Information And Communication Technology Policy Research Articles

Towards Learning Excellence in Universities: A Critical Review of Information and Communication Technology Policies in Education in Kenya

The current reality is that technological advancement has shaped how learning is being conducted in education. Communication technology has been embraced in education by both educators and learners. However, the embracement has been slow, and this was experienced during the Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, when teaching and learning had to shift and relied heavily on communication technology, but in actuality educational institutions were not ready. The virus continues to linger on and has served as a wake-up call for the education sector. This therefore makes Information and Communication Technology (ICT) an essential component in education today, not only to be implemented during crises, but also due to technological advancement and stakeholders’ needs in the current times. Governments have made efforts to integrate ICT in education, as is the case in Kenya. This paper reviews the National ICT policy in Kenya since its formulation in 2006 and its revision in 2019. These two policies were national, and education was integrated into the policies. However, in 2021, an additional policy on ICT in education and training was formulated and will also be analysed in this study. The paper analyses the strategies and implementation in higher learning institutions and outlines the barriers and challenges experienced in its implementation. Accessibility and equity have been pinpointed as some of the major factors influencing ICT integration. As higher learning institutions focus on blended or hybrid learning, ICT becomes a fundamental tool to facilitate education. The paper makes recommendations based on the policy inadequacies and how to focus on ICT in education for future meaningful impact.

Conceptualizing emerging technologies and ICT adoption: Trends and challenges in Africa-US contexts

This review paper explores the adoption trends, challenges, and opportunities surrounding Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and emerging technologies in the Africa-US contexts. It identifies key drivers influencing technology adoption and outlines innovative solutions for sustainable development by analyzing the current state of ICT infrastructure, policy frameworks, socio-economic factors, and cultural considerations. The comparative analysis highlights disparities between Africa and the US while emphasizing the potential for cross-continental collaborations. Implications for stakeholders, including governments, businesses, NGOs, and communities, and recommendations for fostering an enabling environment for technology adoption are discussed. By addressing gaps in research and embracing collaborative efforts, ICT and emerging technologies can drive transformative change, promoting inclusive growth and societal advancement in both regions.

The Influence of Gender and Training Sector on the ICT Competency of Pre-Service Teachers in Vietnam: Using the UNESCO ICT Competency Framework

Information and communication technology (ICT) is a powerful educational change and reform tool. Teachers are a direct subject in promoting the application of information technology (IT), and the ability to integrate technology into teaching affects the application of IT in teaching. Integrating ICT into education requires teachers to be competent in using ICT. In other words, teachers are required to have sufficient ICT competence to use ICT for education. Faced with this requirement, teacher training schools have made positive changes to improve the ICT capacity of pedagogy students and prepare graduates to perform their duties in the context of digital transformation in education today. This study collected information on pre-service teachers’ competency in using ICT as future teachers in Vietnam. Using the ICT competency framework of UNESCO, the research surveyed 1698 fourth year teaching students (pre-service teachers) from 10 provinces in 3 regions of Vietnam. The results indicate that although pre-service teachers in Vietnam are well educated on ICT policy issues in education, for the issue of ICT exploitation to support curriculum implementation and assessment, they still need ICT skills to support effective teaching and learning methods. In addition, there are significant differences in gender and training specialization in some aspects, such as the application of digital skills and the use of ICT in organization and administration. These results are the basis for in-depth research into establishing influencing factors and measures to improve the ICT application competency of pre-service teachers, contributing to ensuring the quality of education in Vietnam.

Opportunities in emerging technologies for Southern Africa: How the Global South should adopt to take advantage?

AbstractThe manufacturing sector, energy sector, and mobility businesses can all benefit from the use of emerging technology. A crucial part of modernizing industries is utilizing emerging technologies. This research aimed to examine how the Global South can adopt and maximize emerging technology opportunities. The research was qualitative in nature, and the focus was on economies in the Global South. Random sampling to select 40 economies from the four continents that fall under the Global South which were Africa, Asia and the Pacific, the Arab Region, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Research articles on the subject matter were collected from Google Scholar and other online repositories. Document analysis was used under the data analysis section. This research aimed to examine how the Global South can adopt and maximize emerging technology opportunities. The research findings described challenges, such as poor technological policies, high prices, and taxation, a lack of financial resources, a lack of information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and limited experts, digital illiteracy, and how illicit financial flows adversely affect the Global South's ability to tap into emerging technologies. In terms of policy recommendations, it was suggested that the Global South needs to design and implement robust ICT policies, mobilize financial resources, and invest in research and development. These policies must be implemented in the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors to ensure meaningful benefits of using emerging technologies.

