Informal Institutions Research Articles

Penguatan Sosiologi Keluarga Di Dunia Digital: Studi Literasi Pengasuhan Anak Usia Dini Berbasis Keluarga

The role in child development in the digital era, the digital era is very influential on a child's development in terms of positive and negative impacts and where there is a very high increase in technological developments that affect the style and lifestyle of children in the digital era.Of course the role of parents in this case is very important due to the impact of the acceleration of technology which is very increasing so that access is very easy, so the role of a parent in this case to supervise a child in using technology in the digital era is never separated from related objects related to access to an internet. The research method in this study is to use literacy studies related to parenting in the advanced era and take case examples from various sources in Indonesia in the last 10 years with an approach from Leedy which focuses on synthesizing between data to obtain relean results and criticize the data which aims as a search for new sources of knowledge on certain social problems, especially on the role of parents and children. The result is that there are three main indicators in positioning parents in dealing with Generation Z, namely as content filters, as technology mentors, and as positive models in early childhood. In addition, authoritative parenting is found to provide limits to children about good and bad things, encourage children's creativity so that children can be adaptive to technology, introduce digital literacy, and collaborative processes with third parties in the form of schools, tutoring, children's social spaces, and informal institutions.

Colonial Legacy, Neoliberal Policies and Democratic Collapse - A Case Study Based on Venezuela

Why do some countries fail to avoid democratic collapse even after the establishment of a democratic system? This paper aims to explain why emerging democracies suffer democratic collapse, using Venezuela as a typical case, and tries to construct a colonial legacy-neoliberal policy analytical framework, hypothesizing that the colonial legacy and the neoliberal policies adopted by the ruling party will have an impact on democratic collapse. It is found that the political, social, and cultural heritage inherited from the colonial period affects a country's informal system and political culture, which in turn increases the probability of democratic collapse. Neoliberal policies adopted by a country's ruling party can exacerbate economic inequality and social divisions, which in turn may cause democratic collapse. This paper bridges the gap between the existing explanations of democratic collapse and, on the basis of the existing structural explanations, focuses on the impact of informal institutions on democratic collapse, suggesting that factors such as patronage and hierarchy in informal institutions may increase the risk of democratic collapse. In terms of actor factors, focusing on political parties and policies rather than elite individuals, it is suggested that the adoption of neoliberal policies by the ruling party in emerging democracies increases the probability of democratic collapse.

Identifying, Mapping, and Analyzing Stakeholders of Tomato Value Chain

The research aims to optimize the efficiency of tomato value chain by mapping and analyzing various stakeholders. The study was taken as a part of the Research work of MBA (Agribusiness) carried out at Madanapalli taluka of Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh. The complete research design work is based on primary and secondary data collected through a structured questionnaire and from the Madanapalli Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee, annual reports of the National Horticultural Board, and articles from the World Processing Tomato Council. A multistage sampling technique was used for selection and Descriptive statistics, value chain analysis was carried out to identify the key activities within the industry. A value chain map illustrates the journey of tomatoes from production to the consumer, highlighting the various stages and processors involved along the way. The connections are displayed in a vertical manner from the left to the right side. At the top, the main functions of the chain are listed. These functions encompass input supply, production, trading, marketing/processing, and consumption. The vertical progression from the left to the right side illustrates the individuals engaged in performing the various functions. Displayed on the left side, the enablers help and support the actors in performing their roles. These enablers primarily include formal and informal institutions, as well as private organizations. The study concludes that lack of access to credit, Huge loss of raw produce in a glut situation, Inadequate infrastructure, seasonal fluctuations in business, and intense competition within a limited timeframe pose significant challenges in the tomato value chain. The lack of incentives for quality differentiation further exacerbates these issues. The chain's lack of transparency allows middlemen to wield control, leaving farmers with little ability to market their produce effectively.

