Information For Risk Assessment Research Articles

High-resolution MRI vessel wall enhancement in moyamoya disease: risk factors and clinical outcomes.

Intracranial vessel wall enhancement (VWE) on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HRMRI) is associated with the progression and poor prognosis of moyamoya disease (MMD). This study assessed potential risk factors for VWE in MMD. We evaluated MMD patients using HRMRI and traditional angiography examinations. The participants were divided into VWE and non-VWE groups based on HRMRI. Logistic regression was performed to compare the risk factors for VWE in MMD. The incidence of cerebrovascular events of the different subgroups according to risk factors was compared using Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression. We included 283 MMD patients, 84 of whom had VWE on HRMRI. The VWE group had higher modified Rankin Scale scores at admission (p = 0.014) and a higher incidence of ischaemia and haemorrhage (p = 0.002) than did the non-VWE group. Risk factors for VWE included the ring finger protein 213 (RNF213) p.R4810K variant (odds ratio [OR] 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-3.76, p = 0.028), hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy) (OR 5.08, 95% CI 2.34-11.05, p < 0.001), and smoking history (OR 3.49, 95% CI 1.08-11.31, p = 0.037). During the follow-up of 63.9 ± 13.2months (median 65months), 18 recurrent stroke events occurred. Cox regression showed that VWE and the RNF213 p.R4810K variant were risk factors for stroke. The RNF213 p.R4810K variant is strongly associated with VWE and poor prognosis in MMD. HHcy and smoking are independent risk factors for VWE. Vessel wall enhancement in moyamoya disease is closely associated with poor prognosis, especially related to the ring finger protein 213 p.R4810K variant, hyperhomocysteinaemia, and smoking, providing crucial risk assessment information for the clinic. • The baseline presence of vessel wall enhancement is significantly associated with poor prognosis in moyamoya disease. • The ring finger protein 213 p.R4810K variant is strongly associated with vessel wall enhancement and poor prognosis in moyamoya disease. • Hyperhomocysteinaemia and smoking are independent risk factors for vessel wall enhancement in moyamoya disease.

Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter and Mortality: An Update of the WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

For the development of the 2021 global air quality guidelines, the World Health Organization (WHO) commissioned a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses to assess the association between exposure to air pollution and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. One of these reviews, which we aim to update, focused on the effects of long-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 on all-cause and cause-specific mortality. The protocol for this study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023425327). We searched the PubMed and Embase databases for studies published between September 2018 and May 2023. Study-specific effects were pooled using random-effects models. We included 106 studies in the meta-analysis, 46 studies from the previous review and 60 from this update. All exposure-outcome pairs analysed showed positive and significant associations, except for PM10 and cerebrovascular mortality. The certainty of the evidence was rated as high for the majority of exposure-outcome pairs. We included a large number of new cohorts, and provided new concentration-response functions that will inform WHO advice on the use of this information for air pollution health risk assessments.

Assessment of salivary cadmium levels and breast density in the Marin Women's Study.

We aimed to determine if salivary cadmium (Cd) levels had any association with breast density, hoping to establish a less invasive cost-effective method of stratifying Cd burden as an environmental breast cancer risk factor. Salivary Cd levels were quantified from the Marin Women's Study, a Marin County, California population composite. Volumetric compositional breast density (BDsxa ) data were measured by single x-ray absorptiometry techniques. Digital screening mammography was performed by the San Francisco Mammography Registry. Radiologists reviewed mammograms and assigned a Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System score. Early morning salivary Cd samples were assayed. Association analyses were then performed. Cd was quantifiable in over 90% of saliva samples (mean = 55.7 pg/L, SD = 29). Women with higher saliva Cd levels had a non-significant odds ratio of 1.34 with BI-RAD scores (3 or 4) (95% CI 0.75-2.39, p = 0.329). Cd levels were higher in current smokers (mean = 61.4 pg/L, SD = 34.8) than former smokers or non-smokers. These results were non-significant. Pilot data revealed that higher age and higher BMI were associated with higher BI-RAD scores (p < 0.001). Salivary Cd is a viable quantification source in large epidemiologic studies. Association analyses between Cd levels and breast density may provide additional information for breast cancer risk assessment, risk reduction plans, and future research directions. Further work is needed to demonstrate a more robust testing protocol before the extent of its usefulness can be established.

Evaluating Command and Control Systems’ Effectiveness in Enhancing Situational Awareness: ENDF 6th Mechanized Division in the Danakil Desert.

