Influential Programs Research Articles

Factors affecting residency selection for underrepresented minorities pursuing orthopaedic surgery

BackgroundThe United States is increasingly diverse and there are many benefits to an equally diverse physician workforce. Despite this, the percentage of under-represented minorities in orthopaedic surgery has remained stagnant. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics underrepresented minorities pursuing orthopaedic surgery value most when evaluating residency programs. MethodsThe contact information of current underrepresented minority orthopaedic surgery residents were obtained through professional society databases, residency program coordinators and residency program websites. Individuals were sent a survey through which they evaluated the importance of a variety of program characteristics. ResultsThe most influential program characteristics were resident happiness and camaraderie, program reputation, geographic location, and relationships between residents and attendings. The least influential characteristics were sub-internship scholarship opportunities for minorities, program affiliation with diversity organizations, word of mouth from others, number of fellows, and centralized training sites. ConclusionsThere is a need to diversify the field of orthopaedic surgery, which begins by selecting more diverse trainees. This study demonstrates that underrepresented applicants are most influenced by many of the same characteristics as their well-represented peers. However, diversity-related factors still play an important role in the decision-making process. Many residents highlighted the impact microaggressions and mistreatment played in their residency experience, emphasizing the need for residency programs to focus not only on recruitment, but also on the successes and retention of their residents. Only once this is done will the field of orthopaedic surgery find sustained improvement in its diversification efforts.

Machine learning algorithm and training in GoTake three influential program as example

In 2017, AlphaGo, an artificial intelligence in Go, beat KeJie----the No.1 Go player in 3-0, which have surprised the world, and artificial intelligence came to the attention of the public again. In this article, we take three influential artificial intelligence Go----AlphaGo, AlphaGo Zero and KataGo, as example to discuss how artificial intelligence Go work. We discuss them about their structures and training methods one by one in chronological order, which can also show the process of their development. In addition, some of the structures and training methods are enlightening to us, and we expect them can work in other fields.

Technical Dimensions of Programming Systems

Programming requires much more than just writing code in a programming language. It is usually done in the context of a stateful environment, by interacting with a system through a graphical user interface. Yet, this wide space of possibilities lacks a common structure for navigation. Work on programming systems fails to form a coherent body of research, making it hard to improve on past work and advance the state of the art. In computer science, much has been said and done to allow comparison of **programming languages**, yet no similar theory exists for *programming systems*; we believe that programming systems deserve a theory too. We present a framework of *technical dimensions* which capture the underlying characteristics of programming systems and provide a means for conceptualizing and comparing them. We identify technical dimensions by examining past influential programming systems and reviewing their design principles, technical capabilities, and styles of user interaction. Technical dimensions capture characteristics that may be studied, compared and advanced independently. This makes it possible to talk about programming systems in a way that can be shared and constructively debated rather than relying solely on personal impressions. Our framework is derived using a qualitative analysis of past programming systems. We outline two concrete ways of using our framework. First, we show how it can analyze a recently developed novel programming system. Then, we use it to identify an interesting unexplored point in the design space of programming systems. Much research effort focuses on building programming systems that are easier to use, accessible to non-experts, moldable and/or powerful, but such efforts are disconnected. They are informal, guided by the personal vision of their authors and thus are only evaluable and comparable on the basis of individual experience using them. By providing foundations for more systematic research, we can help programming systems researchers to stand, at last, on the shoulders of giants.

Long-Term Effects of Social Insurance on Adult Mortality: Evidence From Three Social Programs in Mexico

Research on the mortality effects of social insurance programs for older adults has generated conflicting results. Some studies suggest important health benefits, others find no effects, and still others find unintended adverse effects potentially linked to pathways such as increased obesity. Evidence has focused predominantly on short-run effects rather than net long-run mortality effects and their effects on the health of older adults has been particularly understudied. Mexico offers a unique opportunity for studying the long-run effects of social programs on adult mortality. Within a ten-year period, Mexico introduced the following influential social insurance programs: Progresa conditional cash transfer (CCT) program in 1997, 70 y más unconditional cash transfer (UCT) program for older persons in 2007, and Seguro Popular, a public health insurance program (PHI) for the uninsured, in 2004. In this paper we analyze effects on mortality for middle-age and older adults, by gender, 10-20 years after program implementation.

