Water Flow Research Articles

Elevated aerosol enhances plant water-use efficiency by increasing carbon uptake while reducing water loss.

Aerosols could significantly influence ecosystem carbon and water fluxes, potentially altering their interconnected dynamics, typically characterized by water-use efficiency (WUE). However, our understanding of the underlying ecophysiological mechanisms remains limited due to insufficient field observations. We conducted 4-yr measurements of leaf photosynthesis and transpiration, as well as 3-yr measurements of stem growth (SG) and sap flow of poplar trees exposed to natural aerosol fluctuation, to elucidate aerosol's impact on plant WUE. We found that aerosol improved sun leaf WUE mainly because a sharp decline in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) inhibited its transpiration, while photosynthesis was less affected, as the negative effect induced by declined PAR was offset by the positive effect induced by low leaf vapor pressure deficit (VPDleaf). Conversely, diffuse radiation fertilization (DRF) effect stimulated shade leaf photosynthesis with minimal impact on transpiration, leading to an improved WUE. The responses were further verified by a strong DRF on SG and a decrease in sap flow due to the suppresses in total radiation and VPD. Our field observations indicate that, contrary to the commonly assumed coupling response, carbon uptake and water use exhibited dissimilar reactions to aerosol pollution, ultimately enhancing WUE at the leaf and canopy level.

Atomistic understanding of Ti3C2 MXene membrane performance for separation of nitrate ions from aqueous solutions

Water desalination, which is a reliable method for providing drinking water and a suitable solution, as well as the membrane filtration method in wastewater treatment, has increased significantly in recent years. In this research, the separation of nitrite and nitrate ions from aqueous solutions was done using the MXene membrane of the Ti3C2 type using molecular dynamics simulation. In this study, various parameters, such as pore size MXene structure, characteristics of cavities, applied pressure, and flux were investigated. To investigate the removal of toxic pollutants from water, water flux, potential mean force, distribution of water molecules, and density were investigated. The results showed that the amount of penetration through the membrane increased with the increase in pressure. It was observed that by applying pressure to the system, the number of water molecules accumulated in front of the membrane decreases because they quickly pass through the membrane, which indicates the positive effect of increasing pressure on the separation rate of molecules. The permeability of this membrane was several times higher than the existing membranes in the industry. So that Mexene membranes, which consist of at least two layers, can repel ions with 100% success.

Investigation of linear models for control of water flow and temperature in a water supply system

In some cases, the object model is a set of parallel models of the same general appearance, but with different parameters. The most common model is a model in the form of a serial connection of a first- or second-order filter and a delay link. An example is the water supply system of a large residential building or a group of houses. From the most general considerations, we can expect that such an object can be approximately described by a simpler model, replacing the sum of identical-looking models with different parameters with a single model of this type with averaged parameters, however, finding many parameters simply in the form of an average is, apparently, an unreasonable approach. It seems more reasonable to find the parameters by the approximating model by numerical optimization, in which the integral from the module or from the square of the deviation of the output signal of such a model from the output signal of the exact model is minimized when the test signal is applied. For linear models, the most reasonable test signal is a single step effect. This article tests this hypothesis and provides the results of this test.

PLC Based Automatic Bottle Filling System

Abstract: Introducing a cutting-edge solution for beverage industries, our paper unveils a revolutionary bottle filling machine employing state-of-the-art Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) technology. Crafted with simplicity and efficiency in mind, this compact system seamlessly integrates a conveyor belt for bottle transportation and a precision DC pump to regulate water flow with unparalleled accuracy Operating with finesse, an infrared sensor precisely detects bottle positions, triggering the pump to commence filling precisely at the opportune moment. Once the bottle is detected, a secondary sensor halts the conveyor, initiating a 15-second pump operation optimized for filling up to 800ml bottles swiftly and flawlessly. Upon completion, the pump gracefully ceases, and the conveyor resumes its smooth operation Notably, our system is designed with user convenience at its core. A dedicated stop button empowers operators to halt operations instantly, ensuring safety and control. With each component meticulously optimized for performance and reliability, our cost-effective filling machine stands as a beacon of innovation, poised to revolutionize small-scale beverage enterprises, from cozy coffee shops to bustling juice bars and beyond.