Governing the Ungovernable? Conceptualising embeddedness in Ghana's gold mining sector

The term “artisanal” refers to primitive, non-industrial, or pre-industrial handicrafts. Because they contribute less revenue to state agencies, produce lower mineral export volumes, apply less sophisticated technologies, frequently violate mining certification and licensing arrangements and/or evade state oversight, artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) activities are typically viewed less favourably by host governments than large-scale mining. Despite commitments to render ASM governable, formalisation practices overlook specific dynamics in the sub-sector: notably, the increasing uptake of advanced technologies, its multi-actor nature, and its untold capacity to create employment opportunities and provide adequate raw materials for the domestic jewellery industry. Moreover, unsanctioned mining activities persist despite formalisation efforts. Based on an extensive qualitative study and institutional-level interviews, this article highlights the inevitable complementarities between large-scale mining and ASM. It reveals collaborations between diverse formal and informal actors and institutions that enable and constrain responsible mining in Ghana. It also shows how ASM, and large-scale mining interdependencies maintain each mining scale's operational efficiency and profitability, contributing to this blurring. To grasp the governance challenges in Ghana's gold mining sector, we introduce the “mining-scale embeddedness” framework, focusing on institutional, operational, and actor levels of embeddedness to elucidate dilemmas surrounding gold mining governance.

Is air pollution the original sin of firms? The impact of air pollution on firms' ESG scores

This is the first article to demonstrate the negative impact of air pollution as an informal institution on firms' ESG scores with listed manufacturing firms in China from 2010 to 2020. It is based on causal attribution theory and risk perception theory. We argue that, under the current ESG rating system, air pollution issues may be overly attributed to firms, resulting in decreased ESG scores. We find that when PM2.5 pollution concentration increases by 1 μg/m3, firms' ESG scores decrease by roughly 0.3 points. These results remained significant after a series of robustness tests and instrumental variable regressions. We find that firms in heavily polluting industries are almost twice as affected as those in non-heavily polluting industries. The negative impact on labor-intensive firms is also significantly higher than the impact on capital-intensive firms. State-owned firms and large-scale firms are less affected than private firms or small firms. The results show that information asymmetry is an important influencing mechanism. Firms can reduce the negative influence of air pollution through active information disclosure and external media reports. We note that air pollution can also decrease firms' ESG scores by increasing firm survival risks. Our results enrich the ESG literature and contribute to the understanding of the impact of informal institutions on firms' ESG scores.

Anti-corruption reporting: a review empirical literature

Purpose This review summarizes the empirical literature dealing with anti-corruption disclosure as this specific type of disclosure has attracted a great deal of attention in accounting literature. Design/methodology/approach Keywords used to collect relevant papers from numerous electronic databases (e.g. Science Direct, Emerald, Wiley-Blackwell, Springer and Taylor and Francis) include “anti-corruption reporting” “anti-corruption disclosure”. The final sample encompasses a set of 35 empirical studies published between 2015 and the beginning of 2024. Findings The summary of reviewed studies suggests that anti-corruption empirical studies are mainly cross-country investigations. Two streams of research are identified: (i) the determinants of anti-corruption disclosure and (ii) the economic consequences of anti-corruption reporting. With respect to the first stream of research, six main categories of determinants are identified (corporate characteristics, corporate governance attributes, informal institutions, stakeholders’ pressures, country institutional effect and regulation effect). With respect to the second stream of research, findings show that anti-corruption reporting is negatively associated with profitability, reduces earnings management and enhances corporate social reputation. Practical implications With respect to regulators, this review sheds light on the importance of anti-corruption disclosure in the fight against corruption. It also suggests that the adoption of some regulations like the Directive 2014/95/EU in the European Union or the 2010 UK Bribery Act have contributed to more transparency. With respect to investors, the existence of some determinants of anti-corruption reporting (e.g. United Nations Global Compact membership, cross-listing, multinationality, board independence) may signal the adequacy of corporate reporting policy and that management is following an adequate strategy to fight corruption and enhance transparency. Originality/value This review offers future research avenues for accounting scholars with respect anti-corruption disclosure literature.

The Impact of Mental Models on the Transition from Communism to Capitalism. The Comparative Case Study of Azerbaijan and Poland