Effective military command and control is critical for the success of modern military operations. C2 systems enable the coordination of forces, decision-making, and information sharing across hierarchal command structures. This paper provides an over view of C2 key concepts and challenges in military C2. It examines the evolution of C2 approaches from centralized to more distributed models, driven by factors such as technological advancements, the complexity of the battle space, and the need for adaptability. The paper discusses the role of information systems, situational awareness and risk assessment, communication networks, decision support tools in enhancing C2 capabilities. It also highlights issues around interpretability, resilience, and the integration of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and the role of all level military commanders. The analysis draws on case studies and empirical research to identify best practices and areas for further improvement in military C2. The findings aim to inform military leaders, policy makers, and system designers on strategies to strengthen command and control for future military operations.

Implementation of risk assessment process for breast cancer risk in primary care.

Current cancer prevention guidelines recommend assessing breast cancer risk using validated risk calculators such as Tyrer-Cuzick and assessing genetic testing eligibility with NCCN. Women at high-risk of breast cancer may be recommended to undergo additional or earlier screening. Risk assessment is not consistently implemented in the primary care setting resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in unidentified high-risk individuals. A single-arm interventional study was conducted in an academic primary care clinic for women 25-50 years old presenting for primary care appointments. Pre-visit workflows evaluated breast cancer risk using the Cancer Risk Assessment (CRA) Tool and information was provided to the clinician with guideline-based recommendations. Post-visit questionnaires and chart review were conducted. The survey response rate was 24.5% (144/587) with 80.3% of responses completed online (94/117). The average age of respondents was 35.8 years with 50.4% White and 35.9% Black. There were no differences in response rate based on race. Risk discussion was documented in the medical record in 15.4% of cases with a higher rate of documentation in high-risk patient based on risk assessment as compared with average risk respondents (34.6% vs. 9.7%, p<0.01). In the high-risk women identified 11.4% (4/35) were seen by the high-risk breast clinic, and 5.7% (2/35) were referred for genetic evaluation. None had previously obtained MRI screening or genetic testing. There is limited identification and evaluation of women at high risk for breast cancer. Pre-visit surveys can be used as a tool to assess breast cancer risk in the primary care setting; however additional strategies are needed to implement systematic risk assessment and facilitate appropriate treatment based on risk level.

Precision Medicine: Tailoring Treatment to Individual Genetic Profiles

Due to the fact that it has the capacity to generate individualised treatment regimens that are particular to the genetic make-up of an individual, the practise of precision medicine presents an opportunity for a paradigm shift in the area of medicine. This article offers a comprehensive summary of the ground-breaking field of precision medicine, shedding light on its basics as well as its applications and the implications it has for the delivery of medical treatment. The comprehensive analysis of an individual's genetic, genomic, and molecular data serves as the cornerstone of precision medicine. This information is then utilised to guide the decisions and treatments that are made in the medical field. Because of advancements in high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics, researchers and medical experts are now able to analyse the genetic profile of an individual with a degree of precision and speed that has never been seen before. Applications of precision medicine may be found in a wide variety of medical professions, including cancer, cardiology, neurology, and even further afield. Precision medicine has the potential to revolutionise the medical field. In the field of oncology, for instance, genetic profiling has revolutionised the process of diagnosing and treating cancer. This is because it has made it possible to identify particular genetic alterations that are responsible for the growth of cancer and has guided the selection of targeted medicines. Significant progress has been made in the field as a result of this. Similarly, genetic testing may be used in the field of cardiology to identify inherited heart problems, offer information for risk assessment, and direct treatment options, therefore averting situations that could possibly be life-threatening.

Maternal and Neonatal Effects of Maternal Oral Exposure to Perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic Acid (PFMOAA) during Pregnancy and Early Lactation in the Sprague-Dawley Rat.

Perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid (PFMOAA) is a short-chain perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acid that has been detected at high concentrations (∼10 μg/L) in drinking water in eastern North Carolina, USA, and in human serum and breastmilk in China. Despite documented human exposure there are almost no toxicity data available to inform risk assessment of PFMOAA. Here we exposed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to a range of PFMOAA doses (10-450 mg/kg/d) via oral gavage from gestation day (GD) 8 to postnatal day (PND) 2 and compared results to those we previously reported for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA or GenX). Newborn pups displayed reduced birthweight (≥30 mg/kg), depleted liver glycogen concentrations (all doses), hypoglycemia (≥125 mg/kg), and numerous significantly altered genes in the liver associated with fatty acid and glucose metabolism similar to gene changes produced by HFPO-DA. Pup survival was significantly reduced at ≥125 mg/kg, and at necropsy on PND2 both maternal and neonatal animals displayed increased liver weights, increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and reduced serum thyroid hormones at all doses (≥10 mg/kg). Pups also displayed highly elevated serum cholesterol at all doses. PFMOAA concentrations in serum and liver increased with maternal oral dose in both maternal and F1 animals and were similar to those we reported for PFOA but considerably higher than HFPO-DA. We calculated 10% effect levels (ED10 or EC10) and relative potency factors (RPF; PFOA = index chemical) among the three compounds based on maternal oral dose and maternal serum concentration (μM). Reduced pup liver glycogen, increased liver weights and reduced thyroid hormone levels (maternal and pup) were the most sensitive end points modeled. PFMOAA was ∼3-7-fold less potent than PFOA for most end points based on maternal serum RPFs, but slightly more potent for increased maternal and pup liver weights. PFMOAA is a maternal and developmental toxicant in the rat producing a constellation of adverse effects similar to PFOA and HFPO-DA.

Prevalence of e.coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Cryptosporidium Among Arizona Dairy Workers Using Post-Work Swabbing

Highlights Microbial assessment of dairy workers in Arizona, U.S. Provides demographic and working information of an underserved group. Highlights the need for health and safety assessments and solutions in the dairy industry. Abstract. The dairy industry in Arizona, like many other agricultural industries in the United States, is dependent on the labor that migrant farm workers provide. Infections caused by zoonotic pathogens are commonly underreported or misdiagnosed, and possibly more so in migratory workers that face cultural, structural, legal, financial, and geographic barriers to health services. The objectives of this project were to: assess the demographics of Arizona dairy workers, determine the exposure potential of Arizona dairy workers to zoonotic organisms, and inform best management practices. A questionnaire including demographics, work tasks, and household characteristics was administered. Swab samples were collected from the shoulders, knees, and foreheads of employees at two dairy operations at the end of the work shift. The swabs were cultured for E.coli O157:H7 and Salmonella. Molecular DNA isolated from Salmonella and Cryptosporidium was quantified using droplet-digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (ddPCR). Twenty dairy workers were recruited, and 60 samples were collected. The majority of workers were male, preferred to speak Spanish, and identified as Latino/Hispanic (68.8%, 93.8%, and 93.8%, respectively). E. coli O157:H7 was detected in 13% of cultured knee and forehead samples. Salmonella spp. gene copies were detected on 60.0% of samples collected from forehead skin samples; 40.0% of shoulder clothing samples; and 15% of knee clothing samples, as measured via ddPCR. The positive cultural and molecular samples indicate the need for improved post-workday sanitation practices at farms. This study provides surveillance of a largely invisible population, including insights that can be used to create site-specific health and safety protocols for the dairy industry, inform risk assessment models, and foster preventive practices in the dairy industry. Keywords: Agricultural workers, Dairy workers, ddPCR, Exposure, Microbial, Zoonotic

ESG criteria in green rebuilding of Ukraine

The historical retrospective of the construction industry shows a tendency to move to a qualitatively new level after crises and global upheaval. Global markets are currently being reformatted to reflect new investment priorities, where environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria are gaining essential importance, and Ukraine is at the center of global transformations. Ukraine's post-war reconstruction plans include the use of green innovative technologies, as the formation of a green economy is the basis of the European Union Association Agreement. The concept of "green recovery" has become widespread, as investments in low-carbon technologies strengthen the country's resilience. Implementation of green building principles saves resources and energy, stimulates innovation and competitiveness, and increases the confidence of investors and increasingly conscious consumers. Current international trends are moving towards global decarbonization of the world economy and the widespread implementation of ESG non-financial reporting standards to screen and increase transparency of business. The construction sector plays a key role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, given the significant economic, environmental and social impacts of the construction industry. The requirements for decarbonization, safety and well-being of buildings are growing, and the increasing volume and complexity of data requires new tools and approaches. The application of ESG principles involves the creation of long-term sustainable value in the interests of the company and its stakeholders. In the construction sector, ESG factors are crucial for determining the overall value and potential of a property, which helps investors to obtain more information for decision-making and risk assessment. The use of (ESG) indicators ensures transparency, objectivity and measurability of the company's performance. Businesses that demonstrate concrete commitments to sustainable development will become undisputed leaders in their industries in the next 30 years and will gain access to investment capital. On the other hand, companies that do not take care of compliance with international standards in a timely manner risk losing business in the medium term.

