Levels Of Information Processing Research Articles

Pre-gating and contextual attention gate — A new fusion method for multi-modal data tasks

Multi-modal representation learning has received significant attention across diverse research domains due to its ability to model a scenario comprehensively. Learning the cross-modal interactions is essential to combining multi-modal data into a joint representation. However, conventional cross-attention mechanisms can produce noisy and non-meaningful values in the absence of useful cross-modal interactions among input features, thereby introducing uncertainty into the feature representation. These factors have the potential to degrade the performance of downstream tasks. This paper introduces a novel Pre-gating and Contextual Attention Gate (PCAG) module for multi-modal learning comprising two gating mechanisms that operate at distinct information processing levels within the deep learning model. The first gate filters out interactions that lack informativeness for the downstream task, while the second gate reduces the uncertainty introduced by the cross-attention module. Experimental results on eight multi-modal classification tasks spanning various domains show that the multi-modal fusion model with PCAG outperforms state-of-the-art multi-modal fusion models. Additionally, we elucidate how PCAG effectively processes cross-modality interactions

Seeing oneself as an unattractive loser: Similar interpretation and memory biases in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and adolescents with depression or anxiety.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterised by dysfunctional cognitive biases but these have rarely been investigated in adolescents with AN. The present study systematically assessed cognitive biases in adolescents with AN and addressed the questions of content-specificity (i.e., do biases occur only for eating disorder-related information?) and disorder-specificity (i.e., are biases unique to individuals with AN?). Cognitive biases on three information processing levels (attention, interpretation, memory) and for two types of information content (eating disorder-related, non-eating disorder-related) were assessed within a single experimental paradigm based on the Scrambled Sentences Task. 12-18-year-old adolescents with AN (n=40) were compared to a healthy (HC; n=40) and a clinical (girls with depression and/or anxiety disorders; CC; n=34) control group. Both clinical groups (AN and CC) showed pronounced negative interpretation and memory biases compared to the HC group, for both disorder-related and non-disorder-related information. Attention biases could not be analysed. The results support the hypothesis that adolescents with AN show negative cognitive biases but these were not limited to disorder-related information. Adolescents with depression and/or anxiety disorders showed similar biases, suggesting them to be transdiagnostic phenomena. Important implications for cognitive-behavioural theories of AN, subsequent cognitive bias modification studies in AN, as well as clinical practice are discussed.

Modality-Independent Effect of Gravity in Shaping the Internal Representation of 3D Space for Visual and Haptic Object Perception.

Visual and haptic perceptions of 3D shape are plagued by distortions, which are influenced by nonvisual factors, such as gravitational vestibular signals. Whether gravity acts directly on the visual or haptic systems or at a higher, modality-independent level of information processing remains unknown. To test these hypotheses, we examined visual and haptic 3D shape perception by asking male and female human subjects to perform a "squaring" task in upright and supine postures and in microgravity. Subjects adjusted one edge of a 3D object to match the length of another in each of the three canonical reference planes, and we recorded the matching errors to obtain a characterization of the perceived 3D shape. The results show opposing, body-centered patterns of errors for visual and haptic modalities, whose amplitudes are negatively correlated, suggesting that they arise in distinct, modality-specific representations that are nevertheless linked at some level. On the other hand, weightlessness significantly modulated both visual and haptic perceptual distortions in the same way, indicating a common, modality-independent origin for gravity's effects. Overall, our findings show a link between modality-specific visual and haptic perceptual distortions and demonstrate a role of gravity-related signals on a modality-independent internal representation of the body and peripersonal 3D space used to interpret incoming sensory inputs.

Multimodal study of multilevel pulvino-temporal connections: a new piece in the puzzle of lexical retrieval networks.

