Perception Of Visual Information Research Articles

Rear-End Crash Risk Analysis considering Drivers’ Visual Perception and Traffic Flow Uncertainty: A Hierarchical Hybrid Bayesian Network Approach

Rear-end crashes or crash risk is widely recognized as safety-critical state of vehicles under comprehensive conditions. This study investigated the association between traffic flow uncertainty, drivers’ visual perception, car-following behavior, roadway and vehicular characteristics, and rear-end crash risk variation and compared the crash risk variation prediction with and without specific flow-level data. Two datasets comprising 5055 individual vehicles in car-following state were collected through on-road experiments on two freeways in China. A hierarchical hybrid BN model approach was proposed to capture the association between drivers’ visual perception, traffic flow uncertainty, and rear-end crash risk variation. Results show that (1) the BN model with flow-level data outperformed the BN model without flow-level data and could predict 85.3% of the cases of crash risk decrease, with a false alarm rate of 21.4%; (2) the hierarchical hybrid BN models showed plausible spatial transferability in predicting crash risk variation; and (3) the incorporation of specific flow-level variables and data greatly benefited the successful identification of rear-end crash risk variations. The findings of this study suggest that rear-end crash risk is inherently associated with both individual driving behaviors and traffic flow uncertainty, and appropriate visual perceptual information could compensate for crash risk and improve safety.

Visual-spatial Skills and Mathematics Content Conceptualisation for Pre-service Teachers

Empirical evidence in literature identified significant association between spatial ability and educational performance particularly in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). The purpose of this study was to explore pre-service teachers’ spatial skills in solving mathematics problems, in the context of coordinate geometry. It is envisaged that spatial skills allow for the perception of visual information and, therefore, spatial cognition has been considered as a key skill in teaching mathematics. However, literature asserts that teachers are ill prepared to teach mathematics, hence there is limited use and misuse of spatial skills in teaching the subject. This study, therefore, examines the spatial orientation of pre-service teachers in teaching coordinate geometry. This is a mixed methods study in which pre-service teachers answered a coordinate geometry test to explore their content knowledge and their ability to interpret, analyse and apply visual spatial models to solve mathematical problems in coordinate geometry. The study established that the spatial orientation skills of pre-service teachers determine their performance in mathematics, especially coordinate geometry.

Form and Function in Information for Visual Perception.

Visual perception involves spatially and temporally coordinated variations in diverse physical systems: environmental surfaces and symbols, optical images, electro-chemical activity in neural networks, muscles, and bodily movements—each with a distinctly different material structure and energy. The fundamental problem in the theory of perception is to characterize the information that enables both perceptual awareness and real-time dynamic coordination of these diverse physical systems. Gibson's psychophysical and ecological conception of this problem differed from that of mainstream science both then and now. The present article aims to incorporate Gibson's ideas within a general conception of information for visual perception. We emphasize the essential role of spatiotemporal form, in contrast with symbolic information. We consider contemporary understanding of surface structure, optical images, and optic flow. Finally, we consider recent evidence about capacity limitations on the rate of visual perception and implications for the ecology of vision.

Эффективные средства и методы онлайн-обучения русскому языку как иностранному: по материалам анкетирования преподавателей

This paper presents data on effective tools and methods of online learning obtained during a survey of 72 teachers of Russian as a foreign language working in various universities in St. Petersburg. The questionnaire, which included 7 open and closed questions, was created taking into account the features of the online lesson: reliance on cloud platforms for video conferencing, the dominant nature of visual perception of information, the need to constantly maintain the attention of students, and the lack of direct contact between the teacher and students. During the survey, it was found that the effectiveness of online teaching Russian as a foreign language, according to teachers, depends on the technical capabilities of cloud platforms for video conferencing, the use of both traditional textbooks in PDF format, and electronic textbooks as well as teachers' own training materials. Also it depends on the use of slide presentations, additional audio and video materials of both educational and non-educational nature, electronic simulators, sites containing game tasks, innovative methods and techniques of teaching.