Natural capital approaches for the optimal design of policies for nature recovery.

By embedding a spatially explicit ecosystem services modelling tool within a policy simulator we examine the insights that natural capital analysis can bring to the design of policies for nature recovery. Our study is illustrated through a case example of policies incentivising the establishment of new natural habitat in England. We find that a policy mirroring the current practice of offering payments per hectare of habitat creation fails to break even, delivering less value in improved flows of ecosystem services than public money spent and only 26% of that which is theoretically achievable. Using optimization methods, we discover that progressively more efficient outcomes are delivered by policies that optimally price activities (34%), quantities of environmental change (55%) and ecosystem service value flows (81%). Further, we show that additionally attaining targets for unmonetized ecosystem services (in our case, biodiversity) demands trade-offs in delivery of monetized services. For some policy instruments it is not even possible to achieve the targets. Finally, we establish that extending policy instruments to offer payments for unmonetized services delivers target-achieving and value-maximizing policy designs. Our findings reveal that policy design is of first-order importance in determining the efficiency and efficacy of programmes pursuing nature recovery. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bringing nature into decision-making'.

Evaluation of the Effect of Agricultural Return Flow on Water Quality, Water Quantity and Aquatic Ecology in Downstream Rivers

Agricultural water serves various functions, including public interest purposes, beyond its primary role in agricultural production. In order to evaluate the various public interest purposes of agricultural water, a quantified study of the effect of agricultural water on river flow, water quality, and aquatic ecosystems is needed. Therefore, this study quantified the impact of agricultural water on the environmental and ecological maintenance function of downstream rivers, taking into account the return flow of agricultural water in rural areas. To this end, first, the effect of agricultural return flow on river maintenance function was evaluated by comparing the return flow quantity calculated using the reservoir supply data with the simulated river flow rate through the SWAT model. Second, the effect of the agricultural return flow on the downstream river environmental ecological function was analyzed using the optimal flow rate results calculated through the PHABSIM model. The lastly, the effect of agricultural water by farming period on the water quality of downstream rivers was analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the return flow of agricultural water had a large effect on the river flow rate in the case of the non-rainy season, but the optimal ecological flow rate was not satisfied. In the case of river water quality, it was confirmed that the effect of agricultural water (mainly considered as a pollutant) was not significant, except for the drainage duration of rice paddies. Therefore, it can be understood that agricultural water is not only used for the purpose of production but can also have a positive impact on the aquatic ecology of downstream rivers.

Improving selectivity and antifouling properties of a PES hollow fibre membrane with a photo-enzyme for the removal of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole

ABSTRACT A multifunctional hollow fibre was prepared by the modification of polyethersulfone (PES) with laccase (Lac) and phosphorus-doped graphitic carbon nitride (P-gC3N4) for the removal of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole. The properties and structure elucidation of the prepared membranes were evaluated using contact angle analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), tensile strength, water-intake capacity, and pure water flux. The modified multifunctional hollow fibre membranes showed increased root mean square surface roughness from 50 nm for neat PES to 104 nm, which contributed to the significantly higher water flux of 90 L.m−2h−1 compared to 54 L.m−2h−1 for pristine PES. The hydrophilicity also improved after modification as the contact angle reduced from 72° ± 1.01° to 42° ± 2.26°. The modified hollow fibre membranes showed an enhanced removal of ciprofloxacin (77%) and sulfamethoxazole (80%). Moreover, antifouling properties towards bovine serum albumin were 89% for FRR, 7% for Rr , 9% for Rir and 17% for Rt . Regeneration studies showed that the multifunctional hollow fibre membrane obtained a high removal percentage of 79% towards sulfamethoxazole after five cycles. Hence, this work proposes a new system that can be successfully utilized in the treatment of emerging pharmaceutical pollutants in water.

