Influence Of Substrate Type Research Articles

The influence of substrate type and chlormequat on the growth and flowering of marigold (Tagetes L.)

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effect of various horticultural substrates (compost, peat-coconut, peat TS1, flower soil, lowmoor peat) and a foliar spray of chlormequat (at a concentration of 1380 mg dm-3) on the growth and flowering of the marigold cultivars belonging to two species: Tagetes erecta - ʻMarvel Mixtureʼ and ʻTaishan Orangeʼ, and Tagetes patula - ʻDurango Redʼ and ʻBonanza Flameʼ. The obtained results show that the plants grown in peat TS1 and peat-coconut were taller, had longer internodes and leaves, and thicker stems than the plants grown in the other substrates. Chlormequat significantly reduced the height of ʻMarvel Mixtureʼ (in peat TS1), ʻTaishan Orangeʼ (in lowmoor peat) and ‘Bonanza Flameʼ (in peat-coconut). The use of chlormequat also accelerated the development of flower heads in ʻTaishan Orangeʼ (in lowmoor peat).

Influences of substrate type on the pH sensitivity of CuS thin films EGFET prepared by spray pyrolysis deposition

Copper sulphide (CuS) thin films were deposited by spray pyrolysis using CuCl2·2H2O and Na2S2O3·5H2O precursors as sources of Cu2+ and S2- respectively, with deionized water as a solvent. Three types of substrates were used for films deposition; glass, tungsten and Si. X-ray measurements of the structural characteristics of the deposited films indicated single phase CuS covellite phase with orientations in the z-axis (001). The presence of oxygen suggested improved pH sensing characteristics. Morphological characterization showed differences in shape and size of CuS crystal structure, which affect the surface-to-volume ratio and surface site density of the substrates. The as-deposited films were used as extended gates of field effect transistor to measure the pH sensitivity for buffer solutions in the set of 2-to-12 step 2; the optimum pH sensitivity was 23.3mV/pH for CuS/glass membrane. The hysteresis was measured for buffer solutions prepared at pH7-pH4-pH7-pH10-pH7 in order to find its pH response delay; the minimum value was 0.48mV for glass substrate. Also, the repeatability, stability and reliability of the (CuS) thin films were measured in terms of coefficient of variation (C.V.) with the same setup used for measuring pH sensitivity. Repeatability values of 0.04%, 0.02% and 0.38% were recorded for glass, tungsten and Si, respectively, while stability and reliability values of 0.15%, 0.15% and 0.10% were recorded at pH4, pH7 and pH10, respectively, for glass substrate.

Região de retirada da estaca e substrato na propagação vegetativa de roseira de vaso

The rose is a major ornamental species produced in Brazil. Its propagation is mainly made by cutting. In the process, cutting and substrate can influence the quality of seedlings. Given the above, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the best cutting withdrawal region and the appropriate substrate for vegetative propagation of pot rose cv. Yellow Terrazza®. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x3 factorial [two cutting removal of regions, apical and median x three substrates: commercial substrate, clay soil and commercial substrate mixture (1:1, v/v) and sand and commercial substrate mixture (1:1, v/v)], with ten replicates. The experiment was conducted in a tunnel covered with shadecloth.The cuttings were placed in polypropylene vase with 100 cm³ capacity, filled with each substrate. Were evaluated the length of roots, number of roots/cutting and dry matter of roots and shoots. The apical cutting propagates with higher quality seedlings of pot rose cv. Yellow Terrazza® than the median cutting, without influence of substrate type. Got better preparation of the pot rose cutting with clay soil and commercial substrate mixture.

