Information Messages Research Articles

Incidence and Relative Risk of COVID-19 in Adolescents and Youth Compared With Older Adults in 19 US States, Fall 2020

Adolescents have been thought to be low in susceptibility to COVID-19 compared with older adults. Data regarding incidence and risk of COVID-19 are needed to convey risk of infection and inform prevention messaging, especially because US states such as Florida are recommending against vaccinating individuals ages 5 to 17 years and because more infections among adolescents could signal potentially higher incidence of long COVID. To compare incidence rates and relative risk of infection among US adolescents and youth with those of older adults for wild-type SARS-CoV-2. This cross-sectional study included persons living in 19 US states that experienced surges from the start of the pandemic through fall 2020. Participants were all individuals reported as cases on state health department websites for the age groups and states studied. Age groups included adolescents (ages 10 to 19 years), youth (ages 15 to 24 years or 18 to 24 years), adolescents and youth combined (ages 10 to 24 years), and older adults (either age 60 years or 65 years and older), with age thresholds dependent on individual state data. Data were analyzed between June 2021 and January 2022. Incidence rates for the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 strain; the relative risk of infection in adolescents and youth compared with older adults, based on the incidence rate ratio (IRR). In 16 of 19 states, the IRR of COVID-19 infection in adolescents and youth was significantly greater than in older adults. For example, in Florida, the incidence rate in adolescents and youth was 0.055 compared with 0.028 in older adults-adolescents and youth had 1.94 times the risk of contracting COVID-19 compared with older adults (IRR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.92-1.95). Results from this cross-sectional study with US data were contrary to studies from Asia and Europe indicating lower susceptibility of adolescents than older adults. Our findings with the wild-type strain were consistent with findings reported in the UK for the Delta variant and underscored that even with the wild-type lineage, incidence among adolescents and youth exceeded that in older adults.

Sentiment Analysis: An ERNIE-BiLSTM Approach to Bullet Screen Comments.

Sentiment analysis is one of the fields of affective computing, which detects and evaluates people’s psychological states and sentiments through text analysis. It is an important application of text mining technology and is widely used to analyze comments. Bullet screen videos have become a popular way for people to interact and communicate while watching online videos. Existing studies have focused on the form, content, and function of bullet screen comments, but few have examined bullet screen comments using natural language processing. Bullet screen comments are short text messages of different lengths and ambiguous emotional information, which makes it extremely challenging in natural language processing. Hence, it is important to understand how we can use the characteristics of bullet screen comments and sentiment analysis to understand the sentiments expressed and trends in bullet screen comments. This study poses the following research question: how can one analyze the sentiments ex-pressed in bullet screen comments accurately and effectively? This study mainly proposes an ERNIE-BiLSTM approach for sentiment analysis on bullet screen comments, which provides effective and innovative thinking for the sentiment analysis of bullet screen comments. The experimental results show that the ERNIE-BiLSTM approach has a higher accuracy rate, precision rate, recall rate, and F1-score than other methods.

Feasibility and Usefulness of Evidence-Based Gaming to Deliver Health Messages to Tweens in a Classroom Setting