Effects of water flow and ocean acidification on oxygen and pH gradients in coral boundary layer

Reef-building corals live in highly hydrodynamic environments, where water flow largely controls the complex chemical microenvironments surrounding them—the concentration boundary layer (CBL). The CBL may be key to alleviate ocean acidification (OA) effects on coral colonies by partially isolating them. However, OA effects on coral CBL remain poorly understood, particularly under different flow velocities. Here, we investigated these effects on the reef-building corals Acropora cytherea, Pocillopora verrucosa, and Porites cylindrica. We preconditioned corals to a control (pH 8.0) and OA (pH 7.8) treatment for four months and tested how low flow (2 cm s−1) and moderate flow (6 cm s−1) affected O2 and H+ CBL traits (thickness, surface concentrations, and flux) inside a unidirectional-flow chamber. We found that CBL traits differed between species and flow velocities. Under OA, traits remained generally stable across flows, except surface pH. In all species, the H+ CBL was thin and led to lower surface pH. Still, low flow thickened H+ CBLs and increased light elevation of surface pH. In general, our findings reveal a weak to null OA modulation of the CBL. Moreover, the OA-buffering capacity by the H+ CBL may be limited in coral species, though low flow could enhance CBL sheltering.

Numerical Study of Pressure Response to Action Potential by Water Permeation With Ion Transports

Abstract While the permeation mechanism of solute (e.g., ions and glucose) through biological membrane has been studied extensively, the mechanical role of water transport in intracellular phenomena has not received much attention. In the present study, to investigate the effect of water permeation on the intracellular pressure response, a novel permeation flux model through a biological membrane is developed by incorporating the coupling permeabilities (between water and ion fluxes) as the water-ion interaction in the ion channels. The proposed model is applied to a two-dimensional permeation problem of water and ions in a closed cell separated by a thin membrane. The permeation flux model reproduces the typical time response of intracellular pressure to action potentials with reasonable agreement with experimental results in the literature, indicating that the pressure response can be characterized by the following three parameters: water permeability, the mass ratio of water and ion, and the ratio of the permeation fluxes of water and ion. In particular, the permeation flux ratio plays an essential role in intracellular phenomena; depending on the value of the permeation flux ratio, the time lag between the action potential and the pressure response is 0.1 times smaller than that expected by the previous researchers, indicating that water transport associated with ions may trigger a pressure response. This study demonstrates the importance of water permeation in intracellular mechanical response through coupling of the fluid motion and electric fields.

Application of modified PVC membranes with GO-ZnO nanoparticles in MBR: sludge characteristics, fouling control and removal performance

BackgroundMembrane fouling is still one crucial impediment in the application of membrane bioreactors (MBR). MethodsAntifouling properties of GO and GO-ZnO embedded PVC membranes in MBR were investigated. ZnO nanoparticles were decorated onto GO nanosheets and then membranes were made by NIPS method. Significant findingsThe results revealed that the contact angle decreased from 80° for pure PVC to 67° for 0.1 wt% GO-ZnO embedded membrane. Pure water flux increased from 33 L/m2h for neat membrane to 128 L/m2h for 0.075 wt% PVC/GO-ZnO membrane. The performance of membranes was evaluated during 35 days MBR filtration system using several analyses including COD, turbidity, SMP, EPS, PSD, and EEM. Results indicated that the presence of GO-ZnO nanoparticles in the membranes has a positive effect on COD and turbidity removal due to the oxygen-containing groups attracting SMP through intermolecular force interaction. In addition, the inclusion of nanoparticles in the membranes leads to a reduction in EPS concentration. Research on PVC membranes with graphene oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in membrane bioreactor processes is crucial for advancing water treatment technology. These nanomaterials promise enhanced membrane performance, longevity, and efficiency in treating wastewater, leading to more sustainable and effective water treatment solutions.

Enhancement of antifouling and mechanical properties of polysulfone membrane using zwitterionic biphenyl polyimide as additive