A framework of physically interactive parameter estimation based on active environmental groping for safe disaster response work

Disaster response robots are expected to perform complicated tasks such as traveling over unstable terrain, climbing slippery steps, and removing heavy debris. To complete such tasks safely, the robots must obtain not only visual-perceptual information (VPI) such as surface shape but also the haptic-perceptual information (HPI) such as surface friction of objects in the environments. VPI can be obtained from laser sensors and cameras. In contrast, HPI can be basically obtained from only the results of physical interaction with the environments, e.g., reaction force and deformation. However, current robots do not have a function to estimate the HPI. In this study, we propose a framework to estimate such physically interactive parameters (PIPs), including hardness, friction, and weight, which are vital parameters for safe robot-environment interaction. For effective estimation, we define the ground (GGM) and object groping modes (OGM). The endpoint of the robot arm, which has a force sensor, actively touches, pushes, rubs, and lifts objects in the environment with a hybrid position/force control, and three kinds of PIPs are estimated from the measured reaction force and displacement of the arm endpoint. The robot finally judges the accident risk based on estimated PIPs, e.g., safe, attentional, or dangerous. We prepared environments that had the same surface shape but different hardness, friction, and weight. The experimental results indicated that the proposed framework could estimate PIPs adequately and was useful to judge the risk and safely plan tasks.

Физиологические аспекты восприятия визуальной информации глазодвигательным аппаратом

The individual characteristics of the human visual apparatus are associated with the anatomical and psychophysiological parameters of his body. Based on the EyeTracking technology, the physiological aspects of the perception of visual information by the oculomotor apparatus, which are not associated with active cognitive activity, have been investigated. The individual features in the size of fixation when reading text and examining halftone graphic objects in various people have been investigated. The time durations of fixations in different people, associated with the process of accommodation, as well as the internal structure of fixations, were investigated. It is shown that the trajectory of the gaze shift in fixation has an internal heterogeneous structure. The total trajectory of eye movement in the fixation area is determined by a set of successive clusters. This fixation structure is apparently associated with the processes of restoration of the photosensitivity of rhodopsin in the photoreceptors of the retina. All the above studies of the fixations of various subjects on the basis of various images showed that the oculomotor system, taking into account the physiological characteristics of the visual apparatus, is equally controlled by the "video processor" of the brain when the eye is accommodated to the image elements. And the only objective individual feature of human vision, which uniquely characterizes the perception of graphic information, is the value of the average displacement in fixation. It is she who is the "visiting card" of the subject and remains practically unchanged both when reading and when examining halftone images and in test validation with forced fixation of the gaze.

Effects of open caption telop color on value perception in the news context: From the tone perspective

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that color plays a vital role in the perception of visual information. This study clarified the cognitive differences generated by open caption telop colors in the perception of news value as importance, novelty, and timeliness among the negative, neutral, and positive news contexts. We also explored the news value integration by the color in the news emotional context. In this study, three tones, that is, the bright, deep, and vivid with eight chromatic hues, were selected from the practical color coordinate system, which are tried to be loyal to the news practice. We conducted a repeated measures ANOVA and correlation tests to clarify the open caption telop color effects. Our findings suggest that the open caption telop with deep‐tone hues can facilitate the news to be perceived as more important, particularly in the negative context and vice versa. In some ways, this result partially applies to the news timeliness dimension, although its performance is relatively more complicated. The color performance in the perception of news novelty was observed to be the contrary with the other two dimensions. The 3D spaces created reveal that the news value integration by color highly depends on the news emotional context.

