Information Storage Capacity Research Articles

Electronic Chips Acting as Capacitors or Inductors when Laser Act as Information Transmitter

To increase the speed of information flow and storage capacity in electronic devices laser can be used to carry information instead of electric current. Since the photon is faster than electrons, one expects information to be transmitted very fast through the internet when photons replace electrons. This requires searching for chips that act as capacitors, inductors or resistors. To do this Maxwell's equation for the electric field intensity beside the electron equation of motion were used. The electron is assumed to vibrate naturally inside a frictional medium in the presence of a local electric and magnetic fields. These equations have been used to find a useful expression for the absorption coefficient. The absorption coefficient was found to be dependent on the laser and natural frequencies beside the coefficient of friction in addition to the internal electric and magnetic fields. These parameters can be fine-tuned to make the chip act as a capacitor, inductor or resistor. The laser intensity decreases when the absorption coefficient inecreases. Thus, the absorption coefficient acts as an electic resistor. Therefore, if the absorption coefficient inecreases upon decreasing the frequency the chip acts as a capacitor. But when the absorption coefficient inecreases when the laser frequency inreases the chip acts as an inductor. In the case that the absorption coefficient inecreases with the concentration of the carriers it acts in this situation as a resistor. For magnetic materials with magnetic flux density that cancels the frictional force, when the laser frequency is equal nearly to the atom’s natural frequency the material acts as an inductor. But when the frictional force is low with the internal and external electric fields in phase, the material acts as a capacitor. However, it acts as a resistor for negligible natural frequency, when no electric dipoles exist and when the internal magnetic field force balance the frictional force.

Parietal Alpha Oscillatory Peak Frequency Mediates the Effect of Practice on Visuospatial Working Memory Performance.

Visuospatial working memory (WM) requires the activity of a spread network, including right parietal regions, to sustain storage capacity, attentional deployment, and active manipulation of information. Notably, while the electrophysiological correlates of such regions have been explored using many different indices, evidence for a functional involvement of the individual frequency peaks in the alpha (IAF) and theta bands (ITF) is still poor despite their relevance in many influential theories regarding WM. Interestingly, there is also a parallel lack of literature about the effect of short-term practice on WM performance. Here, we aim to clarify whether the simple repetition of a change-detection task might be beneficial to WM performance and to which degree these effects could be predicted by IAF and ITF. For this purpose, 25 healthy participants performed a change-detection task at baseline and in a retest session, while IAF and ITF were also measured. Results show that task repetition improves WM performance. In addition, right parietal IAF, but not ITF, accounts for performance gain such that faster IAF predicts higher performance gain. Our findings align with recent literature suggesting that the faster the posterior alpha, the finer the perceptual sampling rate, and the higher the WM performance gain.

Lanthanide-doped heterostructured nanocomposites toward advanced optical anti-counterfeiting and information storage

The continuously growing importance of information storage, transmission, and authentication impose many new demands and challenges for modern nano-photonic materials and information storage technologies, both in security and storage capacity. Recently, luminescent lanthanide-doped nanomaterials have drawn much attention in this field because of their photostability, multimodal/multicolor/narrowband emissions, and long luminescence lifetime. Here, we report a multimodal nanocomposite composed of lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticle and EuSe semiconductor, which was constructed by utilizing a cation exchange strategy. The nanocomposite can emit blue and white light under 365 and 394 nm excitation, respectively. Meanwhile, the nanocomposites show different colors under 980 nm laser excitation when the content of Tb3+ ions is changed in the upconversion nanoparticles. Moreover, the time-gating technology is used to filter the upconversion emission of a long lifetime from Tb3+ or Eu3+, and the possibilities for modulating the emission color of the nanocomposites are further expanded. Based on the advantage of multiple tunable luminescence, the nanocomposites are designed as optical modules to load optical information. This work enables multi-dimensional storage of information and provides new insights into the design and fabrication of next-generation storage materials.