Biphenyl polyimides, which are known by its excellent heat resistance and mechanical properties, were synthesized by adjusting the molar ratio of monomers, followed by end-functionalized with zwitterionic group via reaction with 1,3-propanesultone. The zwitterionic sulfobetaine biphenyl polyimide (z-biph-PI) copolymers with different hydrophobic chain lengths were employed as the additive for the preparation of polysulfone (PSf) membrane. X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) measurement on membrane surfaces revealed that the sulfobetaine groups of z-biph-PI migrated toward water in the membrane formation process, during which a large amount of porous, narrow and densely packed pores were created as illustrated in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Therefore, the incorporation of z-biph-PI simultaneously enhanced the pure water flux and protein rejection ratio of membranes, overcoming the trade-off effects between permeability and selectivity. The adsorption of bovine serum albumin decreased from ∼47.7 μg/cm2 for the pristine membrane to a minimum of ∼12.4 μg/cm2 for the blend membrane. More importantly, the tensile strength and elongation at break were also simultaneously improved due to the unique mechanical property of biph-PI and the strong π-π interaction between biphe-PI and PSf. Meanwhile, the blend membrane exhibited excellent filtration and thermal stability. All these characteristics of the blend membrane made it promising in ultrafiltration application.

Research on the Advocacy for Water Conservation in the Promotion of Water Resource Protection

The question to pose is how to use an assumption to encourage water conservation in a situation where water is scarce. First, the washing time and water consumption are recorded in this article using a stopwatch and measuring cup. Second, we utilized a formula to record the duration of each person's hand washing session. We multiplied the number of seconds by the water flow rate per second to determine the total volume of water each person used. This paper then examined the change in people's hand-washing time following the poster by contrasting the change in people's hand-washing time with the control variable technique. It is possible to draw the conclusion that posters in women's restrooms use the least amount of water, followed by posters in men's restrooms and none at all in women's restrooms. These statistics demonstrate that posters have an effect on how long people spend washing their hands. As a result, after seeing the signs, people will wash their hands less frequently, fulfilling the goal of conserving water.

Repair of undersea concrete using biopolymer-assisted plant urease

Concrete repair in marine environments is influenced by various factors, particularly underwater pressure and dynamic water flow. Traditional materials used for underwater concrete repair suffer from issues such as dilution, dispersion, susceptibility to erosion by moving water, and poor grout retention. In this study, a novel biopolymer-based undersea crack repair material composed of quaternized chitosan (Hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan, HACC), sodium alginate (SA), urease, and aggregates was developed. It investigated the impact of biopolymers on urease's physiological and biochemical properties, as well as its mineralization capacity. Additionally, It conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the fluidity, rheological behavior, grout retention, mechanical properties, and anti-permeability rate of the bio-grouting material. The results showed that the optimized bio-grouting material exhibited suitable viscosity and fluidity. After injection, it rapidly formed a cohesive seal, with a grout retention rate exceeding 90 % at 48 days. The water resistance of the repaired concrete reached 93 %. Microstructural analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed strong electrostatic interactions between HACC and SA molecular chains. These interactions encapsulated mineralization products and sand particles, resulting in a denser microstructure.

Ecological regulation of chemical weathering recorded in rivers

We provide a new generalized framework accounting for the effects of water and nutrient uptake by roots in the weathering zone on broad patterns of solute concentration - discharge relationships in rivers. As plants withdraw water from the subsurface, they decrease the area-normalized fluid drainage rate. This results in a discharge flux to springs and streams which is a function of water use by plants, leading to ecosystem regulation of the characteristic timescales of chemical weathering reactions and fluid flow rate. Our predictive framework quantifies the pore water and river solute chemistry generated from water-rock interactions, regulated by the effects of vegetation on water flow rates. To this we add the capacity for vegetation to enrich, passively admit, or discriminate against a given dissolved solute based on ecophysiological needs, thus further modifying the local concentration of a given chemical species in solution across a weathering profile. This uptake flux is not lost to the atmosphere in the same manner as water is removed from the subsurface via evapotranspiration. Rather, these extracted chemical species become incorporated into the topsoil as litter which may be partially or fully resolubilized, creating an upper boundary condition which depends on the uptake and recycling characteristics of the ecosystem. These processes are united through a new solution to the advection-reaction equation which allows vegetation to regulate broad patterns of stream concentration - discharge relationships. We show that ecosystems are capable of both accelerating and impeding water-rock reaction rates across the weathering profile, ultimately leading to both thermodynamic and ecological controls on the baseflow concentration of rock-derived solutes in rivers.