Advanced methods of imaging and mapping the healthy and lesioned brain have allowed for the identification of the cortical nodes and white matter tracts supporting the dual neurofunctional organization of language networks in a dorsal phonological and a ventral semantic stream. Much less understood are the anatomical correlates of the interaction between the two streams; one hypothesis being that of a subcortically mediated interaction, through crossed cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical and cortico-thalamo-cortical loops. In this regard, the pulvinar is the thalamic subdivision that has most regularly appeared as implicated in the processing of lexical retrieval. However, descriptions of its connections with temporal (language) areas remain scarce. Here we assess this pulvino-temporal connectivity using a combination of state-of-the-art techniques: white matter stimulation in awake surgery and postoperative diffusion MRI (n = 4), virtual dissection from the Human Connectome Project 3 and 7 T datasets (n = 172) and operative microscope-assisted post-mortem fibre dissection (n = 12). We demonstrate the presence of four fundamental fibre contingents: (i) the anterior component (Arnold's bundle proper) initially described by Arnold in the 19th century and destined to the anterior temporal lobe; (ii) the optic radiations-like component, which leaves the pulvinar accompanying the optical radiations and reaches the posterior basal temporal cortices; (iii) the lateral component, which crosses the temporal stem orthogonally and reaches the middle temporal gyrus; and (iv) the auditory radiations-like component, which leaves the pulvinar accompanying the auditory radiations to the superomedial aspect of the temporal operculum, just posteriorly to Heschl's gyrus. Each of those components might correspond to a different level of information processing involved in the lexical retrieval process of picture naming.

Artificial Intelligence and Its Impact to the Operations of Enterprises: Basis for Strategic Plan

Artificial intelligence has had a profound impact on the production and operation management of enterprises, including human resource management, financial management, production management, and decision-making assistance. Artificial intelligence can improve production and management efficiency, and reduce costs. It can improve the quality and specialization level of financial information processing, achieve intelligent financial management, and improve the efficiency and accuracy of financial management. The development of artificial intelligence may have an impact and crowding out effect on jobs with primary repetitive standardized processes, leading to a reduction and adjustment of some positions, while also providing new employment opportunities. The application of artificial intelligence in production and operation management can strengthen enterprise supply chain management, improve quality inspection efficiency, reduce operating costs, improve production efficiency, enhance the scientificity of enterprise management, thereby improving management efficiency and economic benefits, and promoting enterprise development and competitiveness. At the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to data security management and privacy protection, reduce the cost of using and maintaining artificial intelligence, continuously improve and perfect artificial intelligence tools, effectively enhance the use of artificial intelligence in accordance with regulations, and pay attention to the risk of personnel unemployment caused by the application of artificial intelligence. Therefore, it is suggested that senior leaders of enterprises should attach great importance to the application of artificial intelligence, increase funding, provide budget support and resource investment, strengthen data quality management and customized analysis capabilities, reduce usage and maintenance costs, promote human-machine cooperation, strengthen the application of artificial intelligence in business management, attach importance to employee training and transformation support, and pay attention to technological development trends, optimize and expand application scenarios, Actively explore and apply artificial intelligence tools to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. The government should formulate relevant policies and regulations, strengthen education and training support, promote the development of the artificial intelligence industry, strengthen international cooperation and exchanges, formulate policies to promote employment and social security systems, encourage innovation and entrepreneurship, strengthen supervision and regulation, and promote the comprehensive application of artificial intelligence in enterprise management.

КОНЦЕПЦИЯ НООСУФИЗМА КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ МОДЕРНИЗАЦИИ

Доказывается, что для интеллектуальной модернизации Казахстана необходимо уделить повышенное внимание тем парадигмам развития науки и культуры, которые максимально полно отвечают его социокультурному коду. Показано, что существует возможность осуществить синтез идей В.И. Вернадского и практик, построенных на учении суфиев. Развитие идей В.И. Вернадского, в частности, нейросетевая теория ноосферы, позволяет, в частности, объяснить экстремально высокую эффективность деятельности суфийских орденов, которые фактически реорганизовали социокультурный код народов, населяющих огромную территорию от Алтая до Крыма. Инструменты, лежащие в основе суфийских практик, оказывали непосредственное воздействие на надличностный уровень переработки информации, существование которого также доказывается в рамках нейросетевой теории ноосферы на сугубо рациональной основе. Эти инструменты – уже на следующем витке исторического развития – могут быть использованы в целях интеллектуальной модернизации Казахстана, в чем имеется более чем острая необходимость. Синтез суфийских практик с идеями В.И. Вернадского, модернизированными с использованием современной теории нейроных сетей, приводит к концепции ноосуфизма, нацеленной на переход к когнитивному обществу за счет целенаправленного управления процессами, происходящими на надличностном уровне переработки информации. Важным направлением деятельности здесь является использование ресурсов профессионального коллективного бессознательного для повышения эффективности обучения в высшей школе. Дана трактовка обучения как направленной реконструкции интеллекта обучающегося. Основой для этого является тезис о дуальной сущности интеллекта и сознания человека, который также вытекает из нейросетевой теории ноосферы. Обоснована целесообразность издания учебников «ноосуфийского стиля», призванных обеспечить использование ресурсов надличностных информационных объектов. Сформулированы базовые критерии, которым должны отвечать такие учебники.