The Impact of ICT Adoption in Enhancing Teaching and Learning in Primary Schools of Amathole East District, Eastern Cape

This study examines how information and communication technology (ICT) impacts the schooling environment within the primary sector in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province's Amathole East District. ICT adoption in education can fully modify the ways that instruction and learning are given to students, but it also comes with obstacles, especially in the rural primary schools in the Amathole East District. This research intends to shed light on the current ICT status adoption of Amathole East District's primary schools. Three primary schools were chosen, and three research participants from each school were chosen using the purposive sample technique. Data were gathered through focus groups and in-person interviews. The acquired data were analyzed and presented using a thematic approach. It was revealed as the findings that while teachers were willing to embrace ICTs into teaching and learning and had a good attitude toward technology adoption, they needed the necessary ICT competencies. Furthermore, several challenges and barriers were identified, and these included inadequate ICT infrastructure, a shortage of teacher training in technology integration and a lack of access to ICT tools. The study concludes that teacher training programs be expanded, invest in infrastructure development, and develop a comprehensive ICT policy framework. Taking the research's findings into account, the research offers practical recommendations in enhancing ICT adoption, investing in infrastructure development, expanding teacher development opportunities, to formulating a comprehensive ICT strategy framework so that schools are ready to run virtually in the event of another pandemic related to COVID-19.

Utilizing ICT to Strengthen Women’s Participation in Local Governance in Tripura

The paper examines women’s engagement in Tripura’s local governance, addressing barriers and advocating for Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as an empowerment tool. It explores challenges faced by women, emphasizing ICT strategies, policy adaptations, and community involvement for inclusive governance. It highlighted the importance of digital literacy, infrastructure improvement, cybersecurity awareness, and sustained collaboration among stakeholders. The study envisions a more participatory society by leveraging ICT initiatives to women’s needs in Tripura’s governance. Through customized policies and community engagement, this paper aims to foster a more inclusive and empowered environment where women actively contribute to decision-making, propelling socio-economic development in the region.

Factors influencing ICT implementation in motorcycle goods transport: the mediating role of business efficiency, infrastructure and motorcycle benefits

PurposeThrough the “Going Digital Initiative,” the Ghanaian government has introduced policies that aim at improving the information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure of the country. These ICT policies have benefited numerous sectors of the Ghanaian economy. In logistics management, ICT has impacted drone medical delivery in the healthcare and maritime sectors. However, the importance of ICT is not realized in the motorcycle goods transport (MGT) industry, regardless of its popularity and high economic dependency. Second, all research on motorcycles is focused on diverse social concerns, and no study has attempted to analyze ICT implementation for MGT operations. This is a significant gap in logistics management. Hence, the study aimed to investigate the impact of ICT on Ghana's MGT industry empirically.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopts a two-phase data collection approach to collect the data. The authors use partial least square structural equation modeling to analyze the study's measurement and structural assessment model.FindingsICT positively impacts MGT and the drivers considered. The drivers positively influence MGT. The study further analyzes novel results on the relationships between the drivers and their mediating roles in enhancing MGT performance.Originality/valueThe study's originality is the extension of ICT adoption and usage in MGT. The lack of literature on the importance of ICT for MGT services makes this study the primary source of literature, and the relationships investigated are unique as the research area is unexplored.

Differential impact of ICT on MSMEs' productivity in Africa’s emerging market

The observed low level of information and communication technology (ICT) usage among micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise (MSME) firms in many African countries may serve as a major constraint to their productivity. The productivity of service and manufacturing firms is impacted differently due to this low uptake of ICT. This paper seeks to examine the differential effects of ICT on MSMEs’ productivity in emerging African economies, specifically Egypt and Nigeria. This study evaluates the effects of ICT on MSMEs’ productivity across different sectors (services and manufacturing), by size and aggregated. The estimated results support the positive impact of MSMEs’ website presence and use of email on their productivity, though the magnitude varies across different analyses and sectors. This appears to support the differential sectoral impacts of ICT on MSMEs’ productivity across countries in emerging markets. Specifically, this study finds evidence for a higher impact of firms’ website presence on productivity in the manufacturing sector than the services sector across emerging economies. The study, therefore, recommends that emerging markets economies that want to implement appropriate national technology policies to enhance their firms’ productivity should always consider their differential effects on various sectors, as universal ICT policies may not achieve the desired objectives.

