Use Of Informal Language Research Articles

Balancing between holistic and cumulative sentiment classification

Sentiment analysis is a fast-accelerating discipline that develops algorithms for knowledge discovery from opinionated content. The challenges however, when it comes to analyzing user reviews are plenty. Bad-quality, informal use of language and lack of labels, are only a few obstacles. Most importantly, users, consciously or subconsciously, use different approaches for expressing their opinion about a product or a service. Some of them go sentence by sentence mentioning some positive and negative aspects whereas others provide a mixed piece of text where the reader is supposed to see the big picture to understand the message. In this work, we propose a novel neural network that deals with both situations. Our method, by combining convolutional, recurrent and attention neural networks can extract rich linguistic patterns that reveal the user’s sentiment towards the entity under review. We evaluate our method in nine datasets that represent both binary and multi-class classification tasks. Experimental evaluation indicates that our method outperforms well-established deep learning approaches. Our approach outperformed the competitive methods in 8 out of 9 cases.

Purchase Intentions of the Working Gen Y Against Working Gen Z on Online Ads with Informal Language

Culture plays a big role in terms of shaping the preference of consumers' purchasing intentions as well as their influence in which advertisements they find attractive. Different backgrounds can factor in how consumers perceive a specific advertisement since some ad messages may not be received correctly by the consumers even though they are part of the target segmentation. This pushed the researchers to identify the consumers' attitudes towards advertisements using slang words. The study will focus on participants who belong to the working generation Y and generation Z residing in Metro Manila that uses the Internet in their contemporary lives. Therefore, they understand Internet slang and use it as their everyday form of communication. The researchers investigated if the interest and needs of the targeted participants were met based on their encounter with an advertisement with the use of slang words. Then compare which of the two working generations has a higher purchase intention based on the four metrics used (Informativeness, Entertainment, Credibility, and Adaptation). The use of a qualitative method was chosen since the pandemic restricted the researchers from gathering participants and meeting them face-to-face, which interfered with gathering accurate results because the information might have been tampered with. Upon the accomplishment of researcher results, it was concluded that the use of informal language in the advertisement had different effects on the working Generation Y and Generation Z in terms of word adaptation. This can help marketers to create more effective advertisements to capture their intended audience and how advertising adaptation plays a role in consumers' purchase intention.

INDONESIAN-ENGLISH CODE MIXING IN RIA SW'S VIDEO BLOG

Video blogs or vlogs are stories of someone’s daily life visualized and uploaded via YouTube. It managed to increase the most video uploads on YouTube. To attract the sympathy of the audience, the use of informal language or a relaxed variety was chosen to be more communicative. The data in this study were taken from Ria SW’s vlog, one of the food vloggers with 2,700 subscribers. The use of two languages, Indonesian and English, turned out to attract and represent young people who are slang and intellectual speakers. Using two languages at once or referred to as code mixing, is a linguistic phenomenon that needs to be responded to using sociolinguistic theory to find forms of code-mixing in Ria SW’s vlog.The method used in this research was a qualitative method. Through these methods and theories, it can be seen that RiaSW’s use of Indonesian code-mixing. The type of code-mixing used by Ria SW is external code-mixing. The form of external code-mixing reflects the existence of high intellectual abilities and exudes moderate values. The form of code-mixing used is in the form of words, phrases and repetitions. The use of word types in code-mixing expressed by Ria SW is in nouns, verbs, and adjectives. The use of the noun form tended to mention the name of places and foods. The use of the verb form tended to invite, while the use of the adjective serves to explain the taste of the food. The causes of this communication strategy, the use of code-mixing in Ria SW’s vlog are to get good communication by using more popular terms and letting the viewers understand the speaker code and the foreign terms of the tourism sector.