Complex Synaptic and Intrinsic Interactions Disrupt Input/Output Functions in the Hippocampus of Scn1b Knock-Out Mice.

Pathogenic variants in SCN1B have been linked to severe developmental epileptic encephalopathies including Dravet syndrome. Scn1b knock-out (KO) mice model SCN1B loss-of-function (LOF) disorders, demonstrating seizures, developmental delays, and early death. SCN1B encodes the protein β1, an ion channel auxiliary subunit that also has roles in cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth, and gene expression. The goal of this project is to better understand of how loss of Scn1b alters information processing in the brain, resulting in seizures and associated cognitive dysfunction. Using slice electrophysiology in the CA1 region of the hippocampus from male and female Scn1b KO mice and wild-type (WT) littermates, we found that processing of physiologically relevant patterned Schaffer collateral (SC) stimulation produces larger, prolonged depolarizations and increased spiking in KO neurons compared with WTs. KO neurons exhibit enhanced intrinsic excitability, firing more action potentials with current injection. Interestingly, SC stimulation produces smaller, more facilitating excitatory and IPSCs in KO pyramidal neurons, but larger postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) with the same stimulation. We also found reduced intrinsic firing of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons and disrupted recruitment of both parvalbumin-expressing and somatostatin (SST)-expressing interneurons in response to patterned synaptic stimulation. Neuronal information processing relies on the interplay between synaptic properties, intrinsic properties that amplify or suppress incoming synaptic signals, and firing properties that produce cellular output. We found changes at each of these levels in Scn1b KO pyramidal neurons, resulting in fundamentally altered cellular information processing in the hippocampus that likely contributes to the complex phenotypes of SCN1B-linked epileptic encephalopathies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Genetic developmental epileptic encephalopathies have limited treatment options, in part because of our lack of understanding of how genetic changes result in dysfunction at the cellular and circuit levels. SCN1B is a gene linked to Dravet syndrome and other developmental epileptic encephalopathies, and Scn1b knock-out (KO) mice phenocopy the human disease, allowing us to study underlying neurophysiological changes. Here, we found changes at all levels of neuronal information processing in brains lacking Scn1b, including intrinsic excitability, synaptic properties, and synaptic integration, resulting in greatly enhanced input/output functions of the hippocampus. Our study shows that loss of Scn1b results in a complex array of cellular and network changes that fundamentally alters information processing in the hippocampus.

Cognitive Bias and Its Relationship to the Level of Information Processing among Umm Al-Qura University Female Students

هدفَت الدِّراسة الحاليَّة إلى معرفة مستوى كلٍّ من: التحيُّز المعرفي، ومستوى تجهيز المعلومات، والكشف عن العلاقة بينهما، لدَى طالبات جامعة أمِّ القرى، والكشفِ عن الفروق في التحيُّز المعرفي ومستويات التجهيز، التي تُعزَى لمتغيرات (التخصُّص، والسَّنَة الدِّراسيَّة، والتحصيل الأكاديمي)، والكشفِ عن إمكانيَّة التنبُّؤ بمستوى تجهيز المعلومات من خلال التحيُّز المعرفي. وبلغتْ عيِّنة الدِّراسة (387) طالبة، والذي تمَّ اختيارُهُنَّ بالطريقة العشوائية الطبقية من مختلف التخصصات الأكاديميَّة، وتمَّ استخدام المنهج الوصفي، وتطبيق مقياس التحيُّز المعرفي من إعداد Van der gaag et al(2013)، وتعريب الحموري (2017)، ومقياس مستوى تجهيز المعلومات من إعداد الحربي (2022)، وتوصَّلَت الدِّراسة إلى النتائج التالية: تمتُّعِ عيِّنة الدِّراسة بدرجةٍ متوسطةٍ من التحيُّز المعرفي، وتمتُّعِها بدرجةٍ مرتفعة من مستوى تجهيز المعلومات العميق، ووجود علاقة موجبة بين التحيُّز المعرفي ومستوى تجهيز المعلومات، مع عدم وجود فروقٍ دالَّةٍ إحصائيًّا تُعزَى إلى المتغيرات؛ (التخصص، والسَّنة الدِّراسيَّة، والتحصيل الأكاديمي) على الدرجة الكلية، والأبعاد لمقياس التحيُّز المعرفي، ومقياس مستوى تجهيز المعلومات، وإمكانيَّة التنبُّؤ بمستوى تجهيز المعلومات، من خلال التحيُّز المعرفي. واستنادًا على نتائج الدِّراسة الحالية، فإنَّها تُوصِي بتوجيه اهتمام القائمين على العملية التعليميَّة بإثراء المناهج ببرامجَ تعليميةٍ وتدريبيَّة تهدف إلى تنمية بعض المهارات التي تُسهِم في خفض التحيُّز المعرفي، وتُعزِّز مستوى التجهيز العميق لدَى طالبات الجامعة.