Technology for Improving the Technical Skills of Skilled Long Jumpers

The improvement of technical skills is closely associated with a focus on the informative biomechanical indices upon which the achievement of high sports results in the long jump depends: speed of run-up before take-off, kinetic energy at the moment of foot placing on the support for take-off; speed of the body general center of mass “depar- ture” at the moment of leaving the support; total energy at the moment of foot placing on the support for take-off; duration of take-off phase; kinetic energy at the moment of leaving the support; total energy at the moment of leaving the support; maximum height of the body general center of mass during flight; height of the body general center of mass during foot placing on the support for take-off; angle of the body general center of mass departure; length of the third stride before take-off; take-off power. The majority of participating experts (n=30) consider the most rational to be the performance of various athletic exercises, which in their structure and manifestation of mo- tor qualities are as close as possible to long jumps and allow to influence certain informative biomechanical indices: long jumps with different run-up distance: from short (eight running strides) and medium (10–14 running strides) to full and increased (from 16 to 24 running strides) (W=0.741, p<0.01). The efficiency of the process of improving technical skills depends on the dominance of particular sensory system indices. Among athletes (n=33) specialized in long jump, the key sensory system is visual in 42.42%, audio - in 27.27%, kinesthetic – in 18.18%. The same indices of visual and kinesthetic perception of information are observed in 12.12% of athletes.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MODERN NEURAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURES FOR MEDICAL IMAGE SEGMENTATION PROBLEMS

Computer Vision is the area of Machine Learning that is responsible for machine perception of visual information. Image segmentation is a subfield of Computer Vision that solves the task of dividing a digital image into segments by their class label. One of the main problems in the subfield is the scarcity of data and the restoration of spatial information for the classified image. This article is a brief survey of current Biomedical Image Segmentation approaches, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks architectures and the morphological transformation for data augmentation.

Сетевое общение и его жанры как объект художественного изображения (на материале отечественной литературы)

The article analyses a new compositional peculiarity of modern fiction – the introduction of a text fragment related by its lexical and graphic features to one of the genres of network communication (chat, blog, electronic mail, etc.) into the structure of the literary works. The dialogue between characters, who communicate on the Net, becomes one of the stable text-forming means, performing various artistic tasks, including formation of the plotline, creating the image (atmosphere) of the time period, character images, reflection of “language taste of the epoch”, and so on. The reproduction of the main linguistic peculiarities of electronic genres, in its turn, enlivens the literary discourse to a considerable degree; the pastiche of network communication becomes one of the expressive means; the cultural dominant of our time – orientation towards visual perception of information – manifests itself. The research has revealed methods and means of transferring graphic and lexical features of genres of informal network communication in the fictional text. The main ways of reflecting the peculiarities of electronic speech are direct stylization (reproduction of alphabetic and other graphemes used in Runet) and indirect image (verbal designation of non-alphabetic graphemes), which becomes the basis of a new imagery, the tropics (laughing brackets, emoji got nervous, an offended smiley, etc.). The analysis of the features of the display of speech behavior on the Net allows to conclude about the formation of a kind of poetics for the artistic embodiment of the stable theme of modern literature – ”Man in the virtual sphere of communication and being”. The study is built on the basis of general philological analysis and specifically linguistic analysis of a fictional text (total number of analyzed works is about 60) and presents a part of the author’s separate research on the formation of Russian Internet lexis in the modern Russian language and realized within the framework of functional sociolinguistics.

Expertise Classification of Soccer Goalkeepers in Highly Dynamic Decision Tasks: A Deep Learning Approach for Temporal and Spatial Feature Recognition of Fixation Image Patch Sequences.

The focus of expertise research moves constantly forward and includes cognitive factors, such as visual information perception and processing. In highly dynamic tasks, such as decision making in sports, these factors become more important to build a foundation for diagnostic systems and adaptive learning environments. Although most recent research focuses on behavioral features, the underlying cognitive mechanisms have been poorly understood, mainly due to a lack of adequate methods for the analysis of complex eye tracking data that goes beyond aggregated fixations and saccades. There are no consistent statements about specific perceptual features that explain expertise. However, these mechanisms are an important part of expertise, especially in decision making in sports games, as highly trained perceptual cognitive abilities can provide athletes with some advantage. We developed a deep learning approach that independently finds latent perceptual features in fixation image patches. It then derives expertise based solely on these fixation patches, which encompass the gaze behavior of athletes in an elaborately implemented virtual reality setup. We present a CNN-BiLSTM based model for expertise assessment in goalkeeper-specific decision tasks on initiating passes in build-up situations. The empirical validation demonstrated that our model has the ability to find valuable latent features that detect the expertise level of 33 athletes (novice, advanced, and expert) with 73.11% accuracy. This model is a first step in the direction of generalizable expertise recognition based on eye movements.