The persuasive language of online advertisements featuring social media influencers on Instagram: A multimodal analysis

The popularity of online advertising is increasing alongside the rising number of internet users, and one of the online platforms to advertise one’s products or services is Instagram. On Instagram, many advertisers opt for one viable alternative way of advertising: social media influencers. They typically hire popular figures to endorse their products, and the influencers will then post an image and a caption, persuading their followers to buy the products. It is intriguing to investigate how they make use of images and texts in Instagram to strengthen their persuasive act. Therefore, this paper aims to present a multimodality analysis where both the linguistic features and the images of Instagram advertisements of influencers are explored in relation to their communicative intent. The sample was built up from 24 Instagram ads posted by 13 Indonesian influencers. Several salient lexicogrammatical features were pinpointed, and the images were analyzed following the social semiotic approach called visual grammar. The findings revealed that the Instagram ads demonstrated vast amount of colloquial and informal language use, which was intended to establish familiarity with the audience. The image analysis also showed that influencers had roles to display themselves in the image to build credibility and trust as credible reviewers. The study has contributed to explicating how diverse language use on the internet is vis-à-vis traditional media, particularly the discourse of influencer advertising.

Linguistic Formality and Audience Engagement: Investors' Reactions to Characteristics of Social Media Disclosures*

ABSTRACTAs firms increasingly use social media to provide disclosures to investors, it is important to understand whether the characteristics that are associated with these disclosures lead to different reactions from investors than disclosures provided via more traditional channels. In this paper, we use an experiment to examine whether linguistic formality in positive news disclosures, and engagement of social media users surrounding the disclosures (e.g., “likes” and “retweets”), affect investors' judgments about a firm and its management. Results suggest that, as predicted, investors are more sensitive to signals of audience engagement when disclosures use informal rather than formal language. Specifically, when associated with signals of high audience engagement, the use of informal language leads to greater willingness to invest than the use of formal language in a disclosure. However, also as predicted, the use of informal language hurts willingness to invest when associated with signals of low audience engagement. In two follow‐up experiments, we investigate how news valence and linguistic formality are expected to affect the level of audience engagement in the first place, and we investigate whether managers strategically vary their use of linguistic formality based on characteristics of the setting. Overall, our results provide evidence on how firms might use social media disclosures to better connect with investors. This study contributes to the growing literature on linguistic attributes of disclosures, and the emerging literature investigating the consequences of issuing financial disclosures through social media.

Booktubers and libraries: a proposal for innovative reading mediation performance

Para acompanhar uma sociedade cada vez mais imersa em um mundo virtual, as bibliotecas se deparam com a necessidade de inovar buscando projetos que atraiam a comunidade para seus espaços. O objetivo deste trabalho é evidenciar um possível diálogo entre os conceitos de mediação e inovação, com auxílio do exemplo prático de trabalho com a comunidade Booktube. Para tanto, optou-se por um estudo descritivo exploratório, de natureza bibliográfica e documental. Como resultados, a experiência prática das bibliotecas apontam que o uso da linguagem informal pela comunidade Booktube e a interatividade da plataforma YouTube contribuem para ações de incentivo à leitura; constatou-se que a formação leitora dos usuários é influenciada tanto pelo tipo de atividade Booktuber desenvolvida quanto por como sua mediação é conduzida; identificou-se a possibilidade de ampliação do repertório de livros conhecidos pelos usuários por meio do contato com uma diversidade de Booktubers com preferências literárias diferentes; bem como a possibilidade de ampliar as fronteiras ao conectar pessoas de diferentes localidades que compartilham o mesmo interesse literário. Todos esses elementos podem direcionar estratégias de ação em uma biblioteca que busque a atuação inovadora frente à s mídias atuais. Conclui-se que o propósito dessa comunidade nas bibliotecas pode e deve ir além da divulgação de resenhas e promoção de novos títulos, servindo como base na construção de estratégias de mediação que contribuam de modo prático para bibliotecas de diferentes segmentos.

Nyelvjárási jellemzők megjelenése boszorkányperes jegyzőkönyvek kézirataiban

On the appearance of dialectal features in manuscripts of witchcraft records The present paper explores the scribal context in witness depositions of Hungarian witch trials, focusing on the appearance of dialectal features in the manuscripts. Witness depositions of the Middle Hungarian period proved to be speech-based or speech related texts, however, it is not self-evident that the records also can be considered as particularly dialectal sources of the past. It is also requires investigation whether the variants reflects the language use of the witnesses themselves or the scribes. The present study deals with these questions analysing records from a narrower region and then extending the findings to a broader context (with comparison with other regions). Date came from close reading of manuscripts and queries of some morphological and lexically bounded phonological variants from the Old and Middle Hungarian corpus of informal language use. I will also argue that some of the studied variants were rather socially and historically than regionally embedded during the period.