Influence of substrate type on the property of nickle–zinc ferrite thin films

Ni0.45Zn0.5Mn0.05Fe2O4 ferrite thin films (NZFs) were deposited on different substrates [Si(100), Si(111) and MgAl2O4(100)] by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering method. The phase structure, surface morphology and magnetic property of NZFs were investigated using the X-ray diffractometer (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. All the NZFs deposited on three kinds of substrates possess spinel structure, while only the film deposited on MgAl2O4(100) substrate [NZF/MgAl2O4(100)] has a preferred orientation along the direction of (100) because of the strong inducing effect of substrate. NZF/MgAl2O4(100) owns smoother surface than that of the film deposited on Si(111) substrate [NZF/Si(111)]. However, NZF/MgAl2O4(100) possesses larger grain size and much inhomogeneous distribution of grain size than that of NZF/Si(111). NZF/MgAl2O4(100) has the greatest saturation magnetization (Ms) of 345kA/m and coercivity (Hc) of 5.80kA/m. According to the stress model, the coercivity of NZFs deposited on various substrates has been calculated and discussed, which matches with the experiment results.

Influence of substrate type on microbial community structure in vertical-flow constructed wetland treating polluted river water.

Microorganisms attached on the surfaces of substrate materials in constructed wetland play crucial roles in the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants. However, the impact of substrate material on wetland microbial community structure remains unclear. Moreover, little is known about microbial community in constructed wetland purifying polluted surface water. In this study, Illumina high-throughput sequencing was applied to profile the spatial variation of microbial communities in three pilot-scale surface water constructed wetlands with different substrate materials (sand, zeolite, and gravel). Bacterial community diversity and structure showed remarkable spatial variation in both sand and zeolite wetland systems, but changed slightly in gravel wetland system. Bacterial community was found to be significantly influenced by wetland substrate type. A number of bacterial groups were detected in wetland systems, including Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Nitrospirae, Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Chlorobi, Spirochaetae, Gemmatimonadetes, Deferribacteres, OP8, WS3, TA06, and OP3, while Proteobacteria (accounting for 29.1-62.3 %), mainly composed of Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, and Deltaproteobacteria, showed the dominance and might contribute to the effective reduction of organic pollutants. In addition, Nitrospira-like microorganisms were abundant in surface water constructed wetlands.

Influence of substrate type on transport properties of superconducting FeSe0.5Te0.5 thin films

FeSe0.5Te0.5 thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition on CaF2, LaAlO3 and MgO substrates and structurally and electro-magnetically characterized in order to study the influence of the substrate on their transport properties. The in-plane lattice mismatch between FeSe0.5Te0.5 bulk and the substrate shows no influence on the lattice parameters of the films, whereas the type of substrate affects the crystalline quality of the films and, therefore, the superconducting properties. The film on MgO showed an extra peak in the angular dependence of critical current density Jc(θ) at θ = 180° (H||c), which arises from c-axis defects as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. In contrast, no Jc(θ) peaks for H||c were observed in films on CaF2 and LaAlO3. Jc(θ) can be scaled successfully for both films without c-axis correlated defects by the anisotropic Ginzburg–Landau approach with appropriate anisotropy ratio γJ. The scaling parameter γJ is decreasing with decreasing temperature, which is different from what we observed in FeSe0.5Te0.5 films on Fe-buffered MgO substrates.

Research on the Influence of Substrate Type and the Amount and Number of Irrigations Applied on the Growth of Tomatoes in the Greenhouse

Abstract The research aims to present the evolution of localized irrigation methods, according to this process the modern equipment will be tested. This study will investigate the technical and economic efficiency compared to the currently used methods in the greenhouse. The study was conducted in the research center Hortinvest,University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest. The biological material used in this study case was the tomato hybrid Cindel. To obtain reliable conclusions we will provide the same quality parameters of irrigation water, using the same technology and culture in all experimental variants. The efficiency techniques that we adopted will be judged by the size of the achieved production and by assessing the quality indices of production. During the growing season vegetative growth and biometric measurements will be monitored and the duration of each phenological phase it will determine, depending on the technique used. Objectives To establish the optimum irrigation, to determine the relationship between the type of substrate and the height of tomato plants, to determine the number of irrigations applied during the growing period, to determine the relationship between crop substrate and plants growth. The research subjectis are also supported by the research program POSDRU / 159 / 1.5 / S / 132765.