타일 격자무늬 추적 자율주행 로봇을 위한 위치 인식과 주행 제어

초록·키워드 목차 오류제보하기 Human visual intelligence refers to the ability to use the visual environment to suit one"s own survival. Humans can use visual intelligence to find a target location using only visual perception information in an unknown indoor space. In this paper, we propose a method for the robot to recognize the location and determine the driving direction using the grid pattern information of tiles installed on the floor of an indoor space by imitating human visual intelligence. #Automotive mobile robot #Computer vision #Image processing #Grid tracking robot Abstract1. 서론2. 이동 로봇 시스템 설계3. 이동 로봇의 위치 추정4. 이동 로봇 주행 제어5. 실험 결과6. 결론References

A study of customer perception of visual information in food stands through eye-tracking

PurposeThe study selected five small-scale food operations as visual stimuli and eye-tracking experiment was conducted with 36 female participants in a laboratory setting. Heat maps were used to visualize viewers' visual attention on the storefronts. The eye-movement data were analyzed using one-way repeated ANOVA to identify a significant difference between stimuli in terms of average fixation duration, fixation counts and revisits. An independent t-test was also used to examine statistical difference among text and image in menu board. The significance cut-off of p-value was set to <0.05.Design/methodology/approachThe exteriors of food-service establishments are major business representation. However, few studies have been conducted to examine customers' visual processing toward small-scale restaurants. The present study accordingly aims to discover customers' different levels of attention to the frontage in food stands through eye tracking, which would be practical for future owners to plan their exterior shop design.FindingsThe findings can be summarized as follows: First, upper board shows the highest level of attention, suggesting an optimal location of menu board for grasping customers' attention. Second, customers also gaze the inside of a store along with the food on display, which are related with food hygiene and the perception. Third, textual information on menu boards tends to attract more visual attention than those of images. Overall, the current study indicates various customers' attention toward the location of menu boards as well as the type of visual information on menu board.Originality/valueThe results of this study make a new insight into customers' viewing behavior toward exteriors of food-service establishments. This study is one of the first attempts to explore how customers distribute visual attention to the exterior images of food stand by using eye-tracking technology. The findings of this research thus enrich the food-service literature and offer meaningful discoveries on customers' visual behaviors. For example, this study suggests that customers tend to be attracted to textual information on menu boards rather than graphical ones.

Analysis and Validation of Cross-Modal Generative Adversarial Network for Sensory Substitution.

Visual-auditory sensory substitution has demonstrated great potential to help visually impaired and blind groups to recognize objects and to perform basic navigational tasks. However, the high latency between visual information acquisition and auditory transduction may contribute to the lack of the successful adoption of such aid technologies in the blind community; thus far, substitution methods have remained only laboratory-scale research or pilot demonstrations. This high latency for data conversion leads to challenges in perceiving fast-moving objects or rapid environmental changes. To reduce this latency, prior analysis of auditory sensitivity is necessary. However, existing auditory sensitivity analyses are subjective because they were conducted using human behavioral analysis. Therefore, in this study, we propose a cross-modal generative adversarial network-based evaluation method to find an optimal auditory sensitivity to reduce transmission latency in visual-auditory sensory substitution, which is related to the perception of visual information. We further conducted a human-based assessment to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model-based analysis in human behavioral experiments. We conducted experiments with three participant groups, including sighted users (SU), congenitally blind (CB) and late-blind (LB) individuals. Experimental results from the proposed model showed that the temporal length of the auditory signal for sensory substitution could be reduced by 50%. This result indicates the possibility of improving the performance of the conventional vOICe method by up to two times. We confirmed that our experimental results are consistent with human assessment through behavioral experiments. Analyzing auditory sensitivity with deep learning models has the potential to improve the efficiency of sensory substitution.