The FMEA model based on LOPCOW-ARAS methods with interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy information for risk assessment of R&amp;D projects in industrial robot offline programming systems

The FMEA model based on LOPCOW-ARAS methods with interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy information for risk assessment of R&amp;D projects in industrial robot offline programming systems

Posture analysis in predicting fall-related injuries during French Navy Special Forces selection course using machine learning: a proof-of-concept study

IntroductionInjuries induced by falls represent the main cause of failure in the French Navy Special Forces selection course. In the present study, we made the assumption that probing the posture...

Snowmobiling and Climate Change: Exploring Shifts in Snowmobile Activity Using a Temporal Analogue Approach in Ontario (Canada)

The multi-billion-dollar snowmobile industry is predicated on natural snowfall and cold temperatures, with a near absence of research that examines industry response to climatic variability and change. Using a temporal analogue approach, this study examines 30 years of climate data (1989–2019), along with operational (grooming hours) and performance (permit sales) indicators, to provide insight into the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the Ontario snowmobile industry in a medium (RCP4.5) and high (RCP8.5) mid-century (2046–2060) emission scenario. The results underscore important temporal and spatial variability across Ontario’s 16 snowmobile districts, indicating that snowmobilers are highly resilient to marginal conditions, changing districts and switching from seasonal to daily permits in response to warming temperatures. The findings from this study can inform risk assessments in other major snowmobile markets (e.g., Canada, Europe, USA), with future research needs discussed.

High Growing Season Temperatures Limit Winter Recovery of Grapevines from Xylella fastidiosa Infection - Implications for Epidemiology in Hot Climates.

Management of widespread plant pathogens is challenging as climatic differences among crop-growing regions may alter key aspects of pathogen spread and disease severity. Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterial pathogen that is transmitted by xylem sap-feeding insects. Geographic distribution of X. fastidiosa is limited by winter climate, and vines infected with X. fastidiosa can recover from infection when held at cold temperatures. California has a long history of research on Pierce's disease and significant geographic and climatic diversity among grape-growing regions. This background in combination with experimental disease studies under controlled temperature conditions can inform risk assessment for X. fastidiosa spread and epidemic severity across different regions and under changing climate conditions. California's grape-growing regions have considerable differences in summer and winter climate. In northern and coastal regions, summers are mild and winters are cool, conditions which favor winter recovery of infected vines. In contrast, in inland and southern areas, summers are hot and winters mild, reducing likelihood of winter recovery. Here, winter recovery of three table grape cultivars (Flame, Scarlet Royal, and Thompson Seedless) and three wine grape cultivars (Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Zinfandel) were evaluated under temperature conditions representative of the San Joaquin Valley, an area with hot summers and mild winters that has been severely impacted by Pierce's disease and contains a large portion of California grape production. Mechanically inoculated vines were held in the greenhouse under one of three warming treatments to represent different seasonal inoculation dates prior to being moved into a cold chamber. Winter recovery under all treatments was generally limited but with some cultivar variation. Given hot summer temperatures of many grape-growing regions worldwide, as well as increasing global temperatures overall, winter recovery of grapevines should not be considered a key factor limiting X. fastidiosa spread and epidemic severity in the majority of cases.

Comparison of plastic pollution between waters and sediments in four Po River tributaries (Northern Italy)

The monitoring of plastic contamination in freshwaters is still pioneering in comparison with marine environments, and few studies analyzed the distribution of these pollutants in both aqueous and bottom compartments of continental waters. Therefore, the aim of this study was the comparison of plastic pollution in both waters and sediments of four Po River tributaries (Ticino, Adda, Oglio and Mincio Rivers), which outflow from the main Italian sub-alpine Lakes, in order to establish the strengths and weaknesses of both matrices. The main results pointed out a heterogeneous plastic contamination, with the lowest values in Ticino (0.9 ± 0.5 plastics/m3 in waters and 6.8 ± 4.5 plastics/kg dry weight - d.w. - in sediments) and the highest in Mincio (62.9 ± 53.9 plastics/m3 in waters and 26.5 ± 13.3 plastics/kg d.w in sediments), highlighting a plastic amount in sediments four times higher than waters. Plastic pollution, mainly due to microplastics, was associated principally to a domestic input in both waters and sediments of Ticino and Adda Rivers, as well as in sediments of Oglio, while an industrial pollution was found in waters and sediments of Mincio and Oglio waters. Our data clearly highlighted as the monitoring of both matrices provide complementary information for a holistic risk assessment of these emerging contaminants in freshwaters: the aqueous matrix provides an instantaneous picture of contamination, while sediments the history of pollution.

