Information Law Research Articles

Kebebasan Berekspresi dalam Tekanan Regulasi: Studi terhadap Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE)

This research aims to explain the implications of the implementation of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (UU ITE) on freedom of expression and democracy in Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method and is based on a post-positivistic paradigm. Data collection techniques were conducted through document analysis, in-depth interviews and observation. The research concludes that there is insufficient evidence to explain the background to the inclusion of several problematic articles into the ITE Law in 2008. The government and the House of Representatives originally prepared the ITE Bill to regulate electronic business transactions and pornography. However, at the last moment, articles with an authoritarian spirit were included. In addition, the implementation of this law has had the implication of inhibiting freedom of speech and expression in the virtual space and traumatizing victims to express their opinions on social media. Finally, civil society consistently rejects the ITE Law because it is misused to limit freedom of expression, which is part of democracy and human rights.

Personal Data in Artificial Intelligence Systems: Natural Language Processing Technology

Objective: to conceptualize, from the viewpoint of personal data protection legislation, the development of natural language processing technology, identifying possible legal barriers to such development and directions for further research of the issue.Methods: the research is based on general scientific methods of cognition, along with which formal-legal and comparative-legal methods were applied, as well as the method of theoretical modeling.Results: it was found that the observance of personal data regime natural language processing in the development of natural language processing technology leads technology, to a conflict between private-legal and public-legal interests, which, personal data in turn, creates obstacles for further development of this technology. The shortcomings of the existing legal order are shown, namely, the insufficient correspondence to the technical features of technology development. This may lead to the risks of excessive regulation, or, on the contrary, to the risks of neglecting critical areas that require protection. Problems in qualifying the data involved in the technology development are outlined. An attempt is made to define the limits of ensuring the lawfulness of personal data processing within the natural language processing technology. The material, temporal and territorial effect of the legal regulation in this field is identified as the limits of ensuring the legality. The author touches upon the possibility of using personal data as a consideration, which is important for the development of natural language processing technology and for the improvement of the information and communication technology industry.Scientific novelty: the paper supplements the scientific discussion on the legal regulation of personal data processing by artificial intelligence systems with an analysis of natural language processing technology. The latter is insufficiently studied, making it relevant to research information law, namely, the legal relations arising around artificial intelligence systems, and to assess the impact of a personal data regime on the development of natural language processing technology.Practical relevance: the applied aspects of the problems researched and the results obtained can be used to improve the legal regulation of public relations in the field of creation and development of artificial intelligence, as well as to identify and assess the legal risks arising in the personal data processing by developers of digital products based on natural language processing technology.

Criminal Implementation of Cyberbullying Based on Electronic Information and Transaction Law and Islamic Law

<p><em>This writing aims to determine the application of the law against cyberbullying based on Article 27 of Law No. 19 of 2016 concerning amendments to Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions. This research is able to provide a more comprehensive understanding, which focuses on the application of the principle of justice that will be applied by law enforcement officials and the perspective of Islamic law on cyberbullying criminal acts. The method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach. The urgency of writing this legal article is a comprehensive analysis of the implementation of article 27 of Law no.19 of 2016 which more specifically discusses the act of cyberbullying and the view of Islamic law regarding the act of cyberbullying. The results of this study are to determine the application of article 27 of Law no.19 of 2016 to acts of cyberbullying, if the perpetrator who commits acts that are included in the classification of cyberbullying acts including Flaming, Harrasment, Denigration, and Outing, the perpetrator can be charged with Article 27 paragraph (3) of the ITE Law jo. Article 45 paragraph (3) of the ITE Law, with a maximum imprisonment of 4 years or a maximum fine of Rp750,000,000.00. To find out the view of Islamic law on cyberbullying which is analyzed to find out the consequences and sanctions according to Islamic law.</em></p>