Background Our interdisciplinary team developed a publicly available online game—Eat and Move as I Like (EAMAIL)—for tweens based on the MyPlate evidence-based representation of the Dietary Guidelines. Objective We aimed to test the feasibility of using EAMAIL in a classroom setting to promote engagement and self-awareness and motivate healthier diet behaviors in tweens. Methods Teachers in one middle school offered EAMAIL on school Chromebooks (institutional review board–approved). The researcher introduced EAMAIL’s login instructions, including nonidentifiable usernames, basic demographics, and home zip codes. Children were instructed to enter EAMAIL’s Story Mode, which had 5 MyPlate-food group levels; children caught healthy foods in color-matching buckets and avoided sweets. Each level delivers informational and motivational messages, asking users to report liking or disliking food groups and making dietary improvements on 7-point facial hedonic scales (from Love it to It’s okay to Hate it). At game completion, children rated the game based on whether it made them want to eat better and play again. Aligned with the Design, Play, and Experience Framework, the researcher made observations to assess child engagement, feelings about the game and the messages, and the motivation to make dietary improvements. Children were encouraged to complete the Story Mode before advancing to Free Play Mode, which had greater game challenges and 15-second interruptions every 2 to 3 minutes to deliver physical activity and health messages. Finally, each child completed a 13-item online survey to assess game-playing experiences, the desire to play again, new knowledge learning, and whether the game motivated healthier behaviors. Results EAMAIL was administered to five 30-minute classes involving 54 children (age: mean 11.6 years; female: 75%; White: 58%) and 105 users, and 1187 games were played. By the highest user level reached in Story Mode, 10% of users completed level 1 (Grains), 14% completed level 2 (Vegetables), 11% completed level 3 (Healthier Protein), 17% completed level 4 (Fruits), 15% completed level 5 (Dairy), and 31% completed all levels. Across users’ highest levels, Healthier Protein, on average, was the most liked, and Vegetables was the least liked. Most reported at least Like it to eating more fruits and vegetables (82%), vegetables (73%), healthier protein (79%), fruits (84%), and dairy (80%). All users responded to end-game questions; 64% reported at least Like it to “The game made me want to eat better” and “I would like to play the game again.” These responses were unchanged for most users who completed Story Mode and entered Free Play Mode (n=24); 6 reported worse and 3 reported better. From the postgame online survey, somewhat agreed to strongly agreed was reported by 76% of children with regard to learning about healthy eating and by 50% with regard to the game being fun, the game having positive attributes (pace, challenge, and flow), and whether they would share their game experiences. Researcher observations were consistent with children’s online responses. Conclusions EAMAIL appears feasible for teaching tweens in classroom settings about MyPlate, encouraging self-reflection, and motivating healthier eating, with Story Mode maximizing health promotion messages and engagement. Conflicts of Interest None declared.

Providing Physical Layer Security for IoTs in the Last Mile

Communication security is one of the top security challenges for connected devices. Different from other links such as backhaul, the last mile technology also depends on the requirements of end users. Wireless technologies are generally selected for the mobility of users and ease of use. However, wireless medium has an open nature and thus wireless links are more prone to physical layer attacks compared to their wired counterparts. Moreover, simple end devices have constrained resources in both hardware and software, and it is not always feasible to apply conventional cryptographic approaches to provide security. We turn to chaos theory to provide security for simple devices at physical layer. The FM-DCSK and FM-CSK transmission system are built and implemented in the proposed secure communication system. The information message is embedded in wideband random-like signals, making the message remain covert. Transmission security is achieved by using the initial conditions and spreading factor as keys. To guard against active attacks, procedures for dynamic adjustment of initial conditions and other parameters are proposed. The scheme's cost effective features include the simplicity of communication setup and the low power consumption in generating and controlling the chaos signal. The sensitivity to initial condition and complex dynamic feature of chaotic function make it a promising approach for physical layer security.

Health Literacy-Based Self-Management Intervention for Patient-Family Caregiver Dyads Undergoing Hemodialysis.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a health literacy-based self-management intervention for patient-family caregiver dyads undergoing hemodialysis. A quasi-experimental design was used. The intervention group ( n = 20) received a health literacy-based self-management intervention for patient-family caregiver dyads, whereas the control group ( n = 23) received standard informational messages through a short messaging service for 8 weeks. All participants were assessed for hemodialysis knowledge, self-efficacy, family support, self-management, the ratio of interdialytic weight gain to dry weight, and serum phosphorus and potassium levels at pretest and posttest. Participants in the intervention group exhibited higher scores on hemodialysis knowledge, self-efficacy, family support, and self-management than those in the control group. In addition, the ratio of interdialytic weight gain to dry weight decreased significantly in the intervention group. The health literacy-based self-management intervention for patient-family caregiver dyads undergoing hemodialysis was effective in improving hemodialysis knowledge, self-efficacy, family support, self-management, and the ratio of interdialytic weight gain to dry weight. Because health literacy is an important factor influencing self-management, interventions for patients undergoing hemodialysis should consider the health literacy level of patients and their family caregivers.

Our Daily Bread: East German Production Stories for Children in the Postwar Years

ABSTRACT This article focuses on three East German descriptive picturebooks from the 1950s that explain the production of bread, milk, and fish. These production stories not only convey knowledge by means of the juxtaposition of text and images but also emphasize the achievements of the five-year plan with respect to the provision of food for the citizens of the German Democratic Republic. This combination of information and propagandistic messages served to encourage the child readers’ identification with the agenda of the socialist state. Hence, the presumptive role of the child reader as naive consumer merges with the idea of the politically engaged socialist child.

