Information File Research Articles

A proposal to enhance data quality and FAIRness

AbstractIn recent years, we witnessed an increasing number of funding agencies, scientific journals and scientists agreeing that society and science benefit from open access to research data. Benefits derive mainly from increased access to knowledge for all and improved transparency and credibility in academia. However, despite the advances in open science and open data, three significant aspects still need considerable policing: data quality, the accompanying summaries with basic information of the data files (i.e. metadata) and computational codes used to generate the research outcomes. Only by having these three components together, we can achieve efficient data sharing and reuse, and hence higher transparency. Here, we present two complementary approaches that potentially can help with shared data quality: (i) data file(s) sharing should be guided step‐by‐step in public archives with mandatory metadata, and (ii) journals creating assistant data editor positions at editorial boards with a leading role in data quality and computational reproducibility. Forty‐four editors‐in‐chief in the field of behaviour, ecology and evolution shared their opinion with us regarding these two approaches. Although most of the views were divided, the majority estimated that their current editorial board members do not have the necessary skills to assess the quality of shared data. Since data are the core of research studies, we should consider not only data presence but also quality as a requirement for publication.

Toward artificially intelligent cloud-based building information modelling for collaborative multidisciplinary design

The technological tools people use for designing buildings have progressed from drawings to descriptive geometry, and from computer-aided drafting and design (CAD) to building information modelling (BIM). Yet despite their use of state-of-the-art BIM technology, the multidisciplinary teams that design modern buildings still face numerous challenges. Building models lack sufficient semantic content to properly express design intent, concurrent design is difficult due to the need for operators to maintain model consistency and integrity manually, managing design variations is cumbersome due to the packaging of information in files, and collaboration requires making-do with imperfect interoperability between application software. In response, we propose a ‘Cloud BIM’ (CBIM) approach to building modelling that seeks to automate maintenance of consistency across federated discipline-specific models by enriching models with semantic information that encapsulates design intent. The approach requires a new ontology to represent knowledge about the relationships between building model objects within and across disciplines. Discipline-specific building models are stored together with their data schema in knowledge graphs, and linked using objects and relationships from the CBIM ontology. The links are established using artificially intelligent semantic enrichment methods that recognize patterns of location, geometry, topology and more. Software methods that operate along CBIM relationship chains can detect inconsistencies that arise across disciplines and act to inform users, propose meaningful corrections, and apply them if approved. Future CBIM systems may provide designers with the functionality for collaborative multidisciplinary design by maintaining model consistency and managing versioning at the object level.

A File-Oriented Fast Secure Deletion Strategy for Shingled Magnetic Recording Drives

Nowadays, securely erasing deleted files has become one of the necessary tasks for users who want to protect their deleted data from malicious attackers. Nevertheless, existing secure deletion approaches are considered inefficient for erasing deleted files permanently because the file systems and storage devices do not share their file information or data layout with each other. On the emerging shingled magnetic recording (SMR) drives, the inefficiency of existing secure deletion approaches is exaggerated by the inherent sequential-write constraint of the high storage density SMR technology. On SMR drives, tracks are overlapped via utilizing the size difference between disk read/write heads to increase the storage density. Due to the overlapped track layout, secure deletion requests may induce a significant amount of write amplification and serious performance degradation if the data layout is not properly configured. Such observation motivates this article to come up with a file-oriented fast secure deletion (FFSD) strategy to deal with the sequential-write constraint of SMR drives and improve the efficiency of secure deletion operations on SMR drives. The experimental results show that the proposed strategy can effectively reduce the secure deletion latency by <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$286.15\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> on average when compared with the conventional approach.