On FRAND as a Means of Information Access

Abstract FRAND (fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory) is a highly debated acronym that has been scrutinised, expounded and tested in scholarly works, courtrooms, and policy discussions. Initially employed as a remedy means and access tool in sector-specific and standards-setting contexts, FRAND has recently made its way into the emerging EU data governance regime. Given this new position, it is appropriate to examine FRAND critically as a universal access mechanism of the information law domain at large. Drawing on a narrative of FRAND in SEP licensing, this article reflects on the innate capacity of FRAND to act as a flexible governance instrument. Examining regulatory forces and patterns guiding the interpretation of FRAND, the article presents the interplay of self-governance, national and EU layers of regulation. As shown, the determination of FRAND is firmly grounded on institutional and procedural norms, both in a standardisation context and beyond. The analysis highlights the fact that such a regulatory approach has costs and opportunities. To harness the flexibility of FRAND as a universal information access tool, it is essential to gain more clarity as to the content and goals of FRAND-enabled transactions. It is also critical to ensure that the efficiency of such a regulatory approach does not come at the cost of compromising on the protection afforded by EU fundamental rights and freedoms.

Law Enforcement Effectiveness on Copyright Piracy: Case of Indonesia

Piracy, which is still a phenomenon in society, has even grown so rapidly that it has become a trend to produce and enjoy your own pirated films. learn how Indonesian law addresses cyber piracy of national films and how national film copyright protection works. The research method used in this article is doctrinal legal research. The legal rules used to reduce copyright piracy are in the form of the Copyright Law, Information and Electronic Transactions Law, Regulations of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, and Regulations of the Minister of Communication and Information which are repressive, namely civil, administrative and criminal as well as preventive in nature. Law enforcement in Indonesia is still not effective because the level of public awareness and legal compliance is still not optimal, which is the main factor in the success of legal regulations.

The Role of the Discipline of Canon Law in the Liturgical Formation of the Faithful of the Catholic Church

In order to show the role of canon law in the liturgical formation of the faithful, the author undertakes an interdisciplinary reflection (philosophy, theology, legal sciences) on the understanding of law. Analysing the existing definitions of canon and liturgical law, she notes the positivist approach in this field. Then, on the basis of metaphysics and Thomism, she proposes a different view of law, canon law and liturgical law. She also notices the presence of Roman law in the church's legal culture. The legal formation of the faithful, based on such foundations, will allow for a deeper understanding and a better experience of the liturgy.

Existence as a humanistic methodology of law in the information society

The entry of society into the information age requires a radical renewal of existing and the development of new connections and mediations, which lead to a change in social relations, the development of new requirements for their legal regulation. The article examines the application of fundamental methodological approaches to the formation of law in the information society, based on the philosophy of existentialism. In the global dimension, humanism opposes anti-humanism - democratic Ukraine is fighting the military aggression of the authoritarian Russian Federation, which actualizes the development of humanist ideas, including as one of the directions for improving information law. The thesis is substantiated that it is existence that best meets the needs of the humanistic direction of the development of law, since this methodology is built on the recognition of the uniqueness of a person and their existence, the freedom of choice of the individual, compliance with moral principles of behavior, is focused on the self and its interaction with other people, which corresponds to the characteristic features of the functioning of the information society. The humanistic existential paradigm is revealed through the prism of responsibility for existence, not only individual, but also responsibility for others, as stated in the writings of Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, and оther followers of this teaching. As a mechanism for the implementation of the existential paradigm of the humanistic content of law in the information age, it is proposed to focus attention on the development of such a component of it as individual legal regulation, which by its purpose and essence is able to ensure the true freedom of human choice and at the same time satisfy the needs of society in the regulation of information relations. An analysis of the relationship between the principles of regulation of artificial intelligence and information law was carried out, as a result of which it is proposed to supplement the information law with ethical and valuable meaningful aspects that meet the needs of its further development.