Ethnic Minorities’ Perceptions of COVID-19 Vaccines and Challenges in the Pandemic: A Qualitative Study to Inform COVID-19 Prevention Interventions

ABSTRACT To inform health communication campaigns for COVID-19 prevention and vaccine promotion among racial and ethnic minorities facing disparities, we conducted formative research by interviewing Hispanic/Latino American (Latino), Black/African American (AA), and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) participants to explore their challenges during the pandemic, the barriers and facilitators to receiving COVID-19 vaccines, acceptability of using chatbots to deliver COVID-19 and vaccine information, and preferred features and suggestions for culturally tailored prevention messages. Positive perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine were mainly derived from beliefs that the vaccine can protect oneself and families from getting infected and help stop the pandemic. Negative perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine were driven by concerns about vaccine safety due to the rapid development process and side effects. Latino participants would like to know more information about the vaccine and evidence of its effectiveness. AA participants identified seeing others, especially government officials, get the vaccine first as a facilitator and low trust in the government and healthcare system as barriers to getting the COVID-19 vaccine. AI/AN participants emphasized the importance of equitable access to the vaccine. Participants preferred messages with the following features: informative and evidence-based messages about COVID-19 and vaccination, encouraging and motivational messages that focused on the hope to end the pandemic and return to normal, prosocial messages, and clear instructions for COVID-19 prevention strategies. Participants also suggested that messages should include different cultural practices, be translated into their native languages, and emphasize care for family members.

Latency and Alphabet Size in the Context of Multicast Network Coding

We study the relation between <i>latency</i> and <i>alphabet size</i> in the context of Multicast Network Coding. Given a graph <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$G = (V, E)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> representing a communication network, a subset <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S \subseteq V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of sources, each of which initially holds a set of information messages, and a set <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T \subseteq V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of terminals; we consider the problem in which one wishes to design a communication scheme that eventually allows all terminals to obtain all the messages held by the sources. In this study we assume that communication is performed in rounds, where in each round each network node may transmit a single (possibly encoded) information packet on any of its outgoing edges. The objective is to minimize the communication latency, i.e., number of communication rounds needed until all terminals have all the messages of the source nodes. For sufficiently large alphabet sizes (i.e., large block length, packet sizes), it is known that traditional linear multicast network coding techniques (such as random linear network coding) minimize latency. In this work we seek to study the task of minimizing latency in the setting of limited alphabet sizes (i.e., finite block length), and alternatively, the task of minimizing the alphabet size in the setting of bounded latency. We focus on the establishing the computation complexity of the problem and present several intractability results. In particular, through reductive arguments, we prove that it is NP-hard to (i) approximate (and in particular to determine) the minimum alphabet size given a latency constraint; (ii) approximate (and in particular to determine) the minimum latency of communication schemes in the setting of limited alphabet sizes.

Informing the population of Russia in the sphere of the ambient air quality

Introduction. To build up an effective system for distributing information about ambient air quality it requires taking into accounts certain peculiarities related to people perceiving specific data. Purpose. To describe population’s information interests in ambient air quality to make information spreading more effective. Materials and methods. Our empirical base included the following items: a) publicly available data on search requests in Yandex provided by “Wordstat.yandex.ru” service over the period from February 01, 2020 to January 31, 2021; b) one hundred seventy six forum posts from October 2018 to June 2020 with comments to them which dwelled on ambient air quality and related issues and were placed on Internet forums of Russian cities. Results. We established that Internet users in Russia didn’t have any significant interest in issues related to ambient air pollution. People in most cities which were considered “large industrial centers” tended to be more interested in ambient air quality. Such an interest most frequently occurs due to environmental factors being perceived as certain threats for human health and wellbeing. Consequently, this topicality of environmental issues results in different intensity of information interests in the sphere which tend to be greater among people living in industrially developed cities than among those living in smaller settlements. Limitations. This study has limitations related to the time period of the studied search queries and territorial specifics. Conclusion. A system for information distribution should give a possibility to react operatively to ‘emotional signals’ given by population in electronic communications. Information messages should be composed relying on key semantic constructions of a simple everyday language.