Usage of the Educational Video by Students-Veterinarians Who are Studying Operative Surgery

The training of veterinary surgeons, in conditions that do not allow for surgical intervention, requires the use of modern interactive teaching aids. These include educational surgical video. Providing auditory and visual perception of information, it has high informative character.
 Surgical video gives the opportunity to communicate to each student all the intricacies of the operation, without requiring its presence on it, allows you to demonstrate all stages of the process, being in the most comfortable point of perception. Watching a high-quality video that reproduces the dangerous work of a surgeon without risk completely helps to master the necessary material. Another important advantage of the educational video is that the student can view it on his own, in order to acquaint or repeat the material, as well as to store it on disk media.
 In the course of research, an analysis of scientific sources on the use of educational videos in higher education was conducted. In order to obtain data on the use of surgical video, by the students studying operative surgery, were used such sociological methods as surveys, observations, questionnaires.
 According to the data obtained in the study of operative surgery, all students use the abstract of classroom lessons and surgical video. 75% of them use the textbook and 25% of the surgical sites. However, among those who take information on surgical sites, 70% are looking for text materials and 30% are browsing photos and pictures. In preparation for a real operation, all students prefer a video showing the entire operation from beginning to end. With the educational purpose of such a movie would be to view ¾ of the students surveyed, and for others it is short enough. 50% of the students after the first review of the video tutorial on the topic in the lecture room at home look for similar materials and revisit them as well as download their media.
 The work opens the prospect of further research on the use of surgical video in the preparation of veterinary surgeons.

Using interactive scribe-presentations when teaching Ukrainian

The article is devoted to the urgent topic of using new modern information technologies in lessons in general and in the Ukrainian language lessons in particular. The authors of the article prove that multimedia presentations have become one of the most popular ways of visual accompaniment in the presentation of theoretical material. In the article the authors analyze the results of the external independent evaluation (EIE) of the Ukrainian language and literature from 2015 to 2018 as well as online testing results of students from the Australian, Canadian and Polish diasporas on the level of Ukrainian language proficiency. According to this analysis it is determined that the level of knowledge on this subject deteriorates every year. Relying on these statistics, scientists have proved the need to improve the quality of knowledge using multimedia presentations, which provide more effective perception of educational information by helping students to visualize it. The researchers have proved the effectiveness of using the PowToon service in teaching philological disciplines in the educational process. This article is a practical step-by-step assistant for teachers and academic staff in creating a scribe-presentation. The authors have analyzed in detail the peculiarities of the methodological approaches that are worth using for effective implementation of PowToon and PowerPoint in the educational process (competence (the ability to actualize available knowledge, skills, experience to solve the difficult tasks in professional activities), systemic (forms the relationship in the study of philology disciplines, systematizes and structures complex information, using them in teaching), informative (use of information and communication technologies in the study of philology disciplines). The effectiveness of using online (PowToon) and offline (PowerPoint) services to create multimedia presentations has been compared. The key stages of the scribe and the advantages of the scribe-presentation have been considered. Taking into account that information is absorbed and reproduced better when it is visualized, that is, through visual perception, therefore, it is proved that use of PowToon service is accompanied by positive emotions and high indicators in the students’ learning outcomes. It is confirmed by a reflection questionnaire at the end of the lesson. The questionnaire consists of five questions and is evaluated on a 10-point scale. After analyzing the responses to the questionnaire the authors have come to the conclusion that the use of the script-presentations has a better influence on the perception of new visual information; increases the motivation for learning, interest in a subject that prompts subjects of the educational process to develop their creative projects and use their knowledge in everyday life; saves teachers’ time while preparing for a lesson; inspires teachers and academic staff to give unusual lessons and provide new interesting teaching ideas, as well as create integrated lessons.

