Influence Of Socioeconomic Status Research Articles

Influence of Familial Socioeconomic Status on Academic Outcomes in Secondary Education: A Comparative Study

Influence of Familial Socioeconomic Status on Academic Outcomes in Secondary Education: A Comparative Study

Does parental socio-economic status matter for the success of start-ups of first-time founders? Evidence from Germany

The aim of this paper is to establish the influence of parental socio-economic status on profitability and growth of first-time founders in Germany. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 first-time founders to establish their socio-economic status, parental influence on their success as founders, and the impact of parental socio-economic status on their financial success. The main findings showed that the majority of participants believed that high socio-economic status of parents had a significant positive effect on the financial success of new start-ups, although those from lower socio-economic backgrounds could also succeed. The characteristics of unequal social status were often expressed and the status of German as a nation with low social mobility confirmed. However, the extent to which financial support and context networks supported founders from high socio-economic status families was difficult to ascertain as founders were often unwilling to admit its actual influence. In contrast, the parental influences on values and positive attributes relating to their success were more freely discussed. Based on the revenues and valuation of the start-up companies, two trends for first time founder success were identified: the most successful founders had parents with high socio-economic status; some very successful founders demonstrated high social mobility, which is contrary to the existing data that social mobility in German is very low.

Favouring Middle-and Upper-Class Students? The Structure and Process of Attending China’s Selective Universities

Research suggests the increasing influence of family socioeconomic status, as measured by parents’ income and occupations, in access to Chinese higher education. Yet, the literature remains inconclusive about the extent to which the social background of rural and urban students is associated with academic and social performance at elite universities. We address this limitation by looking at the academic and social success of representative samples of first- and second-year students enrolled at four Chinese elite universities. Our aim is to understand the characteristics that students from both urban and rural environments bring with them and how those characteristics bear on academic and social performance in university. We found an overrepresentation of students from middle- and upper-class backgrounds in both urban and rural student groups. The fact that the process indicator of cultural capital has a direct association with social success suggests students from urban areas exhibit traits valued in the selective university environment.

Influence of education and subjective financial status on dietary habits among young, middle-aged, and older adults in Japan: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundResearch has suggested an association between lower socioeconomic status (SES) and unhealthy dietary habits. However, differences in the effects of different SES indicators and age remain unclear. The current study addressed this research gap by investigating the relationship between SES and unhealthy dietary habits, specifically focusing on educational attainment and subjective financial status (SFS) among varied age groups.MethodsData were derived from a mail survey of 8,464 people living in a suburb of Tokyo, Japan. Participants were classified into three age groups (20–39 years: young adults; 40–64 years: middle-aged adults; and 65–97 years: older adults). SES was assessed based on individual educational attainment and SFS. Unhealthy dietary habits were defined as skipping breakfast and a low frequency of balanced meal consumption. Participants were asked how often they ate breakfast, and those who did not respond “every day” were categorized as “breakfast skippers.” Low frequency of balanced meal consumption was defined as eating a meal that included a staple meal, main dish, and side dishes at least twice a day for less than five days per week. Poisson regression analyses with robust variance adjusted for potential covariates were used to determine the interactive effects of educational attainment and SFS on unhealthy dietary habits.ResultsIndividuals with lower educational attainment across all age groups skipped breakfast more frequently compared to those with higher educational attainment. For older adults, poor SFS was associated with skipping breakfast. Young adults with poor SFS and middle-aged adults with lower educational attainment tended to eat less balanced meals. In addition, an interaction effect was found in older adults, where those with lower education despite good SFS and those with poor SFS despite higher education were at a greater risk of falling into unhealthy diet.ConclusionsThe findings suggested that different SES indicators affect healthy dietary habits in different generations, and therefore, health policies should consider the potential influence of different SES on promoting healthier dietary habits.