Online Sale of Pirated Books from a Legal and Moral Perspective

The increase in online book sales without permission and copyright violations in Indonesia poses a major threat to written works. This problem requires normative legal and moral studies to find solutions that complement previous research. This article aims to analyze and describe the legal regulations for buying and selling pirated books online and explain that the act of pirating books for sale is a moral crime. Normative legal research was used, which produced prescriptive conclusions. The data in this article consists of the Copyright Law, Information and Electronic Transactions Law, and other technical regulations. These regulations are equipped with various supporting references that discuss copyright issues, moral rights, and integrative legal theory, which describes a comprehensive legal system for responding to regulatory violations. This article reveals that national legal policies are not sufficient to guarantee protection for authors and publishers against book piracy and even make it difficult to report this crime to the police so that the use of the criminal justice system becomes ineffective. Indonesian society's perception of book piracy must be improved from previously being a common practice to a moral crime that is financially detrimental, and to the good name of authors and publishers. This article suggests several changes to the regulatory structure. First, we determine the authenticity verification scheme for books sold in bookstores and on marketplace platforms. Second, eliminating the concept of Klach Delict in criminal provisions so that reporting the crime of book piracy can be done by anyone, especially publishers and the public, who observe copyright.

Enforcement of the Criminal Act of Trafficking in Women

Cases of human trafficking in Indonesia are currently very widespread. Apart from being used as sexual exploitation in Indonesia, the most common cases of human trafficking in Indonesia are cases of prostitution where people are trafficked in providing sexual services that can be ordered online. This of course creates unrest among the wider community. There are so many cases of human trafficking in cyberspace that occur and of course many of these cases have not been revealed because apart from the performance of law enforcement officers, it is also due to the inadequate legal regulations and criminal sanctions in dealing with human trafficking cases in cyberspace. cyberspace. The provisions in Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of the Criminal Act of Human Trafficking do not regulate in detail all aspects regarding sanctions, elements and other matters regarding human trafficking. in cyberspace, both from Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of the Crime of Human Trafficking and it is felt necessary to revise or further refine existing regulations so that later criminal sanctions can be imposed. These regulations can be used as a countermeasure. In this research, researchers try to examine the case of Decision Number 841/Pid.Sus/2019/PN Mdn and Decision Number: 180/Pid.Sus/2016/PN Psp, Decision Number 841 / Pid.Sus / 2019 / PN Mdn and in the research This time, researchers tried to examine the case of Decision Number 841/Pid.Sus/2019/PN Mdn and Decision Number: 180/Pid.Sus/2016/PN Psp, Decision Number 841 / Pid.Sus / 2019 / PN Mdn with the defendant named Mujiono alias Edak is an entrepreneur whose address is Hamlet III, Liberia Village, Kec. Mengkudu Bay District. Serdang Bedagai. The public prosecutor has submitted the defendant to trial on the charge of declaring that the defendant MUJIONO als EDAK has been legally and convincingly proven to have committed a criminal act ", who carried out recruitment, for the purpose of exploiting said person in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia" as regulated and punishable by crime in Article 2 of the Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning Eradication of the Crime of Human Trafficking.

Juridical Review Of Cybercrime In The Criminal Act Of Defamation According To Ite Law And Criminal Law

The development of the internet is indeed extraordinary. The rapid development of internet technology has caused new crimes to emerge, such as data manipulation, espionage, sabotage, provocation, money lounding, hacking, software theft, and hardware destruction, defamation, cyberbullying, and various others. Based on the Laws and Regulations, it is known that the elements of the crime of defamation are found in the Criminal Code, namely in Article 310 and Article 27 paragraph 3 of Law Number 8 of 2011 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions. Regulations regarding the offense of defamation can be found in the Criminal Code article 310 and Laws outside the Criminal Code, namely Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) article 27 paragraph 3 before the existence of the Electronic Transaction and Information Law No. 8 of 2011 there was a legal vacuum in which the criminal act of defamation was only regulated in the Criminal Code because of this vacuum, the Electronic Transaction Information Law was formed in order to create legal certainty when defamation was carried out in electronic media.

Indonesian Hate Speech Text Classification Using Improved K-Nearest Neighbor with TF-IDF-ICSρF

Purpose: Freedom in social media gives rise to the possibility of disturbing users through the sentences they send, which is limited by the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE). This research aims to find an effective method for classifying hate speech text data, especially in Indonesian, with many categories expected to minimize this case.Methods: This study used 1.000 data from Twitter with five labels, including religion, race, physical, gender and other (invective or slander). The process started with several steps of preprocessing, data transformation using TF-IDF-ICSρF term weighting and data mining using an Improved KNN algorithm. Then, the results were compared with the TF-IDF and KNN methods to evaluate the differences.Result: Using TF-IDF-ICSρF and Improved KNN algorithms gets an average accuracy value of 88.11%, 17.81% higher compared with the same data and parameters to the K-Nearest Neighbor and TF-IDF algorithms, which get results of 70.30%.Novelty: Based on the comparison results, TF-IDF-ICSρF and Improved KNN methods can effectively classify hate speech sentences that have many labels with fairly good accuracy.

LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR PROTECTING BANKING TRANSACTIONS IN THE METAVERSE AGAINST DEEPFAKE TECHNOLOGY

Backgorund: In the virtual world of the metaverse, various activities such as banking transactions and blockchain, despite their positive impacts, are not immune to the risks of financial cybercrime, including the use of artificial intelligence deepfake technology. This technology can create seemingly authentic audiovisual content from individuals or customers, leading to data theft, money laundering, and other financial crimes. This research aims to analyze the legal framework governing banking transactions in the metaverse and blockchain, as well as the legal regulations addressing the protection against financial cybercrimes involving deepfake technology. Methods: This research employs the doctrinal legal research method. The approach utilized includes the legislative approach (statute approach), conceptual approach, and comparative approach. It also utilizes primary data sources such as laws and secondary data sources like books, journals, and internet resources related to banking transactions in the metaverse and deepfake technology. Results: The analysis results indicate that the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (UU ITE) and the Financial Services Authority (OJK) regulations in Indonesia do not specifically address banking transactions in the metaverse and blockchain. Additionally, the Personal Data Protection Law and regulations related to crimes involving deepfake artificial intelligence technology are also not specifically accommodated; they currently only have general coverage. This creates a legal vacuum in Indonesia regarding these issues. Conclusion: There are differences in regulations in each country that govern banking transactions in the metaverse and crypto, as well as regulations on cyber financial crimes. Therefore, the government needs to review existing regulations and reconstruct them to govern banking transactions in the metaverse and blockchain. It is also essential to create specific regulations for the protection of personal data and regulations specifically addressing artificial intelligence.

Pemanfaatan Media Sosial Yang Cerdas dan Berakhlak Untuk Meningkatkan Kreatifitas Pelajar Rumah Yayasan Bening Nurani Padang.

Social media seems to have become an addiction for Indonesian people, especially teenagers. Today's teenagers are synonymous with smartphones in their hands almost 24 hours a day. The social media most often used by teenagers include Facebook, Twitter, Path, YouTube, Instagram, Line and Whatsapp. Social media has its own advantages and interests for its users. Social media offers many conveniences that make teenagers feel at home using it for a long time. The emergence of various types of social media has had both positive and negative influences. To prevent negative impacts, for example the spread of hoax news and hate speech expressed by haters from becoming more widespread, the government has made a number of revisions to the articles and paragraphs in the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (UU ITE). With the existence of several deviations or misuse of social media itself, it is felt necessary to provide socialization to teenagers in responding to and using social media intelligently and with morals. So that social media can be useful for developing the creativity of Islamic youth at the youth level, especially at the Bening Conscience Foundation House in Padang

Judicial Review of Article 27 (3) and (4) Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2008 (19 of 2016) Against the Criminalization of Advocates' Immunity Rights (Case Study: Advocate Alvin Lim, Advocate Kamaruddin Simanjutak and Advocate Prayitno)

This research aims to study the degradation of advocates' immunity rights in Indonesia with special emphasis on Article 27 Paragraph (3) and Paragraph (4). This research is normative juridical in nature by using secondary data such as laws and regulations, court decisions, and other references to see the requirements of immunity rights, types of degradation caused by the Information and Transactions Electronic (ITE) Law, and factors that hinder and support immunity rights. The results of this research analysis are: First of all, the terms of advocates' immunity rights, which include the presence or absence of criminal and civil legal actions. If advocates carry out their work in an ethical manner, they will be protected, but ethical violations will be submitted to the Advocates Organization Code Council. Second, the cause of the reduction of advocates' immunity rights caused by Article 27 Paragraph (3) dan Paragraph (4) of the ITE Law identified that the effect of criminal and civil penalties can reduce the immunity rights of advocates in performing their professional duties. Third, the elements that hinder and support advocates' immunity rights are the functions of investigators, public prosecutors, judges, and public opinion.