Teaching & learning guide for: Risky‐choice framing and rational decision‐making

Teaching & learning guide for: Risky‐choice framing and rational decision‐making

The Armenian Apostolic Church in the Politics of the Russian Empire: the Search for an Administrative Optimum

The article analyzes governmental debates on the functions, rights and privileges of the Armenian Catholicoi in the context of inter-institutional controversies. The author attempts to identify and analyze the most influential programmes for solving the “Echmiadzin issue” and their origins presenting at the same time certain aspects of political interaction between the Russian Empire and the Armenian Church as overlapping processes and related events. The history of relationships between Russian state and Armenian Church in XIX–XX centuries shows that different actors of the imperial politics had different ideas about the optimal model of cooperation with Echmiadzin. The divisions took place not only between the various departments (the Ministry of Internal Affairs versus the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), but also within them, where individual officials could hold “anti-departmental” views in each particular case. All this hindered administrative consolidation, slowed down the empire's response to important political challenges and dragged the imperial structures into protracted service-hierarchical confrontations. The “Etchmiadzin Question” and the governmental discussions around it show in part the administrative paralysis of the autocracy and the decompensation of the system of power in the Russian Empire in the early 20th century.
 The article employs a rich documentary base of archival materials from the collections of the Russian State Historical Archive. These materials are introduced into the scholarly discourse for the first time ever.

Fifty years of comprehensive cancer hazard identification: the IARC {Monographs} Programme’s systematic review and synthesis across multiple evidence streams

BACKGROUND AND AIM: For the past 50 years, the {Monographs} Programme of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has provided the world’s most comprehensive compendium of cancer hazard identification. More than 1020 agents have been evaluated by the {Monographs}, selected based on evidence of human exposure and of carcinogenicity. These agents comprise chemicals, physical and biological agents, complex mixtures, occupational exposure circumstances, dietary factors, personal habits, and other exposures of everyday life. The aim of this presentation is to describe the comprehensive evidence synthesis used by the IARC {Monographs}. METHODS: Expert working groups are assembled by the {Monographs} scientific secretariat, based on expertise with the agent or relevant methodology, freedom from conflicts of interest, and diversity of scientific viewpoints and approaches. These working groups review and synthesize all publicly available evidence in three streams: human cancer, cancer in experimental animals, and carcinogen mechanisms. Evidence from these three streams is synthesized first within and then across streams, to reach an overall conclusion about whether the agent is {carcinogenic}, {probably carcinogenic}, {possibly carcinogenic}, or {not classifiable as to its carcinogenity} to humans. Exposure information about the agent is also characterized in each {Monograph}. RESULTS:Exposure settings for agents classified as {carcinogenic to humans} include the environment (e.g., air pollution), workplace (e.g., welding fumes), diet (e.g., processed meat), infections (e.g., human papilloma virus), medicines (e.g., estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives), and personal habits (e.g, opium consumption). Recent advances made within this unique and influential program include comprehensive and transparent incorporation of systematic review principles, explicit consideration of the impact of exposure assessment quality in human cancer and mechanistic studies, and novel methods for mechanistic evidence evaluation. CONCLUSIONS:The systematic review process undertaken by IARC {Monographs} working groups is robust and well-accepted. Recent advances to increase transparency of expert decision-making provide a foundation for sound evidence synthesis into the future. KEYWORDS: Evidence synthesis, carcinogenicity, hazard identification, risk assessment, mechanisms, cancer

Risky‐choice framing and rational decision‐making

AbstractThis article surveys the latest research on risky‐choice framing effects, focusing on the implications for rational decision‐making. An influential program of psychological research suggests that people's judgements and decisions depend on the way in which information is presented, or ‘framed’. In a central choice paradigm, decision‐makers seem to adopt different preferences, and different attitudes to risk, depending on whether the options specify the number of people who will be saved or the corresponding number who will die. It is standardly assumed that such responses violate a foundational tenet of rational decision‐making, known as the principle of description invariance. We discuss recent theoretical and empirical research that challenges the dominant ‘irrationalist’ narrative. These approaches typically pay close attention to how decision‐makers represent decision problems (including their interpretation of numerical quantifiers or predicate choice) and they highlight the need for a more robust characterization of the description invariance principle. We conclude by indicating avenues for future research that could bring us closer to a complete—and potentially rationalizing—explanation of framing effects.