Influence of substrate type on the structural, optical and electrical properties of CdxZn1−xS MSM thin films prepared by Spray Pyrolysis method

0.25μm CdxZn1−xS thin films were deposited on Si and glass substrates by using a chemical Spray Pyrolysis technique (CSP). Measurements of the absorption spectrum of the film were carried out. The values of band gaps (Eg) are calculated from the absorption spectrum. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the CdxZn1−xS thin films on Si and glass substrates was carried out. The full width at half-maximum (FWHM)) of diffraction peak was calculated to be about 0.640, which showed that it is a polycrystalline thin film. A CdxZn1−xS Metal–Semiconductor–Metal (MSM) photodetector with nickel (Ni) contact electrodes was then fabricated. The electrical property of the Ni/CdxZn1−xS/Si and Ni/CdxZn1−xS/glass detectors was investigated using the current–voltage (I–V) measurements. The barrier heights ϕΒ of Ni/CdxZn1−xS/Ni MSM on Si and glass substrates were 0.551eV and 0.593eV, respectively with an applied bias voltage of 3V.

Impact of synthetic or real urban wastewater on membrane bioreactor (MBR) performances and membrane fouling under stable conditions

Influence of substrate type (synthetic (SWW) or real wastewater (RWW)) on lab scale MBR performances (e.g. COD and N-NH4(+) removal rates and bioactivities) was assessed. Membrane fouling was related to MBR biological medium characteristics. With RWW, autotrophic biomass was better acclimated with complete ammonium removal. MBR biological medium was characterized by main soluble microbial products (SMP) (proteins, polysaccharides and humic-like substances) quantification and molecular weights (MW) distribution determination. The biological medium of SWW acclimation contained 60mgL(-1) more of SMP, mainly composed of proteins and polysaccharides. A protein fraction having high MW (>600kDa) could be responsible for higher removable fouling fraction in that case. SMP of RWW experiment were mainly composed of small proteic and humic-like fractions, poorly retained by the membrane and resulting in a weak augmentation of irremovable and irreversible fouling fractions compared to SWW acclimation. Therefore RWW utilization is preferable to approach real operating MBR.

Structure and floristic relationships between Cerrado sensu stricto sites on two types of substrate in northern Cerrado, Brazil

We described and compared the floristic composition, richness, species diversity and structure of the tree-shrub component in pairs of Typical Cerrado (Cerrado Típico) and rocky outcrop Cerrado (Cerrado Rupestre) in two localities in Tocantins State. In each locality, we set up 10 plots of 20 × 50 m at a site, the Cerrado Típico and other Cerrado Rupestre, and sampled the individuals with Db30cm ≥ 5 cm. The rocky outcrop Cerrado did not present any trend towards lower richness and basal area compared to the Cerrado on deep soil. Few species occurred across the four sites and only two important species (Anacardium occidentale and Qualea parviflora) in the four vegetation structure were common to both environments assessed. Furthermore, the occurrence of habitat-specialist species of rocky outcrops and high altitudes (Mimosa claussenii, Tibouchina papyrus, Schwartzia adamantium and Wunderlichia cruelsiana) and the high dissimilarity among sites suggest that altitude is the main responsible for the floristic dissimilarity, followed by the influence of substrate type. Therefore, the information with respect to phytophysiognomy type as a parameter to select areas for conservation, by itself, does not effectively ensure biodiversity preservation, owing to the existing flora heterogeneity not only at local but also at regional scale, revealed by the floristic and structural particularity of each site.

Influence of substrate type and quality on carrier mobility in graphene nanoribbons

We report the results of a thorough numerical study on carrier mobility in graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with the widths from ∼250 nm down to ∼1 nm, with a focus on the influence of substrate type (SiO2, Al2O3, HfO2, and h-BN) and substrate quality (different interface impurity densities) on GNR mobility. We identify the interplay between the contributions of Coulomb and surface optical phonon scattering as the crucial factor that determines the optimum substrate in terms of carrier mobility. In the case of high impurity density (∼1013 cm−2), we find that HfO2 is the optimum substrate irrespective of GNR width. In contrast, for low impurity density (1010 cm−2), h-BN offers the greatest enhancement, except for nanoribbons wider than ∼200 nm for which the mobility is highest on HfO2.