Criminal penalties for individuals who create stickers with other people's faces

The crime category is people who edit stickers with other people's faces that are distributed via online media. This study uses a legal-normative research method. Data was collected using a literature study on related legal materials and analyzed descriptively. The research results are based on the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (UU ITE) and the Copyright Law. ITE Law Article 32 Paragraph (1) Article 32 Paragraph (1) of the ITE Law states that making WhatsApp stickers with a person's face without permission, which can insult, harass, or harm the individual's reputation, can be considered a violation of this article. Violations of this article may be subject to criminal penalties and/or fines under the provisions of the ITE Law Article 48 Paragraph (1). Article 48 Paragraph (1) regulates criminal sanctions for violations included in the offense of complaints. If proven to violate and offend the person in the photo, they can be subject to sanctions under the ITE Law, according to Article 27 paragraph (3) of the ITE Law, namely under Article 45 paragraph (1) The ITE Law, which states that you can be punished with imprisonment for a maximum of 6 (six) years and/or a fine of a maximum of IDR 1,000,000,000. Implications include increased scrutiny of digital content and potential policy revisions to strengthen legal protections for individuals who are victims of unauthorized use of their faces.

The right to information in the context of digitalization

Using a complex system analysis, the authors investigate the right to information in the context of digitalization. The object of the study is social relations concerning the search, acquisition, transfer, production and distribution of digital information in the conditions of digitalization of the economy. The study’s subject includes Ukraine’s legal norms, regulatory provisions of international treaties and legal acts of the European Union, and theoretical scientific works on legal regulation of digital information. The research uses a dialectical, interpretive, historical-legal, formal-legal, comparative-legal, and systemic- structural method. It is indicated that the right to access information includes and ensures the realization of a set of rights that allow searching, receiving, transferring, producing and distributing digital information in information systems through existing rules and requirements of current legislation. The expansion of production, use, processing, storage, retrieval and transmission in digital form has influenced the further development of the right to information. In the case of digitalization, the right to information acquires a private-public expression, which is connected with the satisfaction of individual needs and the realization of national interests. Public interests are protected by the mechanisms of information bans and restrictions depending on the content of the information. It is noted that the digital form of information directly affects the change in the essence of individual legal relations and institutions in information law and other branches of law. Digitalization is not a systemic, sequential or structurally homogeneous phenomenon but provides significant sectoral coverage. The possibilities of free search, acquisition, transmission, production and distribution of information determined not only the emergence of remote communication but also the development of the informational component of the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen for their implementation in a virtual environment, which made it possible to virtualize social processes. Further study of the right to information in the conditions of digitalization is connected with the study of the influence of the Internet on access to information.

Rights of personal data subjects as a component of information human rights

In the preamble to the Constitution, Ukraine proclaimed its course towards European integration, which, in particular, includes cooperation in the field of information human rights protection - protection of personal data on the basis of approximation of national legislation to the strictest EU regulations.The article analyzes the concept of information human rights in the context of the rule of law, especially in the period of digital transformation. The main focus is on the actual enforcement of citizens’ rights and freedoms, including information rights. The article analyzes the state of research in the field of information law, in particular, the concepts of “information rights”, “rights to information”, “information freedoms”, as well as approaches to understanding information rights from the standpoint of various branches of law. The authors come to the conclusion that there are studies of the content of the relevant categories, but there is no study of the rights of data subjects themselves. The article examines the content of human information rights as a component of the legal status of a person in the State on the example of legal regulation of protection of the rights of personal data subjects in Ukrainian legislation and in the legal provisions of the European Union. When comparing the content of legal approaches to the regulation of common ideas in the presence of similar lexical constructions, the differences are revealed in the “spirit” of legal regulation: the European approach is characterized by anthropocentricity, human interests are the priority of regulation, and the grounds for exercising many of the rights of data subjects are their will, unlike national legislation, where the grounds for the emergence and exercise of some rights of personal data subjects are the facts of violation of other rights of these subjects.
 The article contains an analysis of the existing categories in the field of information rights, and provides a detailed analysis of the content of the elements of the concept of “personal data”, in particular, the concepts of: “human identification”, “identifiers in real life” and “identifiers in digital space”. The study suggests that the transformation of Ukrainian legislation in the field of personal data protection is still ongoing, which opens the way for further research in this area.