Angular‐Encrypted Quad‐Fold Display of Nanoprinting and Meta‐Holography for Optical Information Storage

AbstractThe compactness and programmable versatility make metasurface a promising candidate for optical information encryption and storage. The typical strategy for storage capacity enhancement is essential to expand the metasurface multiplexing channels. Various controllable optical parameters are progressively realized for optical encryption and multiplexing, including wavelength, polarization, orbital angular momentum (OAM), forward/backward illumination, etc. However, as one of the most critical parameters, the incident wavevector (k) direction, namely, the illumination angle, has not been fully explored due to the lack of angular‐encoding capability. Herein, the angular‐encrypted freedom for both amplitude and phase manipulation is theoretically and experimentally achieved by strategically screening the architectural blocks to fulfill the complex‐amplitude requirement. Utilizing the angular‐induced alteration from surface plasmonic resonances (SPRs) and Fabry–Perot (FP) nanocavity resonances, a single angular‐encrypted metasurface has been successfully realized to simultaneously enable quad‐fold independent‐encoding channels, including dual‐holography and dual‐nanoprinting images. Compared to the spatial multiplexing scheme in many previous works, the angular‐encrypted strategy drastically boosts the information storage density and capacity. It is believed that the proposed angular‐encryption finds a new path to achieve multiplexing meta‐devices with fully controlled angular‐resolution and promisingly expands the information capacity for optical encryption with a brand‐new degree of freedom.

Magnetically controllable holographic encryption based on a magneto-optical metasurface

As a flexible and compact nanophotonic device, the metasurface exhibits excellent potential in holographic display and optical information encryption. However, most metasurfaces are passive devices due to the limitations of fixed material properties and structural components. Magneto-optical metasurface is a hybrid device that integrates tunable functional material with elaborately designed nanostructures. It can realize dynamic modulation of the properties of light since the permittivity tensor for the magneto-optical material can be changed by applying an external magnetic field. Here, we propose a tunable metasurface composing metallic nanohole arrays with a bismuth-substituted yttrium iron garnet interleave layer and a metallic film underlayer placed on a glass substrate. The magneto-optical metasurface can achieve dynamic switchable holographic display in different polarization channels via magnetic field control based on the optical rotation of magnetic material and the complex amplitude modulation of the elaborately designed nanoholes. This feature provides a novel approach for the construction of an active tunable metasurface, which can improve the information storage capacity and security of the device. This concept is expected to be applied to various dynamic modulation fields, such as magnetically tunable lens, beam shaping, and optical information encryption.

Pattern Recognition of Holographic Image Library Based on Deep Learning.

The final loss function in the deep learning neural network is composed of other functions in the network. Due to the existence of a large number of non-linear functions such as activation functions in the network, the entire deep learning model presents the nature of a nonconvex function. As optimizing the nonconvex model is more difficult, the solution of the nonconvex function can only represent the local but not the global. The BP algorithm is an algorithm for updating parameters and is mainly applied to deep neural networks. In this article, we will study the volume holographic image library technology, design the basic optical storage path, realize single-point multistorage in the medium, and multiplex technology with simple structure to increase the information storage capacity of volume holography. We have studied a method to read out the holographic image library with the same diffraction efficiency. The test part of the system is to test the entire facial image pattern recognition system. The reliability and stability of the system have been tested for performance and function. Successful testing is the key to the quality and availability of the system. Therefore, this article first analyzes the rules of deep learning, combines the characteristics of image segmentation algorithms and pattern recognition models, designs the overall flow chart of the pattern recognition system, and then conducts a comprehensive inspection of the test mode to ensure that all important connections in the system pass through high-quality testing is guaranteed. Then in the systematic research of this paper, based on the composite threshold segmentation method of histogram polynomial fitting and the deep learning method of the U-NET model, the actual terahertz image is cut, and the two methods are organically combined to form terahertz. The coaxial hologram reconstructs the image for segmentation and finally completes the test of the system. After evaluation, the performance of the system can meet the needs of practical applications.

Bounds on quantum information storage and retrieval.

We present certain universal bounds on the capacity of quantum information storage and on the time scale of its retrieval for a generic quantum field theoretic system. The capacity, quantified by the microstate entropy, is bounded from above by the surface area of the object measured in units of a Goldstone decay constant. The Goldstone bosons are universally present due to the spontaneous breaking of Poincare and internal symmetries by the information-storing object. Applied to a black hole, the bound reproduces the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. However, the relation goes beyond gravity. The minimal time-scale required for retrieving the quantum information from a system is equal to its volume measured in units of the same Goldstone scale. For a black hole, this reproduces the Page time as well as the quantum break-time. Again, the expression for the information retrieval time is very general and is shared by non-gravitational saturated states in gauge theories including QCD. All such objects exhibit universal signatures such as the emission of ultra-soft radiation. Similar bounds apply to non-relativistic many-body systems. This article is part of the theme issue 'Quantum technologies in particle physics'.