Integrated approach to the concept of “internet governance”: establishment of information systems with the use of ai tools and ensuring their development

This article offers a review of the concepts of “Internet Governance”, as well as the role of information systems and advanced technologies in them. The article attempts to analyze the barriers and threats in this direction, as well as to identify a qualitatively new pattern (“phase pattern”) of information systems in the Internet space and integrate it into the concept of “Internet Governance”. Threats such as Darknet “dark internet”, “blockchain” opposition, instability of internet connection, etc. are also given. The author cited the existing analytics on the concept of “Internet Governance”, and also formulated theoretical and applied regularity, which is important to take into account in the further development of information systems and risk assessment in the formation of international information ecosystem with the use of advanced technologies. The article provides normative-legal mechanisms of the concept realization and substantiation of its significance in the conditions of legal uncertainty. The phases of information systems development are considered in detail, as well as the characteristic features of each phase and their role in the formation of information systems. The author cited generalizing documents on the concepts of “Internet Governance” to substantiate his positions, and also considered the possibilities of information systems development, taking into account the individual national experience (operation of the “Gostech” system and other ecosystems). The article attempts to highlight the system-wide approach to information systems and the possibility of their reaching the international level within the framework of the general concept of “Internet Governance”.

Risk assessment of computer network information using a proposed approach: Fuzzy hierarchical reasoning model based on scientific inversion parallel programming

Abstract Background Computer networks are involved in many fields such as business, education, marketing, government, and tourism in several forms. Technologies related to security protection and improvement of information integrity are used and developed for computer networks intruded on by unauthorized people and help save their confidentiality. Methods To improve the risk identification of computer networks, this manuscript combined a fuzzy hierarchical reasoning model with the scientific inversion parallel programming method to study the risk of computer networks. Moreover, this article defined and analyzed a d-order neighborhood message propagation algorithm. A d-order neighborhood parallel message propagation algorithm using the Gaussian graph model was proposed. Results The risk of the computer network was analyzed using the proposed method resulting in better protection effectiveness. Conclusion The simulations showed that the proposed algorithm could effectively detect risks and improve the security of the computer network.

Importance of background threshold value development within risk‐based corrective action programs

AbstractRisk‐based corrective action (RBCA) programs employ conservative models to develop default values for soil screening, which simplify the risk assessment process. However, for several naturally occurring metals (e.g., arsenic and lead), these published screening values are often unrealistic and well below the documented background levels in soil. This can lead to confusion among the regulated community and inexperienced regulators, as it will inappropriately identify naturally occurring conditions as a release (false positive or Type I error). An effective RBCA program requires the incorporation of defensible background threshold values (BTVs) in the screening process. Recent datasets and BTV development methods are available to enhance existing RBCA programs and reduce the occurrence of Type I errors. This review evaluated the role “background” currently plays in the Texas Risk Reduction Program (TRRP) and offers defensible approaches in minimizing Type I errors estimated by one Texas municipality to directly result in an unnecessary expenditure of over $250,000 annually to address this confusion in the form of additional assessment, remediation, soil management, and even disposal requirements. The same BTV development process demonstrated in this Texas case study can also inform risk assessment efforts in other areas where BTVs can supplement existing RBCA programs.

Noise risk assessment practices of four South African manufacturing and utilities companies.

The South African Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) Regulations, mandates employers to conduct a noise risk assessment, which records specific variables for determining the status of exposure and the need for implementation of control measures. The study evaluated company noise risk assessment practices for alignment with legal requirements and specific risk assessment guidelines. Convenience sampling was used to select the four manufacturing and utilities companies that participated in the study. The participating companies submitted latest noise risk assessment records for evaluation through the READ approach. The noise risk assessment records of three of the four companies omitted the recording of factors such as the reasonable deterioration in or failure of control measures, adequate control and formalisation of hearing conservation programmes (HCPs). When evaluated against the South African National Standard 31000 Risk Assessment guidelines, the risk assessment processes of the respective companies were lacking in addressing aspects related to establishing communication and consultation, evaluation, adapting, continually improving, leadership and commitment, and integration. The recorded information on the noise risk assessment reports from the four participating companies were incomplete, negatively affecting subsequent HCP management processes and decision-making. Future studies should investigate other aspects such as the implementation status of recommended noise controls as well as their effectiveness as recorded in the noise risk assessment records.Contribution:This study provided firsthand insights of company noise risk assessment practices, specifically identifying functional and technical areas requiring improvement to enhance current efforts directed towards the minimisation of NIHL within HCPs. The study highlighted that the current practices on recording noise risk assessment information remain incomplete, adversely diminishing the impact of the assessment as an important decision-making tool. The identified technical issues specifically, when addressed, will increase trust on the decisions derived from noise risk assessments.