Educational example of masking textual information in a photographic signal

The paper presents a steganographic method of masking textual information in photo files. Concealment is implemented in Python. The introduction of individual letters of the text into the image is carried out by the method of "least significant bit". The program can be used for both educational and practical purposes. The Pillow graphics library was used to implement the program. This is not a specialized library for steganographic needs. The use of this library makes it possible to visualize the mechanism of hiding information in the lessons, while the conciseness of the program code gives the possibility to demonstrate it in the classroom setting. It is also important for educational purposes, that working within the Pillow library allows you to see the state of an empty and filled container at the level of individual bits. To assess the practical value of the program, it was tested with texts of different lengths and with containers (photographs) of various kinds. The experiment showed the correct reproduction of texts. Careful visual examination of the empty and correspondingly filled containers (photographs) revealed no differences or suspicions of text bookmarks. Of course, if the party who intercepted the masked message has guesses about how the text is hidden, then this text is easily revealed. Therefore, it is obvious, that the use of the program for practical purposes requires additional manipulations in the code, in particular related to the order of implementation of the text and the choice of location.&#x0D; It is also desirable to additionally encrypt the text with at least a simple method. Such encryption is possible with the usage of a separate program. Analysis of photographs and manipulation with them at the level of individual bits also has educational value in terms of disclosing a method of capturing the corresponding physical signal. The latter gives an explanation of the methods of encoding static images, noise level, the magnitude of the useful physical signal, and the limits of sensitivity of human vision

Retrospective Evaluation of In-Hospital and Thirty-Month Mortality Parameters in Cases of Acute Coronary Syndrome

Objectives: The aim of this study is to retrospectively assess, from the hospital records of patients, the clinical data of patients and the treatment strategies practiced on patients who were diagnosed as Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) and hospitalized and treated in the Hospital of Faculty of Medicine to research the effect of these data on occurrence of cardiovascular events and 30 months mortality. &#x0D; Methods: It is a retrospective screening study in which patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of ACS between June 2007 and December 2008 in the Hospital of Faculty of Medicine Cardiology Clinic are evaluated by using patient file information and electronic data recording system information, and by calling patients. In-hospital and long-term follow-up deaths were the endpoints of the study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Version 15.0).&#x0D; Results: 985 patients were included in the study who were diagnosed as ACS, hospitalized and treated in the hospital. The categorization of the patients subjected to the analysis (n:901) according to their diagnosis is as follows: 339 (38%) cases diagnosed as UAP, 206 (23%) cases diagnosed as NSTEMI, and 356 (39%) cases diagnosed as STEMI. 78,4 % of cases were male while 21,6 % were female. It was found that cases with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity risk factor, and with a history of cardiovascular disease fall into the NSTEMI and UAP groups with a larger proportion. Among the groups, the UAP diagnosed cases have the largest and the STEMI diagnosed cases have the smallest ratio of using medicine groups such as beta blocker, calcium-canal blocker, ACE inhibitor, ARB, diuretic, statin, fibrate and nitrate before being hospitalized. In-hospital mortality was frequently encountered with a percentage of 7.6 % in STEMI cases, 2.4 % in NSTEMI cases, and 0.6 % in UAP cases. 30-months of follow-up data were obtained in all diagnosis groups for long-term mortality assessment. 70 (7.8 %) deaths were observed within the follow-up. According to diagnosis groups, death was observed in 22 (6.5 %) of UAP cases, 22 (10.7 %) of NSTEMI cases, and 26 (7.3 %) of STEMI cases. Correlation between long-term survival (30 months) and in-hospital statin usage and statin usage in discharge was not significant (p value respectively 0.1 and 0.16). Correlation between an approximate 30-months-survival and in-hospital ACE inhibitor/ARB inhibitor usage and ACE inhibitor/ARB inhibitor usage during discharge was significant (p = 0.007 and p = 0.004). It is also found that there was a significant correlation between survival in the same period of time and in-hospital beta blocker usage (p = 0.01). There was not a significant correlation between beta blocker usage during discharge and long-term survival (p = 0.779). &#x0D; Conclusion: Results of the unicentral retrospective scanning study which involves 901 ACS diagnosed patients prove to be similar to the ones obtained from GRACE and Euro Heart Survey prospective studies which were carried out in multi-central environment and among outnumbered patients.