Zinātniskā raksta specifika sociālajās zinātnēs

Every discipline of science has its specifics, and this article strives to explore the specifics of the language used in social science articles written in Latvian. Social sciences affect how our society works; therefore, scientific findings could be important for policy decisions. The material analysed in this article is based on a qualitative analysis of select articles from a corpus of social sciences texts. It is the first large scale text corpus that has collected open access scientific articles published in Latvian. The present article describes language use specifics in social sciences: psychology, economics and business, education, and law. Scientific texts are often created with publishing guidelines in mind, but the individual styles of their authors can still be reflected in the text. Each discipline of science shows unique text creation and language use patterns. Some of these patterns, such as a logical structure in psychology and economics and business, could have been anticipated, however, aspects like the use of informal language in law texts is an unexpected finding. This brief insight into the social science articles in Latvian could be a starting point for more discipline-specific scientific text research in Latvian.

Study of Language Change by the Promotion of Informal Language, Orthography and Words with Multiple Meanings on Facebook

Facebook has promoted the use of informal language among both teens and adults. This social website has resulted in the deterioration of orthographic knowledge of both age groups due to the use of non-standard spellings. This social media engine has also contributed to the destruction of the word knowledge of users. Most of the users are aware of the context in which the English words are employed on Facebook but are unaware of their standard dictionary meanings. All these factors combine in effecting the formal academic writing and social interaction of these users. This research aims at finding out the language change due to the use of informal language, orthography, and words with multiple meanings on Facebook. The study has investigated the corrosion of the formal language of Facebook users. The current study was conducted by following the mixed-method approach in a way that twenty Facebook public pages, administrated by teens and adults were analyzed and also survey questionnaire filled by Intermediate and Graduate students. The results showed that teens are an easy victim of this up-thrust of technology as compared to adults. The results of the study gave a visual display of the effect of orthography by the use of informal language and the words with multiple meanings on social interactions and formal writing of both teens and adults.

The Effectiveness of Using a Deductive-Cum-Process Writing Process Approach to Teach Tone Formality

This study aims to investigate the usefulness of a deductive-cum-process writing approach to raise native Cantonese-speaking ESL students’ awareness of the inappropriate use of informal language in academic writing. Achieving tone formality by incorporating appropriate syntactic and semantic elements poses great difficulties to freshmen at the City University of Hong Kong. Furthermore, the effectiveness of using a deductive approach to teach word usage has been inconclusive despite numerous studies on this issue (e.g., Alzubi, 2015; Tammenga-Helmantel, 2014; Vogel et al., 2011). In the current study, seven types of informal language expressions and corresponding formal alternatives were first taught, followed by peer review and individual teacher-student consultations to reinforce the teaching.The experimental group consisted of 19 students taking an academic writing course in the summer semester 2017-2018. The end-of-course writing examination showed that the experimental group used significantly fewer informal expressions than did the control group in three measures—the total number of informal expressions and two component measures (p?0.05). Questionnaire findings confirmed the usefulness of the current teaching approach, as perceived by the majority of the participants. Qualitative analysis revealed several types of informal expressions that were most difficult for the participants to identify and to make correction.

Over etwat, etwuk en iets

Abstract On etwat, etwuk and iets: geography and dynamics of the indefinite pronoun (for things) in West-FlandersThis paper focuses on the geography and dynamics of indefinite pronoun variants in West-Flanders (Belgium). Whereas traditional dialect data show etwat (‘something’) as being the traditional West-Flemish dialect variant, recent studies have attested a new variant in the area: etwuk. This paper addresses the questions (1) where this new dialect variant is used, (2) by whom, (3) how it relates to other variants of the indefinite pronoun and to the interrogative pronoun variants and (4) whether the grammatical context in which it occurs is of any influence. To answer these questions, we analyse 10.000 surveys collected in 2018 in 249 West-Flemish locations. Given that a sample of this size is difficult to analyse using traditional dialectological methods, we introduce generalized additive mixed-effects regression as a means of simultaneously analyzing the diatopic, diastratic and diachronic variation in these surveys (cf. Wieling et al. 2014:689). These generalized additive mixed-effects models reveal striking dynamics in the pronominal system in West-Flanders: the variant etwuk is clearly taking over the role of etwat as dialectal indefinite pronoun, with the region of the cities Ieper and Poperinge as ‘expansion tank’. The rise of the non-standard pronoun etwuk is remarkable, given that Flanders is generally marked by dialect shift and dialect levelling (usually in favour of the standard language). We will argue that the pronominal changes in West-Flanders can be interpreted as a sign of linguistic glocalisation, with etwuk as means of indexing regional identity in times of homogenizing informal language use.