Exploring the Process of Technology Socialization (TS) in the Family: ICT Adoption for Middle-aged Parents with the Influence of Adult Children

AbstractFamily is an important socialization environment for adopting information and communication technologies (ICTs). However, while existing information systems research focuses on individual factors that influence digital inequity, it tends to ignore the influence of relational/collective factors on individuals’ ICT adoption. Drawing on technology adoption, socialization, and social identity theories, this study focuses on the process of technology socialization of ICT adoption for middle-aged parents with the influence of their adult children in Chinese families. Through in-depth interviews with thematic analysis, we identify three mechanisms in the family, including creating a family shared environment, negotiating a family ICT identity and interplay, and generating digital differentiation. These findings contribute to a technology socialization framework, addressing how individuals can become digitally savvy with the influence of the socialization agents in the family. The findings have implications for ICT firms and policy makers to promote the family shared environment as a vehicle for achieving social wellbeing and digital upskilling of middle-aged adults.

Entrepreneurial growth aspirations during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of ICT infrastructure quality versus policy response

ABSTRACT We posit that the quality of information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and the effectiveness of crisis-specific policy response are essential for entrepreneurial growth aspirations during major external shocks. Enhancing the quality of ICT infrastructure is a relevant strategy for building ecosystems that are resilient to multiple types of crises. It enhances entrepreneurs’ growth ambitions during the crisis, and makes them less reliant on crisis-specific response policies adopted by governments. We provide empirical support for this, utilizing Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data from the pandemic period in Chile.

Influence of Technology and ICT Policies on Hotel Guest Satisfaction in the Hotel Industry: A Case of 4 and 5 Star Rated Hotels in Nairobi City

The adoption of ICT in the hospitality industry is important in the development of business, minimizing costs and the generation of revenue as well as to reach more customers. Across the world, the use of technology and information and communication technologies (ICT) in the hospitality industry has significantly impacted the way hotels operate and the way they provide services to their guests. In the wake of turbulence in the hospitality industry especially as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic that reduced disposable income as well as crippling travel and tourism around the planet, hotels need to lower their operation costs, find ways of increasing their revenue as well as enhancing guest satisfaction. The study sought to establish the effect of technology and ICT policies on 4 and 5 star hotels in Nairobi City County. Specifically, the study sought to establish the effects of property management systems on guest satisfaction in 4 and 5 star hotels in Nairobi Kenya; to examine the effect of online booking platforms on guest satisfaction in 4 and 5 star hotels in Nairobi Kenya; to determine the effect of in-room technology on guest satisfaction in 4 and 5 star hotels in Nairobi Kenya and to establish the effect of customer relationship management systems on guest satisfaction in 4 and 5 star hotels in Nairobi Kenya. The study was guided by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Resource Based View Theory. The target population was 4583 staff from 24 four and five star hotels in Nairobi. Stratified random sampling was used to choose a sample size of 368 employees. The data was collected using structured questionnaires for the employees. The questionnaires were administered through google online questionnaire. Regression analysis was conducted to establish the relationship between the variables. The results were presented in graphs and tables. The study used a multiple regression model to show the relationship between the study variables. The findings revealed an R squared coefficient of 0.643 and adjusted R squared of 0.618 at 95% significance level, implying that the technology and ICT policies adopted in the study (Property Management Systems, Online booking platforms, In-Room Technology, Customer Relationship Management Systems) jointly explained 64.3 percent of the variation in guest satisfaction in four and five star hotels in Nairobi City County. The study also found that property management systems had a positive and significant effect on guest satisfaction in four and five star hotels in Nairobi City County (β =.357, p=.013<.05); online booking platforms had a positive and significant effect on guest satisfaction in four and five star hotels in Nairobi City County (β =.427, p=.005<.05); in-room technology had a positive and significant effect on guest satisfaction in four and five star hotels in Nairobi City County (β =.322, p=.003>.05) and finally the study found that customer relationship management systems as an aspect of technology and ICT policies had a positive and significant effect on guest satisfaction in four and five star hotels in Nairobi City County(β =.383, p=.000<.05). The study concluded that technology and ICT policies had a positive and significant effect on guest satisfaction in four and five star hotels in Nairobi City County. The study thus recommended that four and five star hotels in Nairobi City County should consider adopting technology and ICT policies such as Property Management Systems, Online booking platforms, In-Room Technology, Customer Relationship Management Systems and others as ways of enhancing guest satisfaction. Keywords: Technology, Guest Satisfaction, ICT Policies