A stable proportion of Purkinje cell inputs from parallel fibers are silent during cerebellar maturation

Cerebellar Purkinje neurons integrate information transmitted at excitatory synapses formed by granule cells. Although these synapses are considered essential sites for learning, most of them appear not to transmit any detectable electrical information and have been defined as silent. It has been proposed that silent synapses are required to maximize information storage capacity and ensure its reliability, and hence to optimize cerebellar operation. Such optimization is expected to occur once the cerebellar circuitry is in place, during its maturation and the natural and steady improvement of animal agility. We therefore investigated whether the proportion of silent synapses varies over this period, from the third to the sixth postnatal week in mice. Selective expression of a calcium indicator in granule cells enabled quantitative mapping of presynaptic activity, while postsynaptic responses were recorded by patch clamp in acute slices. Through this approach and the assessment of two anatomical features (the distance that separates adjacent planar Purkinje dendritic trees and the synapse density), we determined the average excitatory postsynaptic potential per synapse. Its value was four to eight times smaller than responses from paired recorded detectable connections, consistent with over 70% of synapses being silent. These figures remained remarkably stable across maturation stages. According to the proposed role for silent synapses, our results suggest that information storage capacity and reliability are optimized early during cerebellar maturation. Alternatively, silent synapses may have roles other than adjusting the information storage capacity and reliability.

Codes in Code: AIE Supramolecular Adhesive Hydrogels Store Huge Amounts of Information

With the continuous advancement of information technology, the requirements for the information storage capacity of materials are getting higher and higher. However, information code materials usually only store a single piece of information. In order to improve their storage capacity, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) supramolecular adhesive hydrogels with different fluorescent colors are prepared, and a "Codes in Code" method is used to demonstrate the storage capacity for large amounts of information. Four kinds of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) supramolecular hydrogels with different fluorescent colors are prepared; based on the hydrogen bonds on the hydrogel surface, these hydrogels can be assembled into a hydrogel, G5, which shows multiple fluorescent colors under the irradiation of UV light. When many 1D barcode patterns or/and 2D code patterns are incorporated into G5, not only a kind of 3D information but also plenty of 1D or/and 2D information can be stored. Therefore, the information codes prepared by the "Codes in Code" method can store a large amount of information.

Defect Management and Multi‐Mode Optoelectronic Manipulations via Photo‐Thermochromism in Smart Windows

AbstractSmart windows with adjustable transmittance via physical stimuli are eagerly desired for sorts of energy‐saving lighting systems. However, reciprocal trade‐off relationship such as high transparency and coloration/discoloration ability exists in smart windows, not conducive to optical‐electrical coupling and leap in performance. Substituting for common composites utilized in smart windows, here, single transparent ceramic‐based smart windows are reported through composition design and defect management strategies to regulate the optoelectronic performances and break off the contradictions between optical transmittance, photo‐thermochromism and electrical conductivity. By first principles calculations and precisely tuning Er3+, Ba2+, Sr2+ concentrations in non‐stoichiometric Er‐doped (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3‐(Ba, Sr)TiO3, the fabricated ceramics exhibit brilliant transparency and multi‐mode dramatical and reversible modulations of pellucidity, photoluminescence intensity, along with conductivity (over fivefold variation), enabling prominent optoelectronic information storage and modulating capacity in vivid potential applications, such as easy‐readout/erasable optical memorizers, photo‐memristors and anti‐counterfeiting displays.

Newly Emerging Pest in China, Rhynchaenusmaculosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Morphology and Molecular Identification with DNA Barcoding.

Simple SummaryAccurate and rapid species identification is crucial in early monitoring and intervention of a pest, especially for a new and emerging pest. Here, the first detailed morphological features of Rhynchaenus maculosus at four life-cycle stages are reported for traditional species identification. Morphology-based identification is not only time-consuming but often inconclusive for closely related sibling species, juveniles, and even not feasible in the absence of key morphological characters. To overcome the limitations of traditional methods in species identification, DNA barcodes (mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1, CO1) were successfully used to identify the pupal and larval specimens as R. maculosus and allocate the undetermined morphospecies in GenBank into their possible taxa. The integration of molecular identification with the morphology-based identification proved to be effective in the accurate and rapid identification of R. maculosus.The oak flea weevil, Rhynchaenus maculosus Yang et Zhang 1991, is a newly emerging pest that severely damages oak (genus Quercus) in China. The first R. maculosus outbreak occurred in 2020 and caused spectacular damage to all oak forests in Jilin province, northeast China. The lack of key morphological characters complicates the identification of this native pest, especially in larva and pupa stages. This is problematic because quick and accurate species identification is crucial for early monitoring and intervention during outbreaks. Here, we provided the first detailed morphological description of R. maculosus at four life stages. Additionally, we used DNA barcodes from larva and pupa specimens collected from three remote locations for molecular identification. The average pairwise divergence of all sequences in this study was 0.51%, well below the 2% to 3% (K-2-parameter) threshold set for one species. All sample sequences matched the R. maculosus morphospecies (KX657706.1 and KX657707.1), with 99.23% to 100% (sequence identity, E value: 0.00) matching success. The tree based on barcodes placed the specimens into the Rhynchaenus group, and the phylogenetic relationship between 62 sequences (30 samples and 32 from GeneBank) had high congruence with the morphospecies taxa. The traditional DNA barcodes were successfully transformed into quick response codes with larger coding capacity for information storage. The results showed that DNA barcoding is reliable for R. maculosus identification. The integration of molecular and morphology-based methods contributes to accurate species identification of this newly emerging oak pest.