Combining Log Files and Monitoring Data to Detect Anomaly Patterns in a Data Center

Context—Anomaly detection in a data center is a challenging task, having to consider different services on various resources. Current literature shows the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques to either log files or monitoring data: the former created by services at run time, while the latter produced by specific sensors directly on the physical or virtual machine. Objectives—We propose a model that exploits information both in log files and monitoring data to identify patterns and detect anomalies over time both at the service level and at the machine level. Methods—The key idea is to construct a specific dictionary for each log file which helps to extract anomalous n-grams in the feature matrix. Several techniques of Natural Language Processing, such as wordclouds and Topic modeling, have been used to enrich such dictionary. A clustering algorithm was then applied to the feature matrix to identify and group the various types of anomalies. On the other side, time series anomaly detection technique has been applied to sensors data in order to combine problems found in the log files with problems stored in the monitoring data. Several services (i.e., log files) running on the same machine have been grouped together with the monitoring metrics. Results—We have tested our approach on a real data center equipped with log files and monitoring data that can characterize the behaviour of physical and virtual resources in production. The data have been provided by the National Institute for Nuclear Physics in Italy. We have observed a correspondence between anomalies in log files and monitoring data, e.g., a decrease in memory usage or an increase in machine load. The results are extremely promising. Conclusions—Important outcomes have emerged thanks to the integration between these two types of data. Our model requires to integrate site administrators’ expertise in order to consider all critical scenarios in the data center and understand results properly.

Berichtigung: A Free Aluminylene with Diverse σ‐Donating and Doubly σ/π‐Accepting Ligand Features for Transition Metals

It has come to the authors attention that the two absorption maxima in the UV/Vis spectrum of 2 b in toluene at 346 and 356 nm (Figure S2 in the Supporting Information and discussed in the main text on page 27270) were incorrect. These values actually correspond to the carbazole derived from the hydrolysis of 2 b that occurred when the compound was taken out of the glovebox. The correct UV/Vis absorption maximum of 2 b in toluene is 335 nm. This absorption is attributed to the combination of HOMO–LUMO and HOMO–1-LUMO transitions according to TD-DFT calculations (Figure S35). Furthermore, the captions of Figures S15 and S16 in the Supporting Information were incorrect, “1 b” should be corrected to “2 b”. The corrected UV/Vis spectrum of 2 b and the correct Figure captions are included in the revised Supporting Information file that is made available online along with this Corrigendum. These corrections do not alter the conclusions of the published work.

Atorvastatin Ameliorates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy by Regulating the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway and Its Upstream Regulatory Factor Transcription Factor EB.

Doxorubicin is a widely used anticancer drug in clinical practice, and its myocardial toxicity is the main concern in oncotherapy. Statins are commonly used as hypolipidemic drugs. Recent studies have also focused on the effects of statins on autophagy. Autophagy is a process in which cells consume their own cytoplasm or organelles after stimulation and finally degrade the phagosome in the lysosome. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is the main factor regulating lysosomal gene transcription and function. We found that atorvastatin (ATO) increased TFEB protein levels and the ratio of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2/LC3B in the myocardial tissue of mice with doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC). Therefore, we speculated that ATO may improve cardiac function in mice with DIC by increasing the expression of TFEB to enhance lysosomal function and autophagy. This study explored the role of TFEB in DIC and the possible mechanism of ATO in improving DIC and used statins to prevent and treat DIC; various dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure diseases provide more experimental evidence. All relevant data are within the article and its supporting information files.

Genetic relationship between free movement and under rider gaits in young Pura Raza Española horses

The Pura Raza Española (PRE) horse is an autochthonous Spanish horse characterized by its versatility, mental balance, and its balanced conformation, which makes it suitable for sports disciplines such as dressage. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic correlation between the quality of natural gaits in young horses, when the horse is evaluated in the Basic Aptitude Test (free movements, FM) and during dressage competitions (functionality tests and gaits under rider, UR). A total of 37,822 and 2730 PRE horses were evaluated for FM and UR, respectively, of which 1023 horses had records for both (coincidence animals). Genetic parameters were estimated using VCE software. Effects were included in the final model according to significant results in analyses of variance (GLM). For FM and UR, the genetic model included age as a linear covariate, gender, coat colour and stud size as fixed effects, and for UR, the rider and permanent environmental effects were also included as random effects. The pedigree file information included a minimum of 4 generations: 88,558 horses (FM), 13,837 horses (UR) and 9072 horses (coincidence animals). Heritabilities were estimated for the two data sets (FM and UR) and, for the coincidence population, heritabilities and genetic correlations were also estimated. The heritability for walk, trot and canter (FM) were 0.20, 0.22, 0.22, while for UR they were 0.26, 0.31, 0.33, respectively. For coincidence animals, the heritability for walk, trot and canter (FM) were 0.43, 0.33, 0.22, while for UR they were 0.23, 0.11, 0.10, respectively. The genetic correlations between FM and UR traits were high and positive; 0.49 for walk, 0.61 for trot and 0.54 for canter. The genetic parameters obtained highlight the possibility of preselecting gait traits in young horses destined to participate in sporting competitions.

DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS OF COMMUNICATION IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF THE INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The organization of the educational process with the use of digital tools is a priority of a modern higher education institution. Such tools significantly increase the effectiveness of distance learning. Teachers must use a variety of digital tools to choose the most effective means, style and format of communication with students. Google Apps enables educators to integrate digital communication and collaboration technologies into their educational activities. Padlet is one of such innovative tools, which can be used for sharing information, images, audio or video files on virtual walls. The study outlines the use of an interactive Padlet board to support learning. The main advantages of this interactive resource are accessibility, multimedia, easiness, mobility, interactivity and creativity. Examples of possible options for using the interactive Padlet board in the organization of the educational process during the teaching of the discipline “MIT in the educational process” have been considered and given. These boards can be used to gather information, communicate, work together, solve problems, organize project activities. Interactive boards can be used at different stages of the lesson and for different purposes. Examples of using interactive boards before the lesson, for publishing tasks and guidelines for their implementation, for collaboration and communication, for presenting by students their own project results have been given.

The genesis of training in landscape architecture in Portugal

This article discusses the origin of Landscape Architecture in Portugal. It focuses, above all, on the principles of the Landscape Architecture course that Francisco Caldeira Cabral (1908-1992) launched at the Higher Institute of Agronomy, Technical University of Lisbon, in the early 1940s, with a clear influence on what he learned and experienced at the Berlin Agricultural College where he graduated in the late 1930s. To better understand the foundations behind the creation of the degree in Portugal it is necessary to look back to the 19th century in Prussia and learn about the scientific-pedagogical program of the Royal Gardeners Training School (Königliche Gärtnerlehranstalt) and the Berlin Agricultural College (Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule Berlin) founded in 1929 and considered the successor of that gardeners’ School. The texts and works of Caldeira Cabral, as a student and later as a teacher, were also of primordial importance. This study was developed having as basis recent research carried out on the German influence in the genesis of Landscape Architecture in Portugal. It made use, mainly, of primary sources of information, either published or unpublished files, accessed in public and private archives. Also, documents on the education of Caldeira Cabral in Berlin and on the first years of the Landscape Architecture degree were analysed.

The student records of the University of Coimbra (1537-1919)

The University of Coimbra keeps to this day the academic records of students since 1537. In the years 1940-50 a card file of student information was created, known as the “Ficheiro de Alunos”. The catalogue contains records from 1537, when the university was relocated from Lisbon to Coimbra, up to 1908. The amount of information varied over time, containing name, first and last date on record, place of origin, school, years of enrolment, degrees obtained, and results of exams or other proofs of proficiency. Many records also contain notes such as titles (for instance indicating nobility), religious order, and college of residence. In the years 2013-15, the contents of the card files were input in an archival management system, giving the old records a new digital life. Currently, around 105,000 records are available online, reachable through search engines. This paper addresses two limitations of the current online catalogue: first the academic information in the paper cards was transcribed as a single text field preventing the usage of structured queries and any type of non-trivial data analysis; secondly the opportunity of the University Archive to improve the catalogue through the cooperation of its users lacks a collaborative model that can scale. This article contributes solutions to both issues: we present algorithms to extract information from the records and produce representations in line with current data science paradigms, allowing a wide range of interesting analysis of the data; we also demonstrate how tools and cooperation models developed in the open source community can provide an environment for collaborative efforts ranging from the notification of simple errors to the addition of semantic web representations for linked data, harnessing the knowledge dispersed by many researchers working on this unique repository of data. xxxxxxxxxxxxx