At the Crossroad of Cultures: Education and Identity of Hungarian Deaf Learners in Romania

Deaf people living in ethnic-national minority situation form a social group whose members have multiple cultural backgrounds. Starting from interpretations which are viewing the deaf child as a member of a distinct cultural and linguistic minority, I studied the education of Hungarian deaf pupils in Romania graduating from the Hungarian Special School in Cluj/Kolozsvár/Klausenburg, with particular regard to the relationship between formal and informal language use in school, communication culture and identity. Methodologically the research is based on life path interviews with Hungarian Deaf Special School graduates, family case studies of two or three generation deaf families and structured interviews with experienced educators. The research results reveal that the educational practice of the concerned educational institution strengthens the pupils' identity awareness and sense of belonging to the Hungarian nation in two distinct, still interconnected ways: on the one hand, through oral language acquisition, nursing the oral Hungarian language skills, and on the other hand through cultivating the Hungarian Sign Language embedded in the deaf culture within the learner community. Nowadays, the conditions and modalities of exercising this role are changing in several respects. The positive educational effects achieved so far can be reinforced and strengthened by educational policies based on the recognition and cultivation of cultural diversity, in all its complex and multifaceted manifestations, including the peculiar needs of ethnic minority deaf learners.

Quantity of target language contact in study abroad and knowledge of multiword expressions

AbstractThis study takes a Usage-Based approach to the learning of French multiword expressions (MWEs) in Study Abroad (SA). MWEs are conventionalized form-meaning mappings, for exampledu coup(‘and so’) anden fait(‘actually’), and are assumed to be learned through repeated exposure. Based on this assumption, the study adopted a pretest/posttest design to explore how quantity of out-of-class target-language (TL) contact predicted the development of MWE knowledge among 41 Swedish students during a semester in France. MWE knowledge was assessed by a modified cloze test based on transcriptions of informal language use (www.clapi.fr) and TL contact information was obtained through the Language Engagement Questionnaire (McManus, Mitchell, & Tracy-Ventura, 2014). Contrary to expectations, the findings showed that quantity of out-of-class TL contact did not predict gains in MWE knowledge and add further counterevidence for the role of sheer quantity of TL contact for linguistic development in SA.

Semantic based entity retrieval and disambiguation system for Twitter streams

Social media networks have evolved as a large repository of short documents and gives the greater challenges to effectively retrieve the content out of it. Many factors were involved in this process such as restricted length of a content, informal use of language (i.e., slangs, abbreviations, styles, etc.) and low contextualization of the user generated content. To meet out the above stated problems, latest studies on context-based information searching have been developed and built on adding semantics to the user generated content into the existing knowledge base. And also, earlier, bag-of-concepts has been used to link the potential noun phrases into existing knowledge sources. Thus, in this paper, we have effectively utilized the relationships among the concepts and equivalence prevailing in the related concepts of the selected named entities by deriving the potential meaning of entities and find the semantic similarity between the named entities with three other potential sources of references (DBpedia, Anchor Texts and Twitter Trends).

La paradoja descriptiva de la traducción y su ilustración a través de un análisis de la subtitulación de The Wire

Abstract Over recent decades, translation studies have witnessed how descriptive studies have taken over prescriptive approaches. This essay deals with this subject, proposing that the two theoretical perspectives are not so far apart as may be inferred from the literature available and that, paradoxically, they are very close as regards their ultimate objectives. To develop this proposal, we establish a typology of hypotheses that a translation study should consider from the beginning; once the proposed hypothesis is checked, the implementation of the strategies for the given translation at stake seems to be the same as for descriptive approaches. In order to illustrate this apparent paradox, we observe and analyze some examples of the translated subtitles into Spanish of the first season of the acclaimed American series The Wire, paying special attention to the informal use of language in the dialogues. Following the theoretical frame designed in the first part of the essay, we first analyze the available subtitles in Spanish, and then propose some details pertaining to the translation that might perhaps have permitted a better reception of the series in the target system, that is the Spanish-speaking system.