Investigating the Barriers of ICT use in Teaching and Learning at Public Schools in South Africa

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has reshaped the field of pedagogy in many different ways. The increasing use of ICT tools in teaching and learning cannot be overlooked. Learners who are abreast with technology are independent and relieve overreliance on educators regardless of the geographical distance. ICT is important within the education sector as a means of enhancing the process of teaching and learning in a classroom. Despite the value of effective use of ICT tools, the South African government, having designed the curriculum to support effective ICT use in teaching and learning, and to some extent having provided ICT tools in public schools, there are still challenges in the effective adoption of ICT tools in teaching and learning. The purpose of this study is to investigate the barriers of ICT tools use in teaching and learning and propose guidelines in teaching and learning at public schools. The study used a mixed-method and data was collected from public school teachers through a questionnaire composed of both qualitative and quantitative variables. To gain further insight, educationalists were also interviewed. It was discovered that there are multiple challenges that hinder the adoption of ICT in public schools. Key challenges identified in the study include a lack of ICT relevant skills, lack of ICT infrastructure, poor IT support, lack of efficacy from the level of teachers, and attitude were amongst many other influencers to non compliance. The study recommends that the government adopt an ICT framework that will advocate for unison in ICT policy from all walks of government (district, provincial, and national) and also mandate and incentivize use of ICT by teachers in teaching and learning.

The use of ICT resources to transform teaching at secondary schools in the Bojanala district, Northwest province

In the study reported on here I investigated how teachers used available information and communications technology (ICT) resources to transform teaching and learning in the Bojanala district in the Northwest province of South Africa. The Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework enabled understanding of how the use of available ICT resources transforms teaching and learning. I adopted a qualitative, multiple case study research design which was grounded in the interpretive paradigm. Eight teachers were purposefully sampled – 6 men and 2 women. Semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation and document analysis were the data collection strategies. Data analysis was done according to Creswell’s 4 pillars of data analysis. Ethics was maintained using voluntary participation, informed consent, confidentiality, and anonymity. The results reveal limited use of ICT resources to transform teaching. It is recommended that ongoing, in-service training on using ICT resources should be done to assist teachers to transform their lesson delivery. Again, schools should be provided with ICT policies to guide them on how to transform teaching using ICT resources.

Digital-Based Policy and Health Promotion Policy in Japan, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Thailand: A Scoping Review of Policy Paths to Healthy Aging

People are living longer, and our life has become more digital. Hence, the benefits from digital technology, including economic growth, increasing labor productivity, and ensuring health equity in the face of an aging population emerged as a vital topic for countries around the world. Japan, the Republic of Korea (ROK), Singapore, and Thailand are in the top ten rankings in terms of information and communication technology (ICT) development within the Asia Pacific Region and all are facing challenges of population aging. Well-designed national ICT policy and health promotion policies enabled the countries to make significant progress and development in terms of digitalization and healthy aging. This paper aims to answer questions regarding digitization and health promotion: when it started, how it is going, what are the achievements, and what it holds for the future, considering healthy aging and digitalization by reviewing the national ICT policy and health promotion policies of Japan, Korea, Singapore, and Thailand. This paper is expected to help readers build a comprehensive understanding of each country's journey towards building a healthy aging digital society. Furthermore, we hope this paper can be a source for countries to exchange experiences and learn from each other with a joint goal of building a healthy aging digital society.