Peran Komunikasi Guru dalam Menumbuhkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa di Tingkat Sekolah Dasar/Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

Communication is the process of sending or receiving messages from one person, either directly or indirectly, in written, spoken, nonverbal language. The person who communicates is called the communicator. The person who is invited to communicate is called the communicant. People who are able to communicate effectively are called communicatives. A communicative person is a person who is able to convey information or messages to others, either directly or indirectly, verbally, or in nonverbal language so that other people can receive information (messages) in accordance with the expectations of the informant (messages). Learning as a process of adjustment or adjustment of behavior that runs progressively. Meanwhile, Morgan defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result or result of a disturbing experience.

Информационные технологии на основе шумоподобных сигналов: II. Cтатистические и фрактальные свойства хаотических алгоритмов

On the basis of nonlinear systems with dynamic chaos, discrete chaotic signals with high information capacity have been developed and studied. The influence of the main parameters of a generating chaotic algorithm with delay on the statistical, correlation, structural and fractal characteristics of non-periodic pseudo-random integer and binary sequences generated by the algorithm is analyzed by numerical methods. It is shown that non-periodic pseudo-random sequences (PRS) generated by a chaotic algorithm with delay, for all values of the main parameters, have good statistical, correlation, structural and fractal characteristics, close to random sequences of independent trials. It is shown that these characteristics are provided on a long PRS cycle in a multidimensional phase space for all the main parameters of the chaotic algorithm and an arbitrary choice of initial conditions. Such binary PRSs can be quite effectively used in telecommunication systems using streaming coding of large blocks of information messages from the point of view of secrecy, noise immunity and cryptographic stability of the communication channel.

Toxic Comments Classification

Abstract: Conversational toxicity is a problem that might drive people to cease truly expressing themselves and seeking out other people's opinions out of fear of being attacked or harassed. The purpose of this research is to employ natural language processing (NLP) techniques to detect toxicity in writing, which might be used to alert people before transmitting potentially toxic informational messages. Natural language processing (NLP) is a part of machine learning that enables computers to comprehend natural language. Understanding, analysing, manipulating, and maybe producing human data language with the help of a machine are all possibilities. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a type of artificial intelligence that allows machines to understand and interpret human language instead of simply reading it. Machines can understand written or spoken text and execute tasks such as speech recognition, sentiment analysis, text classification, and automatic text summarization using natural language processing (NLP).

IFall-An Android Application for Fall Monitoring and Response

Injuries due to falls are among the leading causes of hospitalization in elderly persons, often resulting in a rapid decline in quality of life or death. Rapid response can improve the patients outcome, but this is often lacking when the injured person lives alone and the nature of the injury complicates calling for help. This project presents an alert system for fall detection using common commercially available electronic devices to both detect the fall and alert authorities. We use an Android based smart phone with an integrated tri-axial accelerometer. Data from the accelerometer is evaluated with several threshold based algorithms and position data to determine a fall. The threshold is adaptive based on user provided parameters such as: height, weight, and level of activity. The algorithm adapts to unique movements that a phone experiences as opposed to similar systems which require users to mount accelerometers to their chest or trunk. If a fall is suspected a notification is raised requiring the user’s response. If the user does not respond, the system alerts pre-specified social contacts with an informational message via SMS. If a contact responds the system commits an audible notification, automatically connects, and enables the speakerphone. If a social contact confirms a fall, an appropriate emergency service is alerted. Our system provides a realizable, cost effective solution to fall detection using a simple graphical interface while not overwhelming the user with uncomfortable sensors.

Feasibility and Acceptability of a Ugandan Telehealth Engagement Platform for Informational Messaging on Modern Contraception: Pilot Cross-sectional Study.