The influence of temperature on optical properties of merocyanine dye thin films

Merocyanine dye thin films have been investigated using optical microscopy methods. The films were deposited using the method of thermal evaporation. The influence of substrate type and temperature on optical properties and spatial orientation of molecules in the above films has been studied. The influence of annealing on structural reorientation of molecules in thermally deposited dye films has been determined.

Performance Optimization of AIN Films Using Self-Prepared AIN Target

Aluminum nitride (AlN) films were prepared by radio frequency (RF) sputtering technique with self-prepared AlN ceramic target. The influence of substrate type and working gas of different N2 concentration to performance of AlN films were discussed. Microstructures of the films have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). And, the optical properties have been revealed by diffuse reflection spectrum (DRS). The optimized process to prepare AlN film of single orientation (100) was as follows: deposited on Si (100) substrate and 25% N2 concentration, 250W-300W sputtering power and 90min sputtering time, respectively.

High temperature growth of InN on various substrates by plasma-assisted pulsed laser deposition

InN has attracted much attention due to its optical and electrical properties that make it suitable for the fabrication of infrared optical devices and high-speed electronic devices. In this work we report on the structural properties and morphology of InN thin films grown on different substrates by radiofrequency plasma beam assisted pulsed laser deposition. Sapphire and silicon substrates were considered for the growth of these films. The influence of substrate type and growth parameters on the morphology and structural properties of the resulting InN thin films is discussed. The structural analysis of the samples was performed by means of X-ray diffraction. The morphology of the thin films was investigated through atomic force microscopy. Although growth of InN from a metallic In target using nitrogen radiofrequency plasma assisted pulsed laser deposition was achieved for all the samples, growth conditions were found to play an important role on the crystal quality of the resulting thin films.

Influence of substrate type on surface structure of polymeric perfluorocarbon in the initial stage of deposition in Ar/ c-C 4F 8 plasmas

Polymeric perfluorocarbon was deposited on the Si, Ag and Al substrates in Ar/ c-C 4F 8 plasmas under a deposition rate of 10 nm/h for seven hours. The X-ray photoelectron spectra and atomic force microscope images of the deposited materials were observed. As a result, it has been found that the surface structure and chemical bonding of the deposited materials are remarkably different from each other, depending on the kind of substrate.

Population biology of the intertidal kelp, Alaria marginata Postels and Ruprecht: A non-fugitive annual

Persistence of annual plant populations requires sufficient seeds and suitable habitat for development and growth each year. Competition with perennials may prevent within site persistence and result in “fugitive” annual populations. Comparisons have been made between the population biology of annual macroalgae and terrestrial plants, but demographic information necessary to make strong comparisons is lacking for most of these algae, and life history differences may make such comparisons questionable. We studied population dynamics of the kelp Alaria marginata to determine if it was an annual and, if so, how populations persisted. This kelp is the dominant macroalga on exposed mid to low rocky intertidal shores along the Big Sur coast of California. Experimental clearings at two sites were used to assess recruitment timing and survivorship. Sporophytes were collected monthly to determine growth and fecundity. Recruitment occurred in late winter to early spring, primarily on geniculate corallines and residual A. marginata holdfasts. Thinning was inversely related to density, and occurred during the February through July growing season as larger thalli rapidly increased in length (up to 1.4 m month − 1) and formed a thick canopy. Sorus development was positively related to size, began as early as March, peaked in late August–October, and decreased as adults were removed by winter surf. Spore release was generally highest (10 8–10 9 spores individual − 11 h − 1) between October and January and associated with high water motion. Survivorship of sporophytes beyond one year was < 1%, showing the populations were annual. Field observations and experiments on effects of canopy clearing, season of clearing, and influence of substrate type on recruitment were done to assess how these annual populations persist. Massive spore production at the onset of fall storms, survival of microscopic stages for 3–4 months facilitated by microhabitat refuges, rapid growth, large size and rapid maturation of sporophytes contributed to persistence. Furthermore, the dense stands with thick canopies may suppress potential competitors via shading and abrasion. Rather than being a fugitive, this combination of growth and life history features enables A. marginata and perhaps other large, annual kelps to maintain perennial populations.