Impact of the National Transformation Programs on the Life Quality of the Saudi Woman: A Study Applied to Riyadh

The present paper aimed to identify the impact of the national transformation programs on the life of the Saudi woman. The paper was applied to a sample of (381) Saudi women. The results showed that the programs have changed the life of woman and contributed to woman empowerment. The most influential programs allowed the woman to drive a car, changed the regulations of civil affairs; travel documents and work, participation in decision-making, holding leading positions, and enacting laws against harassment, violence and abuse. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between national transformation programs, which reinforce woman self-reliance, and improving life quality. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between national transformation programs and the woman’s increasing sense of satisfaction with the community, quality of life and enjoyment, as well as security. In addition, these programs maximized woman responsibilities, so she could hardly manage her time. Moreover, full-time jobs negatively affected her life and weakened her social relations. The paper recommends providing the Saudi woman with adequate support to best fulfill her roles, implementing programs and initiatives that help cascade legal awareness, and increasing the adoption of STEM system, which integrates science, technology, engineering and mathematics, to prepare Saudi women for future jobs.
 
 Received: 15 December 2020 / Accepted: 31 January 2021 / Published: 5 March 2021

Identifying enablers and barriers to referral, uptake and completion of lifestyle modification programmes: a rapid literature review

ObjectiveTo identify current, policy-relevant evidence about barriers and enablers associated with referral, uptake and completion of lifestyle modification programmes (LMPs) for secondary prevention of chronic disease in adults.DesignA rapid review,...

I think of college as setting a good foundation for my future

PurposeLittle attention is given to black male experiences and decision-making process around college-going. A qualitative study (interpretive phenomenological analysis [IPA]) was conducted using a strengths-based perspective to understand the experiences of three first-generation black men college students attending a predominately white institution. Superordinate themes include perceived benefits to attending college, barriers to college admission and attendance and influential programs and supports. Recommendations for school counselors helping black males are included.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used a narrative approach to illustrate the stories and experiences captured by the three young men who participated in the study. Hays and Singh (2012) suggested using a narrative approach for telling the stories of marginalized groups. IPA (Smith, 1996) was the approach used to identify superordinate themes, because the authors wanted to better understand the participants’ K-16 experiences. As a qualitative approach, IPA provides detailed examinations of personal lived experiences on its own terms rather than pre-existing theoretical preconceptions.FindingsThe participants’ accounts clustered around three superordinate themes: perceived benefits to college, barriers to college admission and attendance and influential programs and supports.Originality/valueAlthough there are studies that provide insight on the factors that impact first-generation, black men’s success in attending college, there are few studies that have used a strengths-based perspective to investigate key experiences that lead to college enrollment. Those experiences that lead first-generation black male to attend college are pivotal and provide insight into important points of intervention and support. School counselors and other educators can use these insights to inform practices and the creation of supports for black men in their respective schools.

Evaluation of the impact of an augmented model of The Productive Ward: Releasing Time to Care on staff and patient outcomes: a naturalistic stepped-wedge trial

BackgroundImproving the quality and efficiency of healthcare is an international priority. A range of complex ward based quality initiatives have been developed over recent years, perhaps the most influential programme...

Conceptual Frameworks in Scientific Inquiry and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Approach to Pesticide Toxicity (1948-1968).