XML Schema Validation Using Java API for XML Processing

Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that is developed to organize the structure of information in a text file. The data in XML formatted documents are represented by specifying a number of tags and determining the structural relationship between those tags. It has a simple structure and can be handled by any text editor. Therefore, XML formatted data is being commonly used to transfer and share data between different applications and organizations without having to convert the format of the data (Yang, 2019). In the XML world, “well-formed” and “valid” are the two most frequently used terms. A well-formed XML document is free from errors that can cause the document to not parse, such as: spelling, punctuation, grammar, and syntax errors. While in addition to having a well-formed markup, a valid XML must conform to a document type definition, this means the document must be semantically correct and matches a described standard of schemas and relationships (Appel, 2020).There are two standards of document type definition that can be used to validate an XML document, one is DTD or Document Type Definition which is used to identify the legal structure and names the legal elements of an XML document (Dykes and Tittel, 2011), and the other is XSD or XML Schema Definition. XSD is a diagrammatic representation that defines the valid structure of an XML document, it enables specifying the building blocks of an XML data set such as elements and attributes and their data types, number of child elements, fixed and default values of the elements and attributes that can appear in the documents (XML Schema Tutorial, 2020). In some applications the process of validating XML documents is combined with parsing the document. However, in some other cases the process of parsing and validating the XML documents need to be separated. This study focuses on constructing a separate XML document validator and validating XML documents against the defined XSD rules. A Java program is used to perform this experiment. Furthermore, the critical differences between XSD and DTD are also mentioned.

Just a Grand Duke who Loves Chemistry. Peter Leopold of Habsburg-Lorraine (1747–1792) and his Chemical Cabinet at the Imperial and Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History

This article dealt with the history of the chemical cabinet established by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Peter Leopold of Habsburg-Lorraine (1747–1792), at the Imperial and Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History in Firenze during his regency. To achieve this goal, it investigated untapped archival sources (e.g., administrative and commercial documents, minutes, correspondences, inventories) concerning the museum management from its foundation in 1775 to the departure of the Grand Duke for Vienna to be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II in 1790. The article analyzed the chemical cabinet’s manuscript catalog, whose entire transcription is presented in the Supplementary Information Files. The work then examined the connections between the activities performed at the chemical laboratory and Peter Leopold’s interests in experimental chemistry. Concerning this research question, the scientific relationship he held with the naturalist Giovanni Valentino Mattia Fabbroni (1752–1822) – Vice-director and then Director of the Imperial and Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History – who helped the Grand Duke navigate all aspects of his interests in chemistry and natural sciences, was also discussed.

A Review on Major Image and Video Steganography Techniques

With the growing expansion of the intensive sharing of multimedia content and secret communications, data concealing techniques have become increasingly crucial. Steganography is a mechanism for sharing data covertly and securely. It is the science of embedding hidden information into cover media by altering the cover image in a way that is difficult to detect by human eyes. Audio, video and image files can all benefit from steganography techniques. Video steganography is the process of hiding secret information in a video file. Video Steganography is concealing a secret message, which might be a secret text message or an image within a bigger one, in such a way that an unwelcome person cannot determine the presence of the concealed message just by looking at it. There are several Steganography strategies for hiding hidden information in videos, which are further detailed in this paper, along with some of the research efforts done in some disciplines under video steganography by some authors.This article discusses the advancements in the subject of image and video steganography, as well as a comparison of its many applications and methodologies. It is critical to secure digital information while communicating over the internet in today’s digitally-driven society. One of the techniques utilised for this is steganography. The importance of steganography and the numerous types of steganography are discussed in this study. It also clarified the vocabulary for the general model of digital steganography. The traditional steganography approach of most minor significant bit substitution is explored. Furthermore, in terms of several performance metrics, a comparison is made between the conventional technique and other techniques for covering media quality and imperceptibility. The size of the hidden message that can be embedded in the image is estimated.