BackgroundWith the region’s highest population growth rate (30%), Uganda is on the brink of a population explosion, yet access to and utilization of public health control measures like modern contraception is a challenge. This is due to remotely located health facilities, noncustomized health content, and poor or nonfunctional post-facility follow-up.ObjectiveThe aim of our study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a telehealth engagement platform primarily targeting men; the platform provided behavioral and informational messaging on modern contraception (ie, family planning) and its impact on shaping sexual and reproductive health and knowledge and uptake of family planning services.MethodsA longitudinal cohort of men aged 18 years and older gave consent to receive mobile phone messages on family planning; follow-up was performed at months 1, 4, and 6 to assess key study-related outcomes on knowledge transfer and acquisition on modern contraception, partner communication, and spousal uptake of family planning. Qualitative interviews with the study participants’ spouses were also performed.ResultsThe study included 551 study participants, 450 of whom were men, the primary study participants, who received the family planning mobile messages and 101 of whom were their spouses. Of the 450 primary participants, 426 (95%) successfully received the messages and only 24 (5%) reported not receiving them. The average response (ie, participation) rate in weekly quizzes was 23%. There was a noted 18.1% increase in couple communication attributed to the intervention; couples opened up more to each other on matters concerning family planning.ConclusionsUsing digital channels to address the concerns and inquiries of participants in real time or as fast as possible helped to increase the likelihood that couples adopted family planning.

COVID-19 and social media communication strategies: A comparative study of the effectiveness of Facebook posts during the lockdown and the “new normal” in the airline industry

This comparative study analyses the effectiveness of the communications delivered via Facebook by two Spanish airlines, Iberia and Air Europa. Using various indicators, the publications posted by the two Spanish airline companies (Iberia and AirEuropa) on this social media site during the COVID-19 pandemic are examined using two time-frames, namely the “strict lockdown” (between March 14th and June 21st, 2020) and the “new normal” (between June 22nd and September 30th). In this study we examined a total of 39 Iberia's and 49 AirEuropa's posts for the former period and 49 Iberia's and 89 AirEuropa's posts for the latter one. By analysing the followers' reactions to these posts, the work seeks to identify the relationship between use of different contents and three variables: brand popularity, customer brand engagement, and virality. Two time periods are selected, one spanning national lockdown as a result of the state of emergency declared in Spain and the other relating to the subsequent ‘new-normal’ as emergency restrictions began to be lifted. The results show that the Facebook posts created by Iberia that included informative messages, references to COVID-19, with hashtags, and allusions to corporate social responsibility—were more popular than Air Europa posts. Iberia posts generated greater customer brand engagement and virality, and received more positive reactions in terms of likes and loves.

Information Occasions and Information Support of the Russian Federation Hybrid Warfare Against Ukraine

The events of Russia's local hybrid warfare in Ukraine are in fact the information occasions of Russia's global information war against the West which, especially expert circles, seem to comprehend it. Consequently, the problem arises: how local hybrid warfare is combined with global information warfare, and what media tools create narratives based on hybrid warfare that meet the interests of the propaganda initiators. It is important to determine the mechanisms of information influences on Ukrainian society and the world community in modern wars. The aim of the study was to find out how the general characteristics of Russian pro-government media reports (intensity, events and intentions) depend on the events in the war zone and the general situation in Ukraine, where the hybrid war is waged. In the study information and analytical materials of the Russian international multilingual information channel RT were researched. The headlines and leads of more than 44 thousand short information messages for the period from October 1, 2014 to June 30, 2020 and more than 1 thousand analytical materials for the period from October 1, 2018 to June 30, 2020 were analyzed. The following methods were applied: intent analysis of political discourse, methods of descriptive statistics, data visualization, testing of statistical hypotheses, correlation analysis, modeling of multiple regressions. The statistical data are consistent with the two hypotheses of the study: 1) RT reports follow a selective event orientation; 2) RT reports have a clear object and intention orientation. The obtained results let the authors conclude that the mechanism of Russian propagandists’ media influence is conscious, targeted, with pre-planned consequences and begins with the first words of the publications, i.e. the headline and the lead.

The Use of Intergroup Social Comparison in Promoting Water Conservation: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in China.

This study examines the effect of the intergroup social comparison approach in promoting water conservation. In an online survey experiment, participants first encountered normative persuasive messages, informative persuasive messages, or intergroup social comparison messages and then reported their willingness to conserve water, prior water usage, and demographic information. Results showed a significantly higher willingness to conserve water in the intergroup social comparison condition compared to other conditions. We further investigated whether this social comparison effect was moderated by prior water usage and the strength of comparison. Results suggest that prior water usage, rather than the strength of comparison, moderated the influence of intergroup social comparison. Moreover, the moderating effect of prior water usage only works when participants receive a low level of strength of comparison.