Information search processing affects social decisions

AbstractSocial decisions often require individuals to balance conflicts between their own selfish interests and the need for equality. The way information about available options is presented can have an impact on how people process information and make social decisions. In this study, we examined the effect of information presentation on social decisions in a mini‐dictator game, where participants must make binary choices about how to allocate money between themselves and another participant. We conducted two tasks with different presentation styles: the attribute‐based task, where attributes such as own payoffs or others' payoffs were displayed sequentially, and the alternative‐based task, where alternatives were displayed sequentially. We found that participants in the attribute‐based task made more selfish choices and were less sensitive to equality than those in the alternative‐based task. The direction of information search and the complexity level of information processing played a mediating role in the effect of task on social decisions. Our findings highlight the relationship between information search and social decisions, shedding light on the mechanisms and processes that underlie social decision‐making.

Features of the Transformation of the Regional University Library in Contemporary Conditions

The article reveals the peculiarities of the transformation of modern university libraries in connection with the ongoing changes in the sphere of higher education. The main difficulties in the implementation of integration into the electronic space are named (including such as limitations of the literature used in the university by year of publication, low attendance, a decrease in the level of information processing, an increase in the library funds the proportion of low-quality editions, the formalization of scientific knowledge, the lack of digital culture among users). This research is fulfilled on the basis of scientific articles and publications of the last years. The author emphasizes the necessity to support the idea of continuing education in the frames of the transformation of the university library as a multi-resource center for preparing materials for scientific researches and ensuring the educational process.

Feeling without localizing: exploring tactile misperception in a patient with uncommon parietal left brain damage.

We report a very unique clinical presentation of a patient who complained, after a left parietal brain damage, about feeling tactile stimulations on his right upper limb without being able to localize them. Using a single case study approach, we report three experiments relying on several custom-made tasks to explore the different levels of somatosensory information processing, ranging from somato-sensation to somato-representation. Our results showed a preserved ability to localize tactile stimuli applied on the right upper limb when using pointing responses while the ability to localize was less efficient when having to name the stimulated part (akin Numbsense). When the stimuli were applied on more distal locations (i.e., on the hand and on fingers), the number of correct responses decreased significantly independently of the modality of response. Finally, when visually presented with a stimulus delivered on the hand of an examiner in synchrony with the stimulation on the hidden hand of the patient, responses were largely influenced by the visual information available. Altogether, the convergence of these different customized tasks revealed an absence of autotopagnosia for motor responses for the right upper limb, associated with altered abilities to discriminate stimulus applied on distal and restricted/closer zones in the hand. The somato-representation of our patient seemed to significantly rely on visual information, leading to striking deficits to localize tactile stimuli when vision and somesthesic afferences are discordant. This case report offers a clinical illustration of pathological imbalance between vision and somesthesia. Implications of these troubles in somato-representation on higher cognitive level processes are discussed.