Evaluación poblacional del impacto del nivel socioeconómico en los resultados clínicos en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca en entornos de atención integrada

Introduction and objectivesLow socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with poor outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF). We aimed to examine the influence of SES on health outcomes after a quality of care improvement intervention for the management of HF integrating hospital and primary care resources in a health care area of 209 255 inhabitants. MethodsWe conducted a population-based pragmatic evaluation of the implementation of an integrated HF program by conducting a natural experiment using health care data. We included all individuals consecutively admitted to hospital with at least one ICD-9-CM code for HF as the primary diagnosis and discharged alive in Catalonia between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2019. We compared outcomes between patients exposed to the new HF program and those in the remaining health care areas, globally and stratified by SES. ResultsA total of 77 554 patients were included in the study. Death occurred in 37 469 (48.3%), clinically-related hospitalization in 41 709 (53.8%) and HF readmission in 29 755 (38.4%). On multivariate analysis, low or very low SES was associated with an increased risk of all-cause death and clinically-related hospitalization (all Ps <.05). The multivariate models showed a significant reduction in the risk of all-cause death (HR, 0.812; 95%CI, 0.723-0.912), clinically-related hospitalization (HR, 0.886; 95%CI, 0.805-0.976) and HF hospitalization (HR, 0.838; 95%CI, 0.745-0.944) in patients exposed to the new HF program compared with patients exposed to the remaining health care areas and this effect was independent of SES. ConclusionsAn intensive transitional HF management program improved clinical outcomes, both overall and across SES strata.

The Interplay between Socioeconomic Status, Parenting and Temperament Predicts Inhibitory Control at Two Years of Age.

This paper investigates the interplay between environmental factors (socioeconomic status (SES) and parenting) and temperament in the development of inhibitory control (IC) at 2 years of age. We administered to toddlers (n = 59) a delay of gratification task which measures IC in the context of self-regulation. Parents reported their toddlers' temperament, parenting strategies, and SES. We hypothesized that poorer IC would be associated with more reactive temperament, less effortful control, lower SES and inconsistent/coercive parenting practices. Finally, we explored the interaction between temperament, parenting and SES. We found that both coercive parenting and low-SES were negatively correlated to IC at the age of 2 years. Temperamental reactivity was unrelated to IC, whereas temperamental effortful control (EC) was positively associated with IC. Results revealed a moderation effect of EC on the influence of coercive parenting and SES in toddlers' IC. Toddlers from lower SES backgrounds and with lower EC were more affected by inconsistent/coercive parenting practices and showed the poorest IC. In contrast, toddlers exhibiting high and average levels of EC seemed to be protected from the detrimental effect of low-SES and inconsistent/coercive parenting on IC. These results suggest that strengthening toddlers' EC and improving parents' parenting skills might be especially relevant for the development of IC in the context of self-regulation, particularly by preventing self-regulatory problems in children from socioeconomically deprived environments. Future studies with larger samples, focusing on populations from severe socioeconomically deprived environments, or intervention studies will be needed in order to confirm and expand our findings.

A-25 Barriers to Protracted Sport Participation in Youth: What Should be the Focus?

Abstract Purpose Sports participation is recommended by the mental health field. However, the picture of sports in the U.S. has shifted from school-based to private clubs and continued participation may be difficult for lower income families. The present study examined the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on total years playing sports, while exploring the influence of full scale IQ (FSIQ), as little research has assessed for intellectual ability as a barrier to youth participation. Methods The present study analyzed Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, 2nd Edition (WASI-II) FSIQ and SES, operationalized as maternal education level, data in a sample of youth athletes (n=69, 79.7% male), aged 8-18 years (mean=11.94). Participants competitively participated in soccer, basketball, baseball and/or American football. Multivariate linear regression investigated the influence of SES and FSIQ on total years playing sports. Results SES and FSIQ have a significant association with total years played (p&amp;lt;.001) and explain 23% of the variance, with a small combined effect size (r2 =.23). Individually, higher SES significantly predicted greater total years played (p=.005), while FSIQ did not (p=.15). Conclusions Higher SES predicted greater total years of sports participation among youth athletes, whereas FSIQ did not. This highlights a necessary focus for low-cost and accessible sporting programs. Due to the significant association with total years played, future research should examine the joint contributions of FSIQ and SES to sports participation.

The Spatial Patterns of the Crime Rate in London and Its Socio-Economic Influence Factors

This paper analyses the spatial trends and patterns of the crime rates in London and explores how socio-economic characteristics affect crime rates with consideration of the geographic context across London. The 2015 London Crime Statistics and Socio-economic Characteristics datasets were used. First, we investigated the spatial patterns of crime rates through exploratory spatial analysis at the ward level. In addition, both the ordinary least square (OLS) model and geographically weighted regression (GWR) model, which allow the effects of factors to vary in spatial scales, were adopted and compared to explore the potential spatially varying effect across London. The results showed that there exists obvious spatial clustering for the crime rate in central London. Both global and local Moran’s I values indicated the spatial dependence of crime at the ward level. The GWR model performed better in explaining crime rates than the OLS model. Only two factors, namely, the percentage of children aged from 0 to 15 and employment rates, had significant spatial variability in London. The influences of the percentage of children aged 0 to 15 on crime rates are constantly negative over a spatial scale; however, employment rates positively affect crime rates in the north-western areas near the centre of London. Therefore, this paper focuses more on the spatial perspective, which fills the gap in traditional crime analysis, especially on the spatially varying influence of socio-economic status.