Особливості психофізіологічних характеристик у кваліфікованих боксерів

Purpose: to study the features of psychophysiological characteristics in qualified boxers with different levels of performance. Material and methods. The study used the following methods: analysis of scientific and methodological information, Internet sources and generalization of practical experience, psychophysiological research methods, methods of mathematical statistics. A dynamometer «Spuderg» designed by M.P. Savchyn was used to assess the special performance. The index of creatine phosphate working capacity of boxers was determined (according to the test of the boxer's strikes fulfillment for 8 seconds at maximum speed). We examined 26 qualified boxers, members of the national team of Kiev at the age of 18-24 years. According to the creatine phosphate working capacity index, all boxers were divided into two conditional groups. The first group with a high level of working capacity (from 200 and more USD) and the group with a low level of special working capacity (below 200 USD). The first group included 12 people, the second - 14 athletes. Results: based on the analysis of scientific and methodological literature, it was revealed that a high level of special performance in qualified boxers is provided by a high lability of the nervous system and the speed of processing of visual information with simultaneous control over spontaneous actions under conditions of motor response. During the study, an assessment was made of: complex sensorimotor reactions (functional mobility of nervous processes; reaction to a moving object), specific perceptions (reaction rate to non-verbal stimuli). Conclusions. The study made it possible to establish that boxers with a high level of special working capacity have a balance between the processes of arousal and inhibition, while boxers with a reduced level of working capacity have a predominance of arousal processes and high values of impulsivity, which indicate the presence of spontaneous, unprepared actions when responding to external irritants. The connection between the quality and speed of perception of visual information and special performance in qualified boxers was also revealed. Keywords: qualified boxers, psychophysiological characteristics, special working capacity, types of control

Object detection method based on global feature augmentation and adaptive regression in IoT

The intelligent processing and utilization of visual perception information is the key technology of Internet of Things (IoT), and object detection based on deep learning is of great significance for improving the intelligence and security of IoT. Due to the influence of factors such as changes in the state of object in actual scene, occlusion and background changes, object detection method of deep learning still has following problems: features extracted by backbone network are noisy and not representative, the positive and negative samples are not balanced, and labeled object is inaccurate due to occlusion. Therefore, this paper proposes an object detection method based on global feature augmentation and adaptive regression. HRFPN extracts more representative high-resolution features and performs global augmentation, which can effectively distinguish feature differences between object and background. In training phase, uniform sampling is introduced to mine hard samples, and the positive and negative samples in RPN phase are balanced to improve detection performance, and adaptive bounding box regression loss is proposed to reduce the influence of object occlusion and boundary blur. Experimental results on PASCAL VOC2007 and MS COCO2017 datasets show that the proposed detection method is superior to the latest methods such as Cascade RCNN, CornerNet and Mask RCNN, which has better robustness and accuracy.

Research of the online technologies influence on the perception of visual information in physics

Research of the online technologies influence on the perception of visual information in physics

The use of eye tracking technologies in studying perception of graphic information perception

The scientific research related to the use of eye tracking technologies are currently of particular relevance. A substantial area of scientific knowledge, in which it is feasible to use eye tracking technologies, is associated with the study of perception of visual information. One of the trends of such research is the examination of the impact of compositional construction of visual image upon its perception by the viewer. The object of this research is elements of graphic composition (stylistic and color solutions). The subject is the methods and algorithms for digital processing of graphic material. The article employs the computational methods of color correction, eye tracking technology, expert assessment, statistical processing of the obtained experimental data. The scientific novelty of this work consists in the development of methodology of preparing and conducting computational experiments for the impact of the stylistic solution of graphic composition upon its perception by the viewer. The technique developed by the authors has proven itself in carrying out the experiments for studying the effect of color solution of the frame upon its perception by the viewer. The study revealed the statistical significance of the impact of stylistic solution of graphic composition upon viewer’s perception. The hypothesis that abstract graphic compositions are difficult for viewer’s perception was statistically proven. The acquired results can be used in constructing complex graphic images, which require the speed of information perception to view them.