Influence of Substrate Type and Forest Age on Bryophyte Species Distribution in Tasmanian Mixed Forest

The role of substrate diversity in forest ecosystems in maintaining bryophyte diversity is frequently acknowledged in the bryological literature, but there are few large-scale studies that attempt to disentangle the effect of substrate type and temporal features. We investigated the interaction between substrate type and forest age, which is a contentious issue in landscapes managed for wood production. We studied three age classes, 1–18 years, 33–67 years, and ‘old growth’ forest aged more than 110 years. We investigated the species distribution of bryophytes growing on 15 vascular species, logs, fallen branches, soil, rocks, upturned root bases, stumps, roots, and dead trees. A total of 49 substrate type-age class groups were sampled. Many bryophyte species were found only to occur on one substrate type, but these substrate types were found in more than one forest age class. A number of bryophyte species were restricted to a group of like substrate types, for example Neckera pennata, Calyptopogon mnioides, and Daltonia splachnoides were found only on ‘vertical’ substrate types–Acacia dealbata, Pomaderris apetala, and fallen branches in 33–67 year old forest. There was evidence for a number of bryophyte species preferring logs in forest aged 33–67 years with most of these species also preferring old growth logs. Eucalyptus obliqua trees of 33–67 year old forest and old growth forest supported many of the same preferential bryophyte species, unlike E. regnans trees. A number of these same eucalypt-dwelling bryophyte species were positively associated with fallen branches, logs, and soil in both forest aged 33–67 years and old growth forest. Under current forest management, there is no specific prescription for retention of any substrate type. Coupled with the current 80–100 year harvest rotation time, the bryophyte species may be at risk of exclusion from wood production areas.

Preparation of aluminosilicate crystalline coatings from sol‐gel derived alumina films deposited on silicon/silica substrates

AbstractThe dedicated formation of crystalline coatings of the trimorphous aluminosilicates with the composition of Al2SiO5 starting from a low‐cost sol‐gel deposition of alumina thin films is reported. The influence of substrate type and film thickness on the crystallisation behaviour and film morphology is studied by means of wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) and X‐ray reflectometry (XR). When annealed at a temperature of 1150 °C under high‐vacuum conditions, formation of the aimed phases was achieved only for films deposited on naturally oxidised Si‐substrates covered with a thin silica layer (thickness is about 3 nm). In the case of films deposited on amorphous quartz glass and thermally oxidised Si‐substrates covered with a thick silica layer (thickness is about 500 nm) no crystallisation occurred at this temperature. After annealing at the higher temperature of 1300 °C under high‐vacuum conditions, in the films deposited on both kinds of Si‐substrates mullite (Al4SiO8) crystallises together with cristobalite (SiO2) whereas the film deposited on the quartz glass substrate remains amorphous from viewpoint of WAXS. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Factors influencing stream temperatures in small streams: substrate effects and a shading experiment

The temperature of stream water is an important control of many in-stream processes. To better understand the processes and consequences of solar energy inputs to streams, stream temperature dynamics were examined before, during, and after experimental shading of a 150-m reach of a second-order stream in the Oregon Cascade Range. Maximum water temperatures declined significantly in the shaded reach, but minimum and mean temperatures were not modified. Heat budget calculations before shading show the dominance of solar energy as an influence of stream temperature. The influence of substrate type on stream temperature was examined separately where the water flowed first over bedrock and then through alluvial substrates. Maximum temperatures in the upstream bedrock reach were up to 8.6 °C higher and 3.4 °C lower than downstream in the alluvial reach. Better understanding of factors that influence not only maximum but minimum temperatures as well as diurnal temperature variation will highlight types of reaches in which stream temperature would be most responsive to changes in shading. Many apparent discrepancies in stream temperature literature can be explained by considering variation in the relative importance of different stream temperature drivers within and among streams and over time.

Reproductive success in female Neolamprologus mondabu (Cichlidae): influence of substrate types

Reproductive success in female Neolamprologus mondabu (Cichlidae): influence of substrate types