Influence of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status on Adverse Outcomes in Pregnancy.

To evaluate whether ZIP-code level neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. A retrospective study of 2009-2014 Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) births with maternal ZIP codes in one of 89 Portland metropolitan area ZIP codes. Deliveries with ZIP codes outside of the Portland metro area were excluded. Deliveries were stratified by SES based on ZIP code median household income: low (below 10th percentile), medium (11th-89th percentile), and high (above 90th percentile). Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression with medium SES as the reference group evaluated perinatal outcomes and strength of association between SES and adverse events. This study included 8118 deliveries with 1654 (20%) classified as low SES, 5856 (72%) medium SES, and 608 (8%) high SES. The low SES group was more likely to be younger, have a higher maternal BMI, have increased tobacco use, identify as Hispanic or Black, and less likely to have private insurance. Low SES was associated with a significantly increased risk of preeclampsia (RR 1.23 95% CI 1.01-1.49), but this was no longer significant after adjusting for confounders (aRR 1.23 95% CI .971-1.55). High SES was negatively associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), even after adjusting for confounders (aRR 0.710, 95% CI 0.507-0.995). In the Portland metropolitan area, high SES was associated with a lower risk of GDM. Low SES was associated with a higher risk of preeclampsia before accounting for covariates. ZIP code-based risk assessment may be a useful indicator in detecting healthcare disparities.

Marginalization Influences Access, Outcomes, and Discharge Destination Following Total Joint Arthroplasty in Canada’s Universal Healthcare System

BackgroundThe influence of socioeconomic status on outcomes following total joint arthroplasty (TJA) in the Canadian single-payer healthcare system is yet to be elucidated. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic status on TJA outcomes. MethodsThis was a retrospective review of 7,304 consecutive TJA (4,456 knees and 2,848 hips) performed between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2019. The primary independent variable was the average census marginalization index. The primary dependent variable was functional outcome scores. ResultsThe most marginalized patients in both the hip and knee cohorts had significantly worse preoperative and postoperative functional scores. Patients in the most marginalized quintile (V) showed a decreased odds of achieving a minimal important difference in functional scores at 1-year follow-up (odds ratio [OR] 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.20, 0.97], P = .043). Patients in the knee cohort in the most marginalized quintiles (IV and V) had increased odds of being discharged to an inpatient facility with an OR of 2.07 (95% CI [1.06, 4.04], P = .033) and OR of 2.57 (95% CI [1.26, 5.22], P = .009), respectively. Patients in the hip cohort in V quintile (most marginalized) had increased odds of being discharged to an inpatient facility with an OR of 2.24 (95% CI [1.02, 4.96], P = .046). ConclusionDespite being a part of the Canadian universal single-payer healthcare system, the most marginalized patients had worse preoperative and postoperative function, and had increased odds of being discharged to another inpatient facility. Level of EvidenceIV.

Relationship of Body Image, Self Esteem, Socio-economic Status and Peer Influence with Teenage Pregnancy in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Teenage pregnancy has been identified as a social issue that requires attention. Given the negative impact on teenage mothers, the people who care for them, and the children they give birth to. This study examined the pattern of relationship between body image, self-esteem, socio-economic status, peer influence, and teenage pregnancy. This study employed a correlational design, and a multistage sampling procedure was utilized. Adolescents in Ibadan constitutes the population (N = 150; 12.0% below 14 years, 58.7% 14 – 16 years, while 29.3% were 17 – 19 years). Participants completed standardized instruments: (Body Image Acceptance Survey α = 0.85; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale α = 0.78; Socio-economic Status Scale α = 0.79; Peer Influence Scale α = 0.81; and Teenage Pregnancy Scale α = 0.87). The results showed that body image (r = 0.327; p&lt;0.05), self-esteem (r = 0.376; p&lt;0.05), socio-economic status (r = 0.306; p&lt;0.05), and peer influence (r = 0.201, p&lt;0.05) all had a significant relationship with teenage pregnancy. A multiple regression coefficient (R = 0.484) and multiple regression adjusted (R2 = 0.234) were obtained. Also, self-esteem recorded the most effective relative contribution to teenage pregnancy, followed by body image, parental socio-economic status, and peer influence, respectively. This emphasizes the necessity of broad and all-encompassing strategies to stop teenage pregnancy because it is unlikely that a single element will be adequate to deal with the problem successfully.