Application analysis of digital fund prediction model based on neural network

SummaryWith the development of the economy, digital funds have developed rapidly, and traditional big data processing technologies have been unable to effectively solve the update of digital funds information. This research uses neural network to study the digital fund forecasting model based on big data technology and deep learning algorithm. First, on the basis of the feedforward neural network model, the network structure and network parameters are optimized to effectively improve the algorithm's ability to learn the characteristics of digital capital information. Through the first‐order approximation, the number of iterations in the model parameter update is effectively reduced, and the computational efficiency of the algorithm is improved. By improving the model network structure, increasing the number of neurons in the hidden layer, and improving the dynamic change learning ability of the algorithm, the dynamic characteristics of the incremental file information can be effectively obtained. Through the experimental simulation calculation, it can be seen that compared with the traditional algorithm, the algorithm proposed in this study has certain advantages in terms of convergence speed, convergence ability and solution error, and the algorithm has good stability and strong inheritance, and is suitable for digital capital forecasting aspects of research.

Discussion on the Distortion of Accounting File Information of Listed Companies and Countermeasures

The business results and financial status of the enterprise are all embodied by the accounting archives information. To &#x0D; ensure the authenticity of the accounting archives information can to a certain extent ensure the correctness of the state economic &#x0D; policy and the overall development strategy of the organization. However, for now, the distortion of accounting information in our &#x0D; country has become the norm. Especially for some listed companies, in order to obtain considerable economic benefits through &#x0D; listing, they go astray to violate the accounting standards. The specific performance is mainly accounting vouchers , Accounting &#x0D; books to financial reporting information distortion three types of circumstances. In-depth analysis and exploration of these three &#x0D; situations at the same time, standing in the background of the accounting profession, the management of listed companies and &#x0D; other aspects of the in-depth study of listed companies accounting information file distortion of the specific reasons.

Informatics Research on Mental Health Functioning: Decision Support for the Social Security Administration Disability Program.

The disability determination process of the Social Security Administration's (SSA's) disability program requires assessing work-related functioning for individual claimants alleging disability due to mental impairment. This task is particularly challenging because the determination process involves the review of a large file of information, including objective medical evidence and self-reports from claimants, families, and former employers. To improve this decision-making process, SSA entered an interagency agreement with the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, in the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health, intending to use data science and informatics to develop decision support tools. This collaborative effort over the past decade has led to the development of the Work Disability-Functional Assessment Battery and has initiated an approach to applying natural language processing to the review of claimants' files for information on mental health functioning. This informatics research collaboration holds promise for improving the process of disability determination for individuals with mental impairments who make claims at the SSA.

Teaching organic nomenclature for pharmacy students: Adapting a course to online mode during COVID-19

Introduction: Due to the confinement of the COVID-19 pandemic, educational centres have remained closed, transferring the teaching process to online mode, thus adapting infrastructure, methodologies, and the university community. Objectives: This work aims to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies in learning organic nomenclature and seek student opinions about committing fraud in organic chemistry course assessments in the online mode in the pharmaceutical career. Methods: The methodologies used allowed the students to understand and apply the organic nomenclature rules, using online collaborative guides and crosswords worked in synchronous classes, previous reading, and the collaborative asynchronous creation of informative files for the recognition of heterocyclic compounds and formative assessment. All assessments were applied in three-people groups in the synchronous classes. Finally, an anonymous survey was administered to know the student perception of the possibility of fraud during the course. Results: A substantial improvement (from 47.7% to 80.5%) was observed in the application of IUPAC rules for organic compounds. Of the students who responded to the anonymous survey, 81% reported that the methodology used decreased the opportunity to commit fraud during assessments.

The Transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/1151 into Romanian National Law

"Directive (EU) 2019/1151 of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive (EU) 2017/1132 as regards the use of digital tools and processes in company law, which was adopted by the European Parliament on 20 June 2019 and entered into force on 31 July 2019 (hereinafter as: Directive), is the first of two directives in the company law package. Promoting the use of digital tools and processes is the main purpose of the Directive, which involves three main things, i.e. enabling: online filing and accessing of company information, the online formation of certain types of companies, and the online registration of branches. In Romania, the transposition deadline of the Directive has been extended to 1 August 2022, with the authorization of the European Commission. The recent legislative evolution in the field of company law within the Romanian national law gives cause for hope. However, a normative act aiming at the implementation of the Directive into Romanian legislation is still far from completion, so the transposition procedure remains to be an ongoing process. The legislative evolution of the Romanian company law is quite dynamic despite the significant delay in the transposition of the Directive."