The Effects of ICT/e-Government on Migrant Workers' Remittance Inflows in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study

This research article has explored and examined the effects of ICT/e-Government measures and some other significant socioeconomic factors on migrant workers’ remittance inflows in Bangladesh; Sustainable development approach is very much related to the economic growth that can be achieved by higher remittance inflows and related factors such as ICT/e-Government measures. So far, the effects of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and e-Government measures on remittance inflows have not been explored adequately in the case of Bangladesh. The literature review shows the effects of ICT/e-Government along with the unemployment rate, the inflation rate, institutional quality, the number of recruiting agencies, the number of banks and financial institutions, financial development, remittance transaction cost, cash incentives as well as the currency exchange rate on the remittance inflows of Bangladesh. The article has been examined using a mixed methods (MM) approach. Secondary data from the World Bank and other institutions were collected for regression analyses using model equations and SPSS. Additionally, a total of 12 people involved in 12 different organizations were interviewed for collecting qualitative data for the thematic analysis; the analysis was conducted using NVIVO. After testing the hypotheses and after triangulation of quantitative and qualitative studies, it has been found that the use of ICT/e-Government measures and some other factors have significant positive effects on the remittance inflows of Bangladesh. Nonetheless, the effects of the number of recruiting agencies and remittance transaction cost on the remittance inflows did not resonate with the research hypotheses. Research findings show that the National ICT Policy and Overseas Employment Policy may also play roles in remittance inflows.

Information and communication technologies role in alleviating poverty in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Impacts and transmission channels

AbstractResearch has continued to indicate that the proliferation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has the potential to alleviate poverty in developing countries. While theoretically, there are several mechanisms through which ICT may reduce poverty, they have not been empirically tested sufficiently. The present study aimed to recognize the mechanisms through which ICT may reduce poverty for a sample of 37 economies in the Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) region during the period 2003–2019. Altering the income distribution, improving the ecological system, increasing the employment rate, increasing per capita income, and improving institutional quality were the assumed mechanisms through which ICT may reduce poverty. The results of the two‐step system GMM technique showed that while an increase in the per capita income and employment rate contributed positively to poverty reduction, improvement in the environmental quality increased the poverty rate. The causal mediation analysis findings showed that ICT strengthened the negative impact of worsening the quality of the environment on poverty. However, the strengthened positive impact of ICT on poverty through employment and per capita income was greater than the negative influence through the environmental mechanism. Thus, all national strategies or initiatives aimed at reducing poverty in SSA must incorporate pro‐poor ICT policies.

E-records management readiness for implementation of e-government in local authorities of Singida Municipal Council

This paper reports the findings of a study that explored the state of e-records management in supporting e-government in Tanzania Local Government Authorities with specific reference to the Singida Municipal Council (SMC). This qualitative study employed a case study design to collect data using interviews, observations, group discussions and documentary review. Qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis. Thirty-two respondents were purposively selected to participate in the study. The study findings indicated that the state of e-records management readiness was not effective to enhance e-governance. This was because the SMC did not have an e-records management system, inadequate professional record personnel, information and communication technologies (ICT) policies, guidelines and procedures. E-readiness was affected by the low number of technical staff, inadequate resources and budget dedicated to the e-records management unit and lack of storage space and facilities to execute e-records management. Finally, the study established a framework for effective adoption of e-records management as a platform for implementing e-government in local authorities. The study recommends for the SMC to improve e-records management practices by bridging the knowledge gap among record staff, ICT staff and secretaries. In addition, the SMC should hire qualified staff, trained staff in house on e-records management, develop and implement ICT policies and prioritise records management by adequately budgeting for ICT infrastructures to kick-start the transformation process.

The influence of ethical principles and policy awareness priming on university students’ judgements about ICT code of conduct compliance

PurposeTo protect information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and resources against poor cyber hygiene behaviours, organisations commonly require internal users to confirm they will abide by an ICT Code of Conduct. Before commencing enrolment, university students sign ICT policies, however, individuals can ignore or act contrary to these policies. This study aims to evaluate whether students can apply ICT Codes of Conduct and explores viable approaches for ensuring that students understand how to act ethically and in accordance with such codes.Design/methodology/approachThe authors designed a between-subjects experiment involving 260 students’ responses to five scenario-pairs that involve breach/non-breach of a university’s ICT policy following a priming intervention to heighten awareness of ICT policy or relevant ethical principles, with a control group receiving no priming.FindingsThis study found a significant difference in students’ responses to the breach versus non-breach cases, indicating their ability to apply the ICT Code of Conduct. Qualitative comments revealed the priming materials influenced their reasoning.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors’ priming interventions were inadequate for improving breach recognition compared to the control group. More nuanced and targeted priming interventions are suggested for future studies.Practical implicationsAppropriate application of ICT Code of Conduct can be measured by collecting student/employee responses to breach/non-breach scenario pairs based on the Code and embedded with ethical principles.Social implicationsShared awareness and protection of ICT resources.Originality/valueCompliance with ICT Codes of Conduct by students is under-investigated. This study shows that code-based scenarios can measure understanding and suggest that targeted priming might offer a non-resource intensive training approach.