Functional orthologs of honeybee CYP6AQ1 in stingless bees degrade the butenolide insecticide flupyradifurone

Flupyradifurone (FPF), a novel butenolide insecticide binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), has been shown to be less acutely toxic to western honey bees (Apis mellifera) than other insecticides such as neonicotinoids sharing the same target-site. A previous study revealed that this is due to enhanced oxidative metabolism of FPF, mediated by three cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), including CYP6AQ1. Therefore, we followed a toxicogenomics approach and investigated the potential role of functional CYP6AQ1 orthologs in FPF metabolism from eight different bee species, including stingless bees (Tribe: Meliponini). We conducted a phylogenetic analysis on four stingless bee species, including Frieseomelitta varia, Heterotrigona itama, Melipona quadrifasciata and Tetragonula carbonaria to identify CYP6AQ1-like functional orthologs. Three non-Meliponini, but tropical bee species, i.e., Ammobates syriacus, Euglossa dilemma and Megalopta genalis were analyzed as well. We identified candidate P450s in all (neo)tropical species with greater than 61% and 67% predicted protein sequence identities when compared to A. mellifera CYP6AQ1 and Bombus terrestris CYP6AQ26, respectively. Heterologous expression in High Five insect cells of these functional orthologs revealed a common coumarin substrate profile and a preference for the O-debenzylation of bulkier substrates. Competition assays using the fluorescent probe substrate 7-benzyloxymethoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (BOMFC) with these enzymes indicated inhibition of BOMFC metabolism by increasing concentrations of FPF. Furthermore, UPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed the capacity of all CYP6AQ1-like orthologs to metabolize FPF by hydroxylation in vitro at various levels, indicating a conserved FPF detoxification potential in different (neo)tropical bee species including Meliponini. This research, employing a toxicogenomics approach, provides important insights into the potential of stingless and other tropical bee species to detoxify FPF, and highlights the significance of investigating the detoxification mechanisms of insecticides in non-Apis bee species by molecular tools to inform risk assessment and conservation efforts.

Risk assessment based on failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) and WASPAS methods under probabilistic double hierarchy linguistic term sets

Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is regarded as an efficient tool in identifying and eliminating system failures and important tool in safety and reliability analysis. However, the traditional FMEA method has some drawbacks, for example, in the process of risk assessment, traditional FMEA method usually ignores the influence factors of weight. Simultaneously, when represent risk assessment information, crisp numbers and fuzzy sets cannot represent complex linguistic information forms accurately. Moreover, the traditional FMEA method ranks risk failures through simple product. Thus, based on these disadvantages, this paper aims to present an improved FMEA method combines with the Weighted Aggregates Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method and weight determination method to address the risk assessment problems under probabilistic double hierarchy linguistic (PDHL) environment. In assessment process, the probabilistic double hierarchy linguistic term sets (PDHLTSs) can indicate the probability distribution as a linguistic tool to describe the information reasonably and precisely. The contribution s of this paper can be incarnated as below. Firstly, the PDHLTSs are utilized to provide the linguistic information of failure modes and construct risk evaluation model in risk assessment. Secondly, FMEA method is combined with WASPAS method to overcoming some drawbacks existing in traditional FMEA such as without consideration of the weight of three aspects in Severity (S), Occurrence (O) and Detection (D) and too simple to evaluate the risk factors using Risk Priority Number (RPN) values. Meanwhile, in response to the issue of traditional FMEA method neglecting expert weights, weight determination method is established based on the SNA method under the PDHL context. Additionally, the FMs are ranked through the multi-attribute decision-making method WASPAS, and the final risk ranking result is obtained. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the marine risk assessment faced in the development of marine economy. Based on the assessment results, suggestions are given for the risk problems. In addition, we also carried out sensitivity analysis and accuracy analysis on the evaluation results. At the same time, comparison analysis with existing methods is given to illustrate the superiority of the proposed method.