The Legal Protection of Personal Data in Fintech peer-to-peer (P2P) Lending Practices: Orientation and Formulation

<em>In the era of digital transformation, one prominent model of Fintech is Peer-to-Peer (P2P) lending, which offers alternative financing access through digital platforms. The protection of personal data in P2P lending becomes crucial as sensitive information such as financial and credit history is collected and processed by these platforms. Data protection regulations, like GDPR, play a vital role in maintaining the balance between Fintech innovation and individual privacy rights. This research aims to discuss the legal protection of personal data within the context of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending in the realm of Financial Technology (Fintech) in Indonesia. The research methodology employed is normative law, using descriptive legal analysis. Data is gathered from various sources, including legal statutes, court decisions, legal literature, and government guidelines related to Fintech and personal data protection. Qualitative analysis is conducted to identify relevant legal provisions, explain their legal implications, and formulate improvement recommendations. The research findings reveal that personal data protection within Indonesian Fintech P2P Lending is governed by a range of regulations, including the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), the amended UU ITE, OJK regulations, and the Ministry of Communication and Informatics regulations. Moreover, the Omnibus Law on Job Creation provides a strong foundation for the protection of consumer personal data. Key principles in personal data protection encompass transparency, explicit consent, data security, limited data usage, fair and ethical business practices, individual rights over personal data, and data integration</em>

Empowering Batik Artisans: The Synergy of UU ITE and Smart Transaction Technologies in SMEs

The background of the research is rooted in the pivotal role of Smart Transaction Systems in the digital transformation of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) within the batik industry in Semarang, Indonesia, amid the burgeoning Smart Economy era. The study aims to comprehensively explore the impact of national regulations, particularly the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (UU ITE), on the utilization of Smart Transaction Systems in electronic commerce by batik SMEs during the Digital Literacy Smart Economy era. To achieve its objectives, the research employs an analytical and evaluative approach, scrutinizing the legal framework, including UU ITE and related regulations, while also conducting an in-depth analysis of the implications and benefits for SMEs and consumers. The study’s findings and conclusions highlight the impact of UU ITE on the efficiency of transactions ensuring security and legal protection for both batik SMEs and consumers. The research emphasizes the need for regulations governing Smart Transaction Systems to build trust, enhance security and promote growth for SMEs. The study is unique due to its examination of how UU ITE and Smart Transaction Technologies work providing insights into the legal and technological complexities in today’s rapidly evolving digital landscape. The implications of the research, to improving frameworks that support SMEs digital initiatives fostering development and ensuring consumer safety in the era of the Smart Economy.

Legal Implications for Parties Who Display Inappropriate Content Through Social Media Platforms (Copyright Study)

Copyright is one of the rights included in protected intellectual property rights. One form of creation protected by the expert is the work of photography and cinematography. However, it is known that with the development of existing technology, works in the form of photography and cinematography are often used by other parties/people by showing and/or uploading the work to social media without permission from the creator himself. It is not uncommon for the photography and cinematography created to have economic value. Another problem arises when it turns out that the photography and cinematography created contain immoral elements. Therefore, a more in-depth study is needed regarding the legal implications of uploading photography and cinematography without the author’s permission and the limits given by the norms of decency in producing the creation itself. Based on the research results, it is known that the legal responsibility of the party who shows photography and cinematography without the author’s permission on social media platforms, namely if the action is to obtain economic/commercial benefits. It is proven that if the creator suffers economic losses, then the perpetrator can be charged compensation. This type of research is normative juridical/normative legal research, which uses secondary data by processing data derived from legal materials, namely primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Study data were collected through documents and qualitative analysis.
 Keywords: copyright, intellectual property rights, information and electronic transaction law, photography, cinematography, social media