Understanding thermal stratification and circulation dynamics in Fuxian Lake: Insights from EFDC simulation study

This study aims to provide a comprehensive numerical solution and quantitative analysis of the thermal stratification and circulation in Fuxian Lake, the largest freshwater deep lake in China, utilizing a high-fidelity Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) to build a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. Simulation results reveal that meteorological conditions and hydrodynamic processes notably influence the spatiotemporal characteristics of the thermocline, with wind and temperature disparities primarily impacting water flow. Maximum water temperature (24.3 °C) and thermocline intensity (0.31 °C/m) typically occur in September. Vertical circulation, driven by wind-induced horizontal divergence and convergence of lake currents, often induces uneven vertical movements, leading to thermocline irregularities. This study also assesses the sensitivity of Fuxian Lake to temperature changes, showcasing the efficacy of EFDC model in accurately reproducing observed spatiotemporal variations. This research not only establishes a foundation for integrating the EFDC model with water quality models but also presents an effective approach for studying hydrodynamics and thermal stratification processes in other deep-water lakes, thereby facilitating lake management and ecological restoration endeavors.

Assessing Spatial Representativeness of Global Flux Tower Eddy-Covariance Measurements Using Data from FLUXNET2015

Large datasets of carbon dioxide, energy, and water fluxes were measured with the eddy-covariance (EC) technique, such as FLUXNET2015. These datasets are widely used to validate remote-sensing products and benchmark models. One of the major challenges in utilizing EC-flux data is determining the spatial extent to which measurements taken at individual EC towers reflect model-grid or remote sensing pixels. To minimize the potential biases caused by the footprint-to-target area mismatch, it is important to use flux datasets with awareness of the footprint. This study analyze the spatial representativeness of global EC measurements based on the open-source FLUXNET2015 data, using the published flux footprint model (SAFE-f). The calculated annual cumulative footprint climatology (ACFC) was overlaid on land cover and vegetation index maps to create a spatial representativeness dataset of global flux towers. The dataset includes the following components: (1) the ACFC contour (ACFCC) data and areas representing 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% ACFCC of each site, (2) the proportion of each land cover type weighted by the 80% ACFC (ACFCW), (3) the semivariogram calculated using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) considering the 80% ACFCW, and (4) the sensor location bias (SLB) between the 80% ACFCW and designated areas (e.g. 80% ACFCC and window sizes) proxied by NDVI. Finally, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the representativeness of each site from three aspects: (1) the underlying surface cover, (2) the semivariogram, and (3) the SLB between 80% ACFCW and 80% ACFCC, and categorized them into 3 levels. The goal of creating this dataset is to provide data quality guidance for international researchers to effectively utilize the FLUXNET2015 dataset in the future.

Achieving underwater stable drag reduction on superhydrophobic porous steel via active injection of small amounts of air

Over the years, numerous researchers have proposed air lubrication methods to reduce drag in underwater vehicles. This method is challenged by buoyancy and water flow, which facilitate air escape from solid surfaces, necessitating substantial air to achieve significant drag reduction. The adherence of hydrophobic interfaces to submerged air bubbles reduces air escape, stabilizing it on solid surfaces for effective drag reduction. However, high flow velocities or pressure conditions can destabilize the drag reduction effect by disrupting the air-water interface. To address this issue, the paper proposes a method that integrates superhydrophobic surfaces with active air injection. This approach involves preparing stable superhydrophobic surfaces by combining laser ablation, heat treatment, and spraying hydrophobic coatings on porous steel surfaces, and using active air injection to maintain the stability of the air layer. Flow field analysis revealed that active air injection into superhydrophobic porous steel sustains a stable air layer, even at high flow velocities, reaching a drag reduction exceeding 25%. Moreover, at high Reynolds numbers, high drag reduction can be achieved at significantly low flow rates compared to smooth surface. This approach shows promise for maintaining a stable air-water interface on superhydrophobic surfaces and sustaining drag reduction in engineering applications.