Information and Communication Technology Competencies Clustering For Students For Vocational High School Students Using K-Means Clustering Algorithm

The k-Means Clustering algorithm is intended to partition data into one or more groups, where data that has similarities in one group and data has differences in another. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Competency data clustering in educational units is considered necessary to facilitate educational facilitation based on the differences in student abilities, determine advanced ICT guidance groups and become a reference in determining the place of Industrial Work Practices (Prakerin). This study aims to find out how the K-Means Clustering algorithm can be applied in clustering the ICT competencies of students at the State Vocational High School (SMK) 3 Lhokseumawe. The benefits generated in this study are in the form of visualization of data clustering that can help teachers and school management in formulating ICT policies at SMKN 3 Lhokseumawe. The data used in this study is the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) competency test score data for the 2021/2022 academic year. The data was obtained through a competency test process that refers to the Minister of Education and Culture Regulation Number 45 of 2015 concerning the Role of ICT/KKPI Teachers in the Implementation of the 2013 Curriculum where ICT competence includes the skills to search, store, process, present and disseminate data and information. Data processing in this study uses the K-means Clustering method and the RapidMiner application. Data processing using the RapidMiner application starts with data preparation, determining the number of clusters, and configuring the method. This study uses 3 (three) cluster configurations, namely the Very Competent, Competent, and Less Competent clusters. Testing data processing using the RapidMiner application resulted in 80 (eighty) students in cluster_0 with a Very Competent rating, 64 (sixty-four) students in cluster_1 with a Competent rating, and 10 (ten) students in cluster_2 with a Less Competent rating.

Contextualizing critical thinking about health using digital technology in secondary schools in Kenya: a qualitative analysis

BackgroundGood health decisions depend on one’s ability to think critically about health claims and make informed health choices. Young people can learn these skills through school-based interventions, but learning resources need to be low-cost and built around lessons that can fit into existing curricula. As a first step to developing and evaluating digital learning resources that are feasible to use in Kenyan secondary schools, we conducted a context analysis to explore interest in critical thinking for health, map where critical thinking about health best fits in the curriculum, explore conditions for introducing new learning resources, and describe the information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure available for teaching and learning.MethodsWe employed a qualitative descriptive approach. We interviewed 15 key informants, carried out two focus group discussions, observed ICT conditions in five secondary schools, reviewed seven documents, and conducted an online catalog of ICT infrastructure in all schools (n=250) in Kisumu County. Participants included national curriculum developers, national ICT officers, teachers, and national examiners. We used a framework analysis approach to analyze data and report findings.FindingsAlthough critical thinking is a core competence in the curriculum, critical thinking about health is not currently taught in Kenyan secondary schools. Teachers, health officials, and curriculum developers recognized the importance of teaching critical thinking about health in secondary schools. Stakeholders agreed that Informed Health Choices learning resources could be embedded in nine subjects. The National Institute of Curriculum Development regulates resources for learning; the development of new resources requires collaboration and approval from this body. Most schools do not use ICT for teaching, and for those few that do, the use is limited. Implementation of Kenya’s ICT policy framework for schools faces several challenges which include inadequate ICT infrastructure, poor internet connectivity, and teachers’ lack of training and experience.ConclusionTeaching critical thinking about health is possible within the current Kenyan lower secondary school curriculum, but the learning resources will need to be designed for inclusion in and across existing subjects. The National ICT Plan and Vision for 2030 provides an opportunity for scale-up and integration of technology in teaching and learning environments, which can enable future use of digital resources in schools. However, given the current ICT condition in schools in the country, digital learning resources should be designed to function with limited ICT infrastructure, unstable Internet access, and for use by teachers with low levels of experience using digital technology.