The purpose of the article. The breakdown of the so-called Eastern Bloc, the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the demise of communism fueled transition processes in Central and Eastern Europe, Western Asia, and Central Asia. The great majority of transformation difficulties across different areas demonstrate that when pursuing the process of a structural change, it is important to take into account diverse sets of formal and informal institutions preserved in each country. Each country has a unique set of formal and informal institutions. These differences are easily observed between Poland and Azerbaijan. The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the outcomes of Poland and Azerbaijan's transitions from communism to capitalism and to identify the primary factors driving these two different transformations. Methodology. The paper presents two complementary methods to compare the transitions from communism to capitalism in Poland and Azerbaijan. The first method involves secondary analysis, where existing data from reputable sources such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) database, the Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI), and country reports are compiled to provide insights into economic, political, and social indicators. Additionally, a comparative case study approach is employed, using Geert Hofstede's six cultural dimensions framework to explore the cultural influences on transition outcomes. By integrating these methods, the study aims to offer a comprehensive analysis of the transformation processes in Poland and Azerbaijan. Results of the research. The results of the analysis presented in the paper support the hypothesis that the historically-shaped differences in mental models and strong ties to international protectors determined the paths of transformations in Poland and Azerbaijan. The primary similarities and contrasts in the mindset are justified by the colonial or imperial history of the nations.

The Effect of Institutional Voids, Informal Institutions, and Institutional Tension on Escaped-Based Internationalization from Developed Countries

ABSTRACT Literature on firm internationalization has predominantly examined host-country determinants while largely overlooking home-country environments. Existing theory on home-country institutional voids has been limited to emerging markets, positing that the absence of formal institutions influences organizational strategy. We extend this theory by incorporating developed market multinational enterprises, informal institutions, and institutional tension. We propose and find that a formal void related to labor laws is positively associated with internationalization, whereas an informal institution related to worker collectivism is negatively related to it. We also suggest, and partially find, that interaction between these conflicting forces mitigates their effects.

Volunteering and fake volunteering in Ukraine: a new research direction through the prism of informal institutions

This study delves into the emergence of fake voluntarism, a novel form of deception observed in Ukraine following the onset of the Russo-Ukrainian war. The full-scale Russian aggression not only spurred the expansion of the volunteer movement but also fostered the proliferation of spurious volunteerism, primarily motivated by the pursuit of personal gain. We conceptualize these contrasting social practices as informal institutions, diverging in their functions. While traditional volunteering falls into the category of ‘complementary’ informal institutions, following G. Helmke and S. Levitsky's typology, fake volunteering represents ‘competing’ institutions that not only diminish the efficacy of formal institutions but also erode the credibility of genuine volunteer efforts. This research aims to expand the scope of study of informal institutions in wartime conditions, in particular, to contribute to the discussion on the reasons for Ukraine's resilience during the war and the challenges of overcoming internal threats. While volunteerism in various forms is an essential element of state resilience, fake volunteerism, along with other corrosive institutions, undermines it from within. Drawing on the open-source data, we extract distinctive attributes that enable the differentiation between these phenomena. Additionally, we delve into the structural factors that foster opportunities for fake volunteering in wartime Ukraine, including inadequate legal oversight, the persistence of personal exchanges, and a high level of trust in volunteers. These conditions, exacerbated by escalating economic pressures and social uncertainties, collectively contribute to the emergence of pseudo-volunteering. Our proposed model of fake volunteering allows for a better understanding of this institution's underlying nature. The research offers a novel perspective in explaining new social practices arising from wartime conditions and offering practical insights for establishing legal and social safeguards against fraud during periods of war and post-war reconstruction.

Unravelling the influence of formal and informal institutions on the duration of public concessions

The growing prominence of public–private partnerships featuring concessions has become a focal point in the management realm. Concession agreements, often spanning numerous years, imbue projects with continuity and stability. Through the theory of neo-institutionalism, we analyse the influence of formal and informal institutions on the duration of these projects across diverse countries, showing the pivotal role played by the institutional environment and consensus mechanisms in ensuring the success of such collaborative endeavours. The findings furnish valuable insights for practitioners and policymakers by facilitating the identification of optimal conditions to establish enduring and highly effective concession agreements.

Informal institutions and corporate innovation: A Perspective from Red Culture

Since the 20th century, Red Culture has served as a significant informal institution guiding revolutionary trajectory and developmental course. However, integrating Red Culture into contemporary corporate management and leveraging its constructive influence within today's market-driven economy necessitates comprehensive exploration and thoughtful consideration. This study aims to explore the potential influence of Red Culture on contemporary innovation. Empirical findings reveal substantial and affirmative effects of Red Culture on corporate innovation. Specifically, a heightened Red Culture ambiance correlates with a marked increase in both innovation input and output within corporate. Further investigation underscores Red Culture's pivotal governance role in mitigating strategic manipulation of innovation and research and development practices, especially within the overarching framework of innovation-driven strategies. Moreover, Red Culture synergizes with formal innovation incentive mechanisms, jointly fostering corporate innovation. This study provides micro-level empirical evidence that elucidates the impact of Red Culture on corporate innovation. Additionally, it furnishes valuable policy insights for the practical implementation and enhancement of pertinent Red Culture initiative.