Transcriptional processing of an unnatural base pair by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II.

The development of unnatural base pairs (UBPs) has greatly increased the information storage capacity of DNA, allowing for transcription of unnatural RNA by the heterologously expressed T7 RNA polymerase (RNAP) in Escherichia coli. However, little is known about how UBPs are transcribed by cellular RNA polymerases. Here, we investigate how synthetic unnatural nucleotides, NaM and TPT3, are recognized by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and found that Pol II is able to selectively recognize UBPs with high fidelity when dTPT3 is in the template strand and rNaMTP acts as the nucleotide substrate. Our structural analysis and molecular dynamics simulation provide structural insights into transcriptional processing of UBPs in a stepwise manner. Intriguingly, we identified a novel 3’-RNA binding site after rNaM addition, termed the swing state. These results may pave the way for future studies to design transcription and translation strategies in higher organisms with expanded genetic codes.

Design and implementation of true random number generators based on semiconductor superlattice chaos

True random number generator (TRNG) is of the fundamental guarantees of information security. However, the commercially-available all-electronic TRNGs, no matter whether the thermal-noise-based or the oscillator-based ones, can merely reach the speed of a few Mbit/s due to the very limited entropy source, which is unable to meet the requirements of ultra-high-speed and ultra-large capacity of information propagation or storage. This paper proposes the design and implementation of semiconductor superlattice random number generator (SSL-RNG) by employing semiconductor superlattice chaos as entropy source. We introduce the entropy estimation method to evaluate the raw data from the entropy harvester quantitatively, thus optimized the parameter design of the LFSR-Toeplitz extractor for post-processing. We have also integrated the entropy acquisition circuit into an embedded FPGA-based platform as a standalone design to trade off the performance and cost. The resulting hardware's output passes the NIST standard statistical test with a full entropy throughput above 300 Mbit/s.

Heterogeneous Mobile Networking for Lightweight UAV Assisted Emergency Communication

Due to the frequent natural disasters in recent two years, UAV assisted disaster networks have attracted attention due to the flexible information storage and favorable computation capacity in technical rescue. The previous studies concentrate on dynamically optimizing the service coverage to improve the system performance. However, the continually changing of energy cost, time cost, and the social connections between users are not jointly considered in previous studies. In this paper, we propose a social relationship-based timeliness aware message splitting scheme for the energy-friendly UAV assisted delay tolerant networks. Firstly, we put forward our social network based splitting optimization problem and use social network closeness and message's decaying with time to quantify the messages' value. Next, a social optimization copy splitting algorithm (SOCS) is designed to guarantee the lower expected delay and higher message delivery ratio through UAV assisted interesting areas (IAs). Finally, the extensive simulations show the optimality of the proposed SOCS algorithm using the enhanced social relationship based forwarding scheme.

Toward Smart Information Processing with Synthetic DNA Molecules.

DNA, a biological macromolecule, is a naturally evolved information material. From the structural point of view, an individual DNA strand can be considered as a chain of data with its bases working as single units. For decades, due to the high biochemical stability, large information storage capacity, and high recognition specificity, DNA has been recognized as an attractive material for information processing. Especially, the chemical synthesis strategies and DNA sequencing techniques have been rapidly developed recently, further enabling encoding information with synthetic DNA molecules. Herein, recent progresses are summarized on information processing based on synthetic DNA molecules from three aspects including information storage, computation, and encryption, and proposed the challenges and future development directions.