Three levels of information processing in the brain

Information, the measure of order in a complex system, is the opposite of entropy, the measure of chaos and disorder. We can distinguish several levels at which information is processed in the brain. The first one is the level of serial molecular genetic processes, similar in some aspects to digital computations (DC). At the same time, higher cognitive activity is probably based on parallel neural network computations (NNC). The advantage of neural networks is their intrinsic ability to learn, adapting their parameters to specific tasks and to external data. However, there seems to be a third level of information processing as well, which involves subjective consciousness and its units, so called qualia. They are difficult to study experimentally, and the very fact of their existence is hard to explain within the framework of modern physical theory. Here I propose a way to consider consciousness as the extension of basic physical laws – namely, total entropy dissipation leading to a system simplification. At the level of subjective consciousness, the brain seems to convert information embodied by neural activity to a more simple and compact form, internally observed as qualia. Whereas physical implementations of both DC and NNC are essentially approximate and probabilistic, qualia-associated computations (QAC) make the brain capable of recognizing general laws and relationships. While elaborating a behavioral program, the conscious brain does not act blindly or gropingly but according to the very meaning of such general laws, which gives it an advantage compared to any artificial intelligence system.

Cognitive style and creativity: The role of education in shaping cognitive style profiles and creativity of adolescents.

Previous research on cognitive styles (CSs) has often overlooked their complexity and the effect of the environment on their development. While research supports visual abilities as predictors of domain-specific creativity, there is a lack of studies on the predictive power of CS in relation to creativity beyond abilities. The current study aimed to explore the validity of the CS construct as environmentally sensitive individual differences in cognition. We examined the internal structure of the CS construct, its predictive power in creativity beyond visual abilities, and how CSs of Singaporean secondary school students are shaped with age under specific sociocultural influences (Singapore's emphasis on STEM disciplines). Data were collected from 347 students aged 13-16 from a secondary school in Singapore. Students were administered nine tasks assessing their visual abilities and learning preferences, artistic and scientific creativity, and questionnaires assessing their CS profiles. The confirmatory factor analyses provided evidence for a matrix-type CS structure consisting of four orthogonal CS dimensions and third levels of information processing. Structural equation models demonstrated significant contributions of context independence and intuitive processing to artistic and scientific creativity, respectively, beyond visual abilities. The results also suggested that Singapore's education system could be contributing to significantly shaping adolescents' CS profiles. Our findings support the validity of CS as individual differences in cognition that develop to cope with environmental demands. They highlight the importance of providing an appropriate environment in shaping adolescents' CS profiles to support the development of domain-specific creativity according to their strengths and talent.

Research on Intelligent Refrigerator Control based on Artificial Intelligence Algorithm

Artificial intelligence (AI) brings the Internet of Things (IoT) into the construction and development system, which catalyzes the improvement of the construction quality and level of IoT, and efficiently promotes its development in the application process. Now, based on IoT, objects can be connected with the Internet for communication, so as to realize intelligent remote control and management of objects. Therefore, IoT has become an important part of the new generation of information technology. Traditional refrigerator enterprises urgently need to upgrade their products to break through the bottleneck of market development, in which intelligent refrigerators are an important direction. With the advent of the Internet era, the overall level of equipment application and the level of efficient and high-quality information processing have gradually become the new standard of work in the IoT era. In this paper, the control strategy of intelligent refrigerator based on AI is proposed. The intelligent refrigerator can be remotely controlled by computer or mobile phone through the network and the information can be sent to users in real time, which can realize the IoT control of intelligent refrigerator.

The Effect Paintball Game on Motor Performance, Neuropsychological and Behavioral Features Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective: Poor motor skill performance can place children with ADHD at risk of developing a weak self-concept, high anxiety levels, and a poor social function. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of a moderate- to high-intensity paintball game program on fitness, cognitive functions, and ADHD-related behavior in children with ADHD. Method: A total of 21 participants (age in years: M = 9.1, SD = 1.1, ranging from 7 to 12) took part in the study. Measuring tools were included Fitness and Motor Tests Measures, Behavioral Measures, Neuropsychological Measures. Fitness level, motor skills, behaviors, and cognitive functions are assessed by standardized tests before and after a 10-week training or control period Results: Findings show that participation in a paintball game program (improves muscular capacities, motor skills, behavior reports by parents and teachers, and level of information processing. Posttest analysis revealed that with the exception of rule breaking behaviors, a tendency for improvements was reported by the teachers in the experimental group for all scales, but all differences did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: Structured paintball game program may have clinical relevance in the functional adaptation of children with ADHD. This supports the need for further research in the area of physical activity with this population

Postoperative delirium: identifying the patient at risk and altering the course

Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common neurocognitive syndrome seen in older patients after major surgery. POD is linked to longer stays in hospital and intensive care, a greater incidence of postoperative complications, worse functional outcome, and higher mortality. Researchers have not yet fully elucidated the exact pathophysiology of POD. Several risk factors that contribute to the development of POD have been identified, such as advanced age, cardiac or hip surgery, preoperative cognitive decline or delirium, disturbances in brain levels of neurotransmitters and information processing, oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation. Identifying patients at risk for POD enables a more precise and efficient allocation of medical resources and facilitates POD prevention and management. The present review addresses how to identify patients at risk of POD and summarizes the currently available evidence and best-practice recommendations for peri-operative management and prevention of POD.