Epistemological aspects of multilingualism in mathematics education: an inferentialist approach

ABSTRACTRecently the prevailing language-as-resource metaphor has been problematised and theorised. Using the philosophical theory of inferentialism, we trace an epistemological dimension of multilingualism in mathematics education and add it to the current language-as-resource discussions. With data from two different settings—a mathematics classroom in Sweden and a workshop in an indigenous settlement in Colombia—we show that in encounters between language practices and plural mathematics, the semantic and the epistemological are two sides of the same coin. Inferentialism captures such encounters without dichotomising either languages or mathematics. We contend that epistemological issues move beyond the scope of language-as-resource approaches, but they are not paths to improving school achievement. Neither are they matters of distinguishing between formal and informal language use. Rather, an epistemological dimension is about shaping meta-understandings of language diversity that are liberated from mathematics as fixed and pre-stablished knowledge.

Tvorbeni Potencial Glagolskih Novotvorjenk Na -Ing + -Irati V Slovenščini

Abstract The paper focuses on new verbal formations in Slovene coined from borrowed nouns ending in -ing with the Slovenian morpheme -irati (e.g. šoping-irati) on the basis of analogous phonological and semantic structures in the language, and examines their spread in the sphere of informal language use. The word­formational potential of such verbs is further examined with the basic categories of cognitive grammar, such as morphemic transparency, schematicity of the word­formational pattern and the established status of the phonemic sequence *ingira* in the previously existing lexical units of the Slovene language.

Breaking the rules? A corpus-based comparison of informal features in L1 and L2 undergraduate student writing

This study reports findings of a comparative corpus-based analysis of informality in L1 and L2 undergraduate student argumentative essays. Data consist of two corpora of student essays: 101 high-rated essays written by L1-English students and 254 high-rated essays written by ESL students in US universities. Based on a taxonomy of the 10 most common informal features cited in style manuals, we compared informal language use in L1-English and ESL undergraduate student essays. Results reveal that overall frequency of informal features is significantly greater in L2 student texts. Findings also indicate that both groups rely on similar informal elements, yet they differ in distinct ways. While ESL student writers tend to employ significantly more anaphoric pronoun it and second-person pronouns, they use most other types less frequently than L1 writers, and generally appear to observe prescriptive rules more strictly. In contrast, L1-English writers tend to adopt a more liberal attitude toward these rules, employing a broader range of informal types, particularly those that have become relatively legitimized in academic writing. The paper concludes with implications for ESL composition pedagogy.

Developing resources for translanguaging in minority language contexts: A case study of rapping in an Irish primary school

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study is to examine the extent to which pedagogic resources based on the principles of translanguaging provide an alternative approach to the teaching of language. The Irish language situation provides a good context in which to investigate the potential for transglossic resources to function as effective teaching resources because it is a situation where having access to the minority language via the education system has not resulted in frequent informal language use. The presence of the Irish language in the curriculum has undoubtedly helped develop competence; however, there is strong evidence to show that this competence is rarely activated outside of the classroom setting (cf. Moriarty, 2015). This article provides an analysis of a study on rap as a resource for a more flexible approach to the teaching of Irish. The data show that the use of transglossic resources does foster a more positive ideological position for the language both in the classroom and in the students’ social environment. Also, it demonstrates the capacity of rap to provide a space in which even the most limited Irish language resources can be mobilised.

Use of Single- vs. Multi-Word Verbs in the Written Discourse of Iranian EFL Learners

Age is being evermore complained as an impediment to language competency, either given as a pretext or raised as a real challenge, taken for granted by foreign language learners. This study seeks to prod about the verb choices among EFL learners. In so doing, the two completely different radiuses of EFL learners, a group of university students in distance education, with part-time class participation and another from a private language institute in Qom province were recruited and compared on their choices of verbs in respect of single- and multi-word forms put into the written tasks. The results of the rating of the students’ assignments showed that adult Iranian EFL learners’ written language was deprived of phrasal verbs, even in informal writing assigned the use of informal language were scarcely captured. The study corroborates the former studies for the avoidance and incompetency of EFL learners in the use of phrasal verbs.