The development and application of new media technology in news communication industry

Many new media technologies have emerged in modern society. The application of new media technologies has impacted traditional TV news media, which not only faces great challenges, but also brings some lessons for the development of TV news media. New media technology relies on powerful information processing technology and data storage technology to develop and grow continuously. Compared with traditional news, new media technology has more powerful information storage capacity and dissemination capacity. Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the concept of new media technology, summarizes the typical characteristics of new media technology, and analyzes the existing problems in the application of new media technology in the news communication industry based on the necessity of applying new media technology. Finally, some Suggestions are put forward based on this, hoping to provide some reference for the development of news communication industry.

Progress of lead-free perovskite and its resistance switching performance

With the rapid development of the information age, the demand for information storage capacity and miniaturization of memory units has been being increased. However, the commonly used silicon-based flash memory has nearly approached to its physical limit. The resistive switching random access memory (ReRAM) has become one of the promising candidates for the next-generation non-volatile memory due to its simple structure, fast operation speed, excellent flexibility, and long endurance. Recently, we witnessed that the lead halide perovskites, as hot star materials, have been widely used in optoelectronic fields owning to their advantages of low cost, excellent photoelectric properties, and solution process ability. Moreover, the lead halide perovskite has been successfully used as the active layer in ReRAM device because of its tunable bandgap, long charge carrier diffusion length, fast ion migration, and high charge carrier mobility. Whereas the toxicity of lead in halide perovskite is a very horrible problem in lead halide perovskite-based ReRAM devices. The lead-free halide perovskite is considered to be the most promising material for perovskite-based ReRAM devices because it does not contain lead element. Most recently, a large number of scientists from different groups have begun to study lead-free perovskite-based ReRAM devices. For example, tin, bismuth, antimony, and copper-based halide perovskite materials have been utilized in ReRAM devices and exhibited excellent resistance switching (RS) performances. Here in this paper, the recent development of lead-free perovskite and its RS performance are reviewed, including lead-free halide perovskite materials, RS performances, and RS mechanisms of lead-free perovskite-based ReRAM. Finally, the key problems and development prospects of lead-free perovskite-based ReRAM are also presented, which provides a fundamental step towards developing the RS performance based on lead-free halide perovskites.

Polarization-sensitive subtractive structural color used for information encoding and dynamic display

Structural color with polarization sensitivity has been widely studied due to its benefits for improving information storage and dynamic color display capacity. However, large amount and good concealment of information encoding are the major issues to be addressed. Here, we propose the elliptical Al/a-Si/Al (metal-insulator-metal, MIM) nanostructure arrays as the basic building blocks to realize polarization-sensitive subtractive structural colors for information encoding, and dynamic polarization-resolved displays. The experimentally realized structural color exhibits a wide color gamut covering the whole cyan, magenta, and yellow (CMY) color system, and presents a strong dependence on the incident polarization state due to its shape anisotropy. A new approach to improve the information encoding capacity is demonstrated using this structure combined with the polarization-independent nanostructures, increasing the concealment of information. Additionally, the polarization controllable dynamic display is engineered by the well-designed pixels with respect to different polarizations, generating the animation effect. These intrinsic properties and functionalities of the proposed structural color significantly extend its potential to the fields of information encoding, security encryption, and dynamic displays, not limited to color printing and filtering devices.

Area Law Saturation of Entropy Bound from Perturbative Unitarity in Renormalizable Theories

AbstractWe study the quantum information storage capacity of solitons and baryons in renormalizable quantum field theories that do not include gravity. We observe that a 't Hooft‐Polyakov magnetic monopole saturates the Bekenstein bound on information when the theory saturates the bound on perturbative unitarity. In this very limit the monopole entropy assumes the form of an area‐law, strikingly similar to a black hole entropy in gravity. The phenomenon appears universal and takes place for other solitons and non‐perturbative objects. We observe the same behaviour of entropy of a baryon in QCD with large number of colors. These observations indicate that the area‐law form of the entropy bound extends beyond gravity and is deeply rooted in concepts of weak coupling and perturbative unitarity. One provoked idea is that confinement in QCD may be understood as a prevention mechanism against violation of Bekenstein entropy bound by colored states.

1+1≥2? Norbornadiene‐Azobenzene Molecules as Multistate Photoswitches

AbstractBy combination of two photochromic molecules as multistate photoswitches new properties regarding to molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage systems and information storage capacity of smart materials are expected. By fusing the azobenzene with the norbornadiene system, new multinary photoswitches were designed. A successful synthesis towards different analogues was developed via Suzuki coupling reaction as key step. The isomerization behaviour of these norbornadiene‐azobenzene fusions was studied by UV‐Vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy in different solvents investigating the electronic communication within these multinary‐photochromic systems.