Usage of Agromet Advisory Services among the Farmers of Y.S.R District of Andhra Pradesh, India

Weather is one of the most important factors determining the success or failure of agricultural production. It affects every phase of the growth and development of a plant. Extreme weather events like heavy rains, cyclones, heat waves, cold waves, drought, etc cause considerable loss in crop production every year. Because of the above, Agrometeorological Advisory Services (AAS) are being rendered by India Meteorological Department (IMD), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) under Gramin Krishi Mausam Sewa (GKMS). Under this scheme weather information-based, crop/livestock management strategies and operations are dedicated to enhancing crop production and food security. To understand the response of the farmers about weather based weather-based advisories disseminated through mobile phones a survey was conducted by the District Agromet Unit (DAMU) by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Utukur, Andhra Pradesh. A sample size of 200 respondents was selected by employing a proportionate random sampling method. Among the farmers surveyed, the majority of the farmers fully adopted harvesting practices (87.5 %) followed by pest, disease management, and irrigation management practices. Nearly half of the farmers followed nursery management, selection of varieties, and post-harvest management practices. Farmers had a medium level of information processing (47.0 %), storage (60.0 %), and sharing (52.5 %) behaviour.

An integrated analysis of the cancer genome atlas data discovers a hierarchical association structure across thirty three cancer types.

Cancer cells harbor molecular alterations at all levels of information processing. Genomic/epigenomic and transcriptomic alterations are inter-related between genes, within and across cancer types and may affect clinical phenotypes. Despite the abundant prior studies of integrating cancer multi-omics data, none of them organizes these associations in a hierarchical structure and validates the discoveries in extensive external data. We infer this Integrated Hierarchical Association Structure (IHAS) from the complete data of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and compile a compendium of cancer multi-omics associations. Intriguingly, diverse alterations on genomes/epigenomes from multiple cancer types impact transcriptions of 18 Gene Groups. Half of them are further reduced to three Meta Gene Groups enriched with (1) immune and inflammatory responses, (2) embryonic development and neurogenesis, (3) cell cycle process and DNA repair. Over 80% of the clinical/molecular phenotypes reported in TCGA are aligned with the combinatorial expressions of Meta Gene Groups, Gene Groups, and other IHAS subunits. Furthermore, IHAS derived from TCGA is validated in more than 300 external datasets including multi-omics measurements and cellular responses upon drug treatments and gene perturbations in tumors, cancer cell lines, and normal tissues. To sum up, IHAS stratifies patients in terms of molecular signatures of its subunits, selects targeted genes or drugs for precision cancer therapy, and demonstrates that associations between survival times and transcriptional biomarkers may vary with cancer types. These rich information is critical for diagnosis and treatments of cancers.

An Evaluation of Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical System Integration

In order to make physical systems run more efficiently and effectively at multiple levels of information processing, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) combine physical processes, Computing, Communication, and Control (the 3Cs) into a single system. There are many factors that make solving the problem of packet transmission in CPS difficult, including unforeseeable node mobility, low number of nodes, lack of global data, and intermittent network access. Currently, there is no good answer to this problem in the literature. The impact of the CPS on engineered systems is much greater in the present and future. Cyber-physical system integration often presents unique challenges in the fields of design, implementation, and application. One of the goals of this research is to better understand the various definitions of an integrated CPS, as well as the growth of new research areas in this field. The application of CPSs faces a number of difficulties, including those related to efficiency, reliability, controllability, and security. We are moving forward in technological innovation with the development of CPSs and the Internet of Things (IoT). It is possible for engineers to gain a better understanding of engineering systems and management modules by utilizing the CPS-IoT models.

Understanding the value of art prompts in an online narrative medicine workshop: an exploratory-descriptive focus group study

Narrative medicine is an interdisciplinary field that complements and expands on conventional healthcare training by supporting narrative competence skills and creativity derived from the arts and humanities domains to address...