This article examines the rise of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) small but influential program on the human toxicology of synthetic pesticides after World War II. For nearly 20 years, scientists working in the CDC's Toxicology Section conducted a range of laboratory, field, and clinical studies to assess whether pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), caused harm to humans. Applying an industrial hygiene approach to study pesticide toxicity, the team used the symptoms of poisoning as their criteria for harm and consistently found that, when used as intended, pesticides were generally safe for humans. In the post-Silent Spring era, these findings were increasingly challenged as the field of toxicology developed and different ways of understanding pesticide toxicity gained greater acceptance. While it is easy to dismiss the CDC's findings as excessively narrow, examining how the team arrived at their conclusions provides an instructive lesson about the powerful ways conceptual frameworks shape scientific inquiry and the unexpected ways data can be reinterpreted in different problem contexts. (Am J Public Health. 2019;109:1548-1556. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2019.305260).

Treating architectural research: the Nuffield Trust and the post-war hospital

This paper explores the influence of medicine on architectural research after the Second World War. I look at the funding of research into hospital design by the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust as a case study. This charitable foundation was set up in 1939 by the industrialist Lord Nuffield, William Morris, founder of Morris Motors. In 1949 the Trust partnered with the University of Bristol to investigate the functions and design of hospitals, triggering one of the most influential architectural research programmes in post-war Britain. I argue that the Trust’s interest in the hospital as a building type initiated a new understanding of architectural research on the model of medical research, triangulating a profession, post-graduate university training, and private philanthropy. I focus on the writings of Richard Llewelyn Davies (later Baron Llewelyn-Davies of Hastoe), the Director of the Trust’s investigation into hospitals from 1949–1960. His contributions to research as Chair at the Bartlett School of Architecture (1960–1969) are well known. Scholars including Reyner Banham, Anthony Vidler, and Alise Upitis have explored how he pioneered the techno-scientific turn in architectural pedagogy. However, the structural change for the profession he envisioned and its basis in the Nuffield Trust model remains unexamined. Looking at his work as an extension of the history and agenda of the Nuffield Trust allows us to move away from the disciplinary assessment of architectural research as a problem in pedagogy and re-centre it as a question of how architecture might participate in improving social welfare.

Computer-Based Collaborative Problem Solving in PISA 2015 and the Role of Personality

Collaborative problem solving (CPS) is an essential 21st century skill at the intersection of social collaboration and cognitive problem solving, and is increasingly integrated in educational programs, such as the influential Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). As research has identified the impact of the Big Five personality traits either on cognitive ability or social collaboration skills in groups, this study firstly identified their impact on the conjoint construct of CPS. Results from structural equation modelling (N = 483) found openness to experience and agreeableness as predictors for CPS performance. The results are embedded in the lifelong learning and investment model by Ackermann and provide implications for PISA 2015, as original PISA 2015 CPS tasks were used.

La thérapie cognitivo-comportementale dans les cliniques spécialisées du Pavillon Albert-Prévost dans les 50 dernières années : innovations et évolution

Le Pavillon Albert-Prévost (PAP) a joué un rôle de premier plan dans le développement d’une psychiatrie moderne. Cette institution de soins et d’enseignement en santé mentale a été profondément marquée par la pensée freudienne et a longtemps été considérée comme un lieu phare de l’enseignement de la psychanalyse en milieu hospitalier au Québec. Mais le PAP a aussi su intégrer au fil des ans d’autres approches thérapeutiques, basées sur les données probantes. Si l’arrivée de cliniciens novateurs dans les années 1980, a permis la sensibilisation du milieu à d’autres approches thérapeutiques, la transformation du dispositif de soins en cliniques spécialisées, en 1994, marque un point décisif dans le développement de la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale, mais surtout dans son intégration dans le traitement quotidien de patients souffrant de problématiques diverses et dans son enseignement à des générations de cliniciens.

Innovation in teacher education: Collective creativity in the development of a teacher education internship

This article reports on research into the development of a teacher education internship scheme at Oxford University from 1973 to 1987. Based on an analysis of an archive of documents and interviews with key protagonists, the paper uses insights from cultural-historical theory to show how the scheme emerged interactively within a multi-layered social system. The article makes a contribution to the history of teacher education and how we theorise change in the field by providing an empirical description and analysis of one highly influential programme internationally and using the tools of CHAT to theorise innovation.