Antarctica is less isolated with increasing depth - evidence from pycnogonids

AbstractNo other group of animals typifies the uniqueness of Antarctic life more than Pycnogonida (sea spiders), with 20% of all known species found in the Southern Ocean, and 64% of these endemic to the Antarctic. Despite nearly 200 years of research into pycnogonids and other benthic phyla in Antarctica, the parameters which drive the distribution and diversity of benthic fauna are still poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the diversity and connectivity of pycnogonid communities on either side of the Antarctic Polar Front, with an emphasis on the role of water depth, using an occurrence dataset containing 254 pycnogonid species from 2187 sampling locations. At depths shallower than 1000 m, communities to the north and south of the Antarctic Polar Front were distinct, while below this depth this geographic structure disintegrated. The Polar Front, or the expanse of deep ocean it bisects, seemingly acts as a semipermeable barrier to species exchange between well-sampled shallow communities. The less sampled and less understood deep sea appears to be better connected, with high levels of shared species following the northward flow of Antarctic Bottom Water. The exceptionally high diversity and endemism of Antarctic pycnogonids may reflect an apparent competitive advantage in cold waters which leaves them vulnerable to ongoing ocean warming, with increased competition and predation pressures.

Reclaiming the Xhotsa: climate adaptation and ecosystem restoration via the return of Sumas Lake

Sumas Lake (Xhotsa), located in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada, was the heart of Semá:th Nation Territory and the epicenter of a complex Indigenous food system. For the Semá:th people, the lake represented life and livelihood. In 1924, the lake was stolen and drained in an instance of land theft that occurred during a nationwide campaign of land dispossession and genocide, decimating an ecology that supported a rich and diverse Indigenous food system and replacing it with a settler food system. A century later, in November 2021 climate change induced flooding caused the lake to return, resulting in the evacuation of thousands of people and causing millions in damages to homes and infrastructure. Since the flood, the response has been a continuation of the status quo to protect settler agricultural lands via increased investment in hard structures that control the flow of water based on assumptions of the predictability of future flow conditions. We offer a missing narrative by bringing together an analysis of Indigenous laws and oral tradition with an assessment of the economic costs of “managed retreat”, defined as the purposeful relocation of people and infrastructure out of harm’s way. We find that the cost of buying out properties in the lakebed and allowing the lake to return is close to half the cost ($1 billion) of maintaining the status quo ($2.4 billion), while facilitating climate adaptation, and restoration of a floodplain ecosystem that supported thriving populations of people, salmon, sturgeon, ducks, and food and medicinal plants– including many species which are now endangered. Returning Sumas Lake by centering ‘Water Back’ as a climate resiliency solution, enacts both food systems and ecological reconciliation, addressing the harms caused by the loss of the lake to the Semá:th People that is still felt to this day. In a time when climate change induced flooding is predicted to increase, this study demonstrates how the inclusion of Indigenous laws and knowledges are critical to the development of solutions toward a more sustainable and just future.

Fabrication of 2D Vanadium MXene Polyphenylsulfone Ultrafiltration Membrane for Enhancing the Water Flux and for Effective Separation of Humic Acid and Dyes from Wastewater.

MXene, a new 2D transition metal carbide-based material, is gaining outstanding attention in recent days in the area of separation and purification. In this study, we have successfully synthesized vanadium-based MXene-V2CT x (where T represents functional groups such as -OH, O, and F) by etching an aluminum layer from V2AlC. For the first time, a vanadium-based MXene-V2CT x -embedded mixed matrix membrane was fabricated and utilized for removal of hazardous dye and humic acid from wastewater. With an increase in V2CT x loading, the hydrophilicity of the polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) membrane reasonably improved, and its water contact angle was reduced from 82.8 to 70.9°. V2CT x nanosheet-embedded PPSU membrane exhibited an excellent pure water permeability of 247 L m-2 h-1, which was 266% elevated than the pristine PPSU membrane. The V2CT x -PPSU membrane revealed a good antifouling nature, thermal stability, and 98.5% removal of humic acid. The optimal membrane exhibited 96.6 and 82.02% expulsion of Reactive Black 5 (RB 5) dye and Reactive Orange 16 (RO 16) dye, respectively. The flux for RO 16 and RB 5 dyes and humic acid were remarkable with a value of 202.02, 161.61, and 141.41 L m-2 h-1, respectively. This work provides a new V2CT x -incorporated PPSU ultrafiltration membrane to effectively treat humic acid and dye wastewater.