“You can’t just eat 16 teaspoons of sugar so why would you drink 16 teaspoons’ worth of sugar?”: a qualitative study of young adults’ reactions to sugary drink warning labels

BackgroundSeveral jurisdictions have introduced nutrient warning front of pack (FoP) labels in an effort to curb consumption of ultra-processed foods and beverages high in free sugars (sugars added to foods and beverages, and sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates). This study aimed to explore consumer understanding and perceptions of FoP warning labels that convey different nutritional and health information messages regarding the consumption of sugary drinks.MethodsSixteen focus groups were held with 4–8 young adults per group (aged 18–24; n = 105 participants in total) stratified by education level, location (rural centres, large cities) and gender (males, females) to ensure diversity. Labels shown to participants during group discussions included text warning labels of health effects, exercise equivalents, calorie/kilojoule information and sugar content as a “high in” label and as teaspoons (text and pictograms). Thematic analysis was undertaken.ResultsFour themes were identified related to participants’ perceived effectiveness of labels: the extent to which labels were perceived to be useful, relevant and credible; the extent to which a label elicited shock or disgust (perceived aversiveness); the extent to which the label message was resistant to self-exemption; and participants’ perceived potential of the label to reduce purchasing and consumption behaviour. Across all four themes, labels communicating the number of teaspoons of sugar in a sugary drink (whether by text or pictogram) were perceived as the most impactful, resistant to self-exemption and to have the greatest potential to reduce consumption, with enhanced reactions to the pictogram label. Labels depicting health effects, exercise equivalents, calorie/kilojoule information or a general ‘high in sugar’ warning were perceived by consumers to be less effective in one or more themes.ConclusionsLabels conveying the amount of sugar in a beverage in teaspoons were perceived as highly factual, relatable and interpretable, and as having the greatest potential to impact consumption attitudes and intentions. Further quantitative studies are required to compare the potential effectiveness of the teaspoons of sugar labels in reducing purchasing and consumption behaviour than other alternative warning labels, such as health effects or “high in” sugar labels.

«Psychiatry without shackles»: The formation of psychiatric care in Chernivtsi in late 19th – early 20th centuries

The article presents transformation of medical care for patients with mental disorders and the establishment of psychiatric care in Chernivtsi in the late 19th century. Since the proclamation of Bukovyna as the crown land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the provision of psychiatric care has changed. A psychiatric service appeared and helped to understand what a mental disorder really is. There was a transition to a scientific interpretation and a scientific approach to providing psychiatric care.The authors research and systematize information from various available sources, various articles, information messages, data from the state archives of Chernivtsi region, etc.It is known that the model of the regional psychiatric hospital in Chernivtsi was developed by the latest requirements for the construction of mental health facilities in Austria and other European countries of the time.At the beginning of the 20th century, the Bukovynian psychiatric hospital was extremely modern, equipped with all necessary equipment and the location of the wards in accordance with the standard of the time. Leading doctors were involved, as well as local ones, who had the opportunity to train at the University of Vienna and psychiatric hospitals. 15 hectares of land were allocated for the territory of the hospital, which was located outside the city on the territory of the former Strazagasse (Storozha) and Maisgasses (Kukurudziana) streets, now Mussorgsky Street.The opening of the regional psychiatric hospital in Bukovyna took place on May 1, 1902. The structure of the psychiatric hospital included 6 buildings, as well as the administration building and other technical facilities.The purpose of the article was to highlight the main historical moments of assisting persons with mental disorders in Chernivtsi in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Describe the historical chronology from the first psychiatric ward at the city hospital to a separate regional psychiatric hospital in Bukovyna. The methodology of the article is a synthesis of the historical chronology of psychiatric care as part of health care in Chernivtsi.The history of the emergence of psychiatric services in Chernivtsi has experienced ups and downs that corresponded to challenging conditions of the time. The transformation of mental service changed from the worldview and level of development of contemporary science. We can observe changes from mystification to the formation of psychiatry, as real modern neuroscience with an evidence-based approach and humane treatment of patients. Through the ages, different countries and changes in the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of mental disorders, Chernivtsi remains the centre of mental health in Bukovyna.

Analysis of on-pack messages for e-liquids: a discrete choice study

BackgroundPolicymakers wishing to encourage smokers unable to quit to switch to using electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) also need to consider how to deter ENDS use among non-smokers. We examined...