHUMİLOVA Formation and Deployment of a System for Teaching Foreign Students in the Universities of the Soviet Union, Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi (Jun 2022).https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1126681Anna A. Velikaya Soviet public diplomacy, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 18, no.22 (Nov 2020): 77–92.https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-020-00193-0Alexis Cherewka and Esther Prins “You Can’t Win a Cold War with Hot Weapons”: Frank C. Laubach’s Educational Project, Adult Literacy Campaigns, and US Foreign Policy (1945–1961), Comparative Education Review 66, no.11 (Feb 2022): 19–40.https://doi.org/10.1086/717554Natalia Tsvetkova , ( 2020): 103.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12874-6_6Alexey Fominykh , ( 2020): 119.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12874-6_7Stan Trembach From Information to Knowledge to Wisdom: the Cold War Battle for Information Superiority and Its Implications for Thriving in the Age of Data Smog, Libri 69, no.11 (Mar 2019): 1–12.https://doi.org/10.1515/libri-2018-0008 Introduction, (Jan 2019): 1–26.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005612-001 “Creative Imagination” Is Needed, (Jan 2019): 29–61.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005612-003 “The World’s Largest . . . Development Institution”, (Jan 2019): 62–80.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005612-004 “Marketing Can Be Magic”, (Jan 2019): 83–117.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005612-006 “Realities of the Global Economy”, (Jan 2019): 118–137.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005612-007 “Stakeholders and Co-investors . . . Have ‘Reform’ on Their Mind”, (Jan 2019): 141–167.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005612-009 “An Opportunity to Transform the University and, Frankly, the World”, (Jan 2019): 168–188.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005612-010 Conclusion, (Jan 2019): 189–194.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005612-011 Notes, (Jan 2019): 195–229.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005612-012 References, (Jan 2019): 231–267.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478005612-013Joan R. Dassin, Robin R. Marsh, Matt Mawer Introduction: Pathways for Social Change?, (Oct 2017): 3–21.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62734-2_1Matt Mawer Magnitudes of Impact: A Three-Level Review of Evidence from Scholarship Evaluation, (Oct 2017): 257–280.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62734-2_13LUIS ESLAVA , Leiden Journal of International Law 31, no.33 ( 2018): 539.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156518000328Sirke Mäkinen In Search of the Status of an Educational Great Power? Analysis of Russia’s Educational Diplomacy Discourse, Problems of Post-Communism 63, no.33 (May 2016): 183–196.https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2016.1172489Tom G. Griffiths, Euridice Charon Cardona Education for Social Transformation: Soviet University Education Aid in the Cold War Capitalist World-System, European Education 47, no.33 (Sep 2015): 226–241.https://doi.org/10.1080/10564934.2015.1065390Natalia Tsvetkova Making a New and Pliable Professor: American and Soviet Transformations in German Universities, 1945–1990, Minerva 52, no.22 (Apr 2014): 161–185.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-014-9252-3Abigail Judge Kret “We Unite with Knowledge”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 33, no.22 (Aug 2013): 239–256.https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X-2322516Euridice Charon-Cardona Socialism and education in Cuba and Soviet Uzbekistan, Globalisation, Societies and Education 11, no.22 (Jun 2013): 296–313.https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2013.782204Cynthia Miller-Idriss, Seteney Shami Graduate Student Training and the Reluctant Internationalism of Social Science in the USA, Research in Comparative and International Education 7, no.11 (Mar 2012): 50–60.https://doi.org/10.2304/rcie.2012.7.1.50Tuomas Takala, Nelli Piattoeva Changing conceptions of development assistance to education in the international discourse on post-Soviet countries, International Journal of Educational Development 32, no.11 (Jan 2012): 3–10.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.10.003

Security Through Deception

ABSTRACT For each layer of information security there is a number of techniques and tools that can be used to ensure information superiority. Indeed some experts would argue that you cannot have the former without the latter. In today's technological & interconnected world, however, information superiority is very hard to achieve and almost impossible to maintain. This paper will argue that the art of deception is a reliable and cost effective technique that can assure the security of an infrastructure. The paper will conclude by presenting a technical solution of the above statement.