Institutional environments for circular start-ups: Insights from an entrepreneurial European region

Circular start-ups (CSUs) are gaining popularity to radically rethink the linear resource flows of global production systems and adopt ambitious approaches towards a circular economy from inception. For CSUs, the institutional environment is particularly relevant; this is because the complex nature of sustainability challenges requires a deep engagement with institutions to drive transitions from linear to circular practices. This article analyses how and why institutional factors influence CSUs in the highly entrepreneurial region of Catalonia in Spain. Based on a multiple case study, our findings demonstrate that CSUs are affected by informal institutions through founder motivations, their ability to create opportunities and social values. Formal institutions influence CSUs regarding the previous experience of founders, accessible ecosystem actors and supportive laws and regulations. These findings are important for effective policymaking to develop adequate support mechanisms and understand the particular challenges and opportunities CSUs face compared to traditional start-ups.

Unveiling the Role of Psychological Pain within Informal Institutions in Addressing Intimate Partner Violence

Unveiling the Role of Psychological Pain within Informal Institutions in Addressing Intimate Partner Violence

Information disclosure and pollution reduction: evidence from environmental NGO monitoring in China

This paper investigates the impact of environmental information disclosure on firm pollution behavior by leveraging an exogenous shock which allow Chinese environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) to disclose pollution information. Using a difference-in-differences approach comparing firms in disclosed cities versus undisclosed cities, we find ENGO information disclosure significantly reduces manufacturing firm COD emissions. We explore several potential mechanisms and find that the reduction effect was primarily driven by “higher-level government supervision” rather than “public supervision.” Heterogeneous analysis reveals significant effects only for firms facing high reduction pressure, low governance costs, weak local protection, and in heavy-polluting industries. Our findings provide insights into supplementing inadequate regulations with informal institutions to achieve environmental aims within a decentralized economy.

From words to finances: Unraveling the negative net debt-languages nexus

Using an international dataset, we find that firms in countries with languages that lack a clear distinction between present and future tenses, leading to weaker future time references, are more likely to adopt negative net debt. This conservative and non-standard financing policy is notably pronounced among financially constrained firms, those with weaker governance, and those operating in highly competitive industries. Interestingly, this increase in negative net debt with weak-FTR is higher in countries with more established institutions, financial systems, and legal frameworks, which typically exhibit a lower prevalence of financial conservatism and a weaker influence of informal institutions on corporate decisions.

Factors affecting coffee farmers’ access to financial institutions: The case of Bandung Regency, Indonesia

Abstract The development of coffee plants in Indonesia shows increasingly rapid growth to meet both domestic and foreign needs. However, certain farmers are yet to fully utilize their cultivation technology and market opportunities by employing post-harvest techniques to enhance value addition, primarily because of limited access to farming capital. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the potential sources of farming capital and determinant factors in choosing farming sources. In this experiment, the population of coffee farmers in the Pangalengan Subdistrict was surveyed. The sampling method was a proportional random sampling technique based on 235 respondents. To answer the first objective, descriptive analysis was used, while logit regression analysis was carried out for the second objective. The results showed that most farmers (54.66%) depended on internal capital, while the rest used external capital such as banks (28.39%), non-banks (1.69%), and non-formal financial institutions (15.25%). Characteristics of informal non-financial institutions, especially unsecured loans, include repayment in the form of coffee or money, with repayment terms typically set at harvest time. Conversely, formal institutions offer loans with an interest rate of 9% per annum, requiring collateral in the form of securities, and repayment is typically made on a monthly or quarterly basis. In short, factors influencing farmers in accessing credit from financial institutions are the farmer’s age, number of coffee trees, distance to financial institutions, coffee farming income, education, and credit payment deadlines.

INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS OF THE TECHNOLOGIC ACADEMIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP DYNAMICS

The article deals with identifying the obstacles to the commercialization of academic research results generated by the differences in institutional environment for the production of scientific knowledge and the production of technological products by innovative start-ups. To do this, it gives the characteristics of the above-mentioned institutional environments, as well as patterns of behavior in them that do not have the character of formal or informal institutions. Particular attention is paid to psychological traits of entrepreneurs and their cognitive abilities, which may not be available to teachers and researchers at universities and research organizations. Comparison of the content of these environments gives grounds for distinguishing two types of institutional barriers: the first one is of a general economic nature and can generate significant costs for the work of innovative start-ups; the second one is intra-organizational in nature and can generate high risks of transition from science to commercial industry, preventing researchers and teachers from making decisions about creating innovative technology start-ups. The paper concludes with recommendations to reduce the level of barriers of the second type. In particular, to compensate for the risks associated with possible consequences of failure to create a startup and the difficulties of returning to the field of research activity, university management could legally guarantee a teacher or researcher a return to work in scientific or educational departments of faculties for at least five years after creating a startup.

Pemanfaatan Waktu Belajar Siswa Di Luar Jam Sekolah Melalui Kegiatan Ekstrakulikuler Keagamaan

This research is based on the relatively short study time of students. Therefore, to optimize or utilize spare time, activities are needed that can develop students' personalities in terms of morality, worship, and achievement. One of the informal institutions based on Islamic boarding school that has utilized spare time is the Paqusatta Islamic boarding school, located in the North Sangatta district, Kutai Timur regency. The adapted research method we used is a qualitative field method involving data collection, observation, and interviews. The utilization of students' study time outside of school hours through Islamic boarding school activities has significant objectives in education, especially in shaping character with morality and achievement. Therefore, this research aims to explore ways to utilize students' study time outside of school hours through Islamic boarding school activities to shape students' moral and high-achieving characters. This research uses a qualitative approach to collect data, relationships, cause and effect, and factors influencing the utilization of spare time in students. The aim is to determine the methods used by teachers in utilizing students' spare time, exemplified through religious activities and the implementation of extracurricular programs in Islamic boarding school, aiming to enhance the utilization of spare time in shaping moral and high-achieving characters in students.

A Comparative Political Analysis of Finland and Belarus Based on the 2022 World Happiness Report

This analysis is in the field of Political Science, specifically Comparative Politics. This paper analyzes the scores of two countries Finland and Belarus on the 2022 World Happiness Report. Finland, known as the happiest country in the world is highly esteemed as a leader in democracy, healthcare, and education, and ranks number 1 on the World Happiness Report with a score of 7.821. Belarus*, a former Soviet Republic famously known for its lack of free and fair elections, ranks number 65 with a score of 5.821 (Helliwell et al., 2022). According to the report, the asterisk near Belarus signifies that the ranking is based on survey reports from 2019, and not from 2020 or 2021 (Helliwell et al., 2022). This analysis explains the gap between the two countries and identifies factors responsible for the stark differences between the scores. Several factors identified that explained the differences in the scores were related to politics, such as formal political institutions (political structure within both countries), political informal institutions (political culture), election processes (validity of elections), and the presence of a steady modern democracy or lack thereof, determined by the presence of four requirements. Another important factor identified was economic performance and the presence or lack of economic stability. This paper concludes that although Belarus presents itself as a democracy, the country does not in fact qualify as a modern democracy because of its inability to pass the requirements of a modern democracy.

Culture and Sustainability: Evidence from Tea Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility in China

We aim to explore the prerequisites for corporate sustainability from the perspective of non-formal institutions such as culture. Specifically, we seek to investigate whether and how Chinese tea culture influences corporate social responsibility (CSR). We have developed an OLS regression model to examine the relationship between tea culture and CSR, and our findings indicate that local tea culture yields positive effects. To address endogeneity concerns related to this correlation, we employed the local geographic slope as an instrumental variable for tea culture. Subsequent research highlights that the female executive, serving as a mediator variable, represents the primary mechanism influenced by tea culture. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that tea culture exerts a more significant impact on small and medium-sized enterprises as well as state-owned enterprises. Overall, this research contributes to the literature on the determinants of CSR from the vantage point of informal institutions, offering a fresh perspective for exploring the economic ramifications of tea culture for both academia and practitioners. Moreover, it furnishes valuable insights for advancing the sustainable development of enterprises.