Service marketing and quality strategies

Marketing concept was formerly built on manufacturing based model with products and goods-centered, for mainly economic exchange. It was developed, commencing from the time of the Industrial Revolution. After its conception, the marketing ideas began and thereafter, broadened their perspectives to involve exchange, substitute and replace with more marketing activities than goods and products manufactured. The formation of several sub-disciplines of service marketing explained the logic of product value and brand creation, and it has transpired to address several broadened perceptions and realities. Service marketing creates more influential programs, based models and it is apparent in the prototypical features, which are identified as distinctive services apart from products, having Inseparability, Heterogeneity, Intangibility, and Perishability. Therefore, this review paper argues that all these characteristics basically; (1) do not differentiate services from products and goods; (2) The service marketing and quality strategies have derived the meaning from the product manufacturing perspective; and (3) They employ very inappropriate and normative strategies. Many services provide the basic foundation highly productive service-dominant views of many exchanges that take place in service marketing, from which, appropriate strategies can be generated.

The influence of early research experience in medical school on the decision to intercalate and future career in clinical academia: a questionnaire study

BackgroundCurrently, only one in three UK medical students undertake an intercalated degree. This has often been implicated as a result of financial obstacles or a lack of interest in research due to inadequate exposure to academic medicine. The aims of this study were to determine whether exposure to research early in medical school, through the initiation of an early years clinical academic training programme has a positive influence on the decision-making related to intercalating and a career long interest in research. This study also aims to evaluate the perceived views of the recipients of such a scholarship programme.MethodsAll previous recipients of the Aberdeen Summer Research Scholarship (ASRS) (n = 117) since its inception in 2010 until 2015 were invited via email in June 2016, to take part in the survey. Data were analysed using SPSS for quantitative data and a thematic approach was used to derive themes from free text.ResultsThe overall response rate was 56% (66/117). Of the respondents, seven received the scholarship twice. Seventy-three percent were still at medical school and 26% were foundation doctors. One respondent indicated that they were currently not in training. Seventy percent of respondents have continued to be involved in research since completing the scholarship. Fifty percent embarked on an intercalated degree following the ASRS. Furthermore, two thirds of the respondents who were undecided about undertaking an intercalated degree before the scholarship, chose to intercalate after completing the programme. ASRS was generally thought of as a positive, influential programme, yet the success of individual ASRS projects was dependent on the allocated supervisors and the resources available for specific projects.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that early research exposure in medical school can provide students with a positive influence on involvement in research and allows students to make an informed decision about embarking on an intercalated degree. We therefore recommend the encouragement of similar programmes in medical schools to promote clinical academia at an early stage for medical students.

The Effect of a Theory of Planned Behavior-based Educational Intervention on Sexual and Reproductive Health in Iranian Adolescent Girls: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

We aimed to assess the effect of a theory of planned behavior (TPB)-based educational intervention on attitude, norms, parental control, behavioral control, and intention in high school girls in Tehran, Iran. Randomized controlled trial. This study was conducted among 578 high school girls, 12 to 16 yr, in Tehran, Iran in 2016. The subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental (n=289) and control (n=289) groups using multistage random cluster sampling. TPB is the basis for both education and evaluation; therefore, the TPB-based questionnaire was used before and after the intervention. The intervention included three months education and six months follow up. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 through statistical tests and analysis of covariance. Significant improvement in attitude (difference=16.8; 95% CI: 15.3, 18.3), subjective norms (16.4; 95% CI=14.83 to 18.11), perceived behavioral control (18.0; 95% CI: 16.6, 19.4), perceived parental control (17%; 95% CI: 15.1, 18.9), behavioral intention (18.4%; 95 CI: 14.8, 18.3), and behavior (18.5; 95% CI:16.8, 20.2) was observed in experimental group compared to control group (P<0.001). Theory-based educational intervention in sexual and reproductive health can effectively reduce the high-risk behaviors related to sexual and reproductive health in adolescent girls. Health and education policy-makers are advised to review the current education programs and replace them with new influential education programs related to sexual and reproductive health in the school system.