The Influence of Family Socio-Economic Status, Self-Concept and Academic Achievement on College Students' Entrepreneurial Intention: An Implication of Entrepreneurship Education Policy

The Influence of Family Socio-Economic Status, Self-Concept and Academic Achievement on College Students' Entrepreneurial Intention: An Implication of Entrepreneurship Education Policy

The Socio-Cultural Cost of Men as Victims of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in Nigeria

IPV is a significant worldwide problem. In general, men are considered perpetrators of this type of violence, but they can also be victims. Relevant pieces of literature uphold women as the principal victims of IPV. An emerging question raised within this context is, “What about the men who are also victims of IPV?” So far, there are limited studies that describe men as victims, especially in Nigeria and West Africa. The routine activity theory of Cohen and Felson was used to provide a theoretical backdrop to the discourse in this study. Precipitant factors like class, culture, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and religion influence male victimisation circles. Indeed, policymakers, social and health care planners, and providers have not paid much attention to men’s victimisation at the local and international levels. There is an urgent need to modify policies and laws concerning IPV by including men as victims.

Associations between socioeconomic status, home food availability, parental role-modeling, and children’s fruit and vegetable consumption: a mediation analysis

BackgroundRecent literature has suggested that associations and interactions between family socioeconomic status (SES) and home food environment influence children’s diet, but little is known about the mediation roles of parental role-modeling and food availability in the socioeconomic inequalities of children’s diet. This study aimed to determine the associations between family SES and children’s fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption and to assess the mediation roles of parental role-modeling and food availability in the above associations.MethodsCross-sectional data of 574 Finnish children (aged 3 to 6) were analyzed. Parents completed an FFQ assessing their children’s FV consumption frequency and a questionnaire assessing SES and home food environment. Two exposure variables: parental educational level (“low”, “middle”, and “high”) and the relative family income tertiles of the family were used. The frequencies of parental role-modeling of FV and sugary food and drink (SFD) consumption, and the availability of FV and SFD at home were calculated. Single- and multiple-mediator models were created using IBM SPSS 27.0.ResultsThe positive association between high parental educational level and children’s FV consumption (direct effect coefficient: 2.76, 95% CI: 0.51–4.86) was partially mediated by more frequent parental role-modeling of FV consumption (indirect effect coefficient: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.10–1.76), higher availability of FV (indirect effect coefficient: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.35–1.77), and lower availability of SFD (indirect effect coefficient: -0.30, 95% CI: -0.72 – -0.01). The relative family income was not directly associated with the outcome. However, the higher relative family income level indirectly predicted the Children’s FV consumption (full mediation) through more frequent parental role-modeling of FV consumption (indirect effect coefficient: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.06–1.83) and higher availability of FV (indirect effect coefficient: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.40–1.67). Parental role-modeling on SFD consumption did not mediate any of the above associations.ConclusionsParental educational level showed more associations with children’s FV consumption than relative family income. Our findings suggest that reducing the availability of SFD is as important as increasing the availability of FV to enhance children’s FV consumption. Future interventions to improve children’s dietary behaviors should pay greater attention to the lower SES segments of society. Longitudinal studies and intervention studies supporting these findings are needed for making meaningful recommendations for health promotion.

Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Academic Performance: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Schools in Nigeria

Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Academic Performance: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Schools in Nigeria

Influence of Maternal Body Mass Index on Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States [ID: 1383260

INTRODUCTION: Rates of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) and maternal obesity are increasing in the United States. We aimed to quantify the influence of increasing maternal body mass index (BMI) on SMM at a population level among U.S. births. METHODS: This was a population-based retrospective cohort study of all singleton live births using U.S.-linked birth–death data from 2013 to 2017. The exposure variable, maternal BMI, was categorized as BMI less than 18, 18–24 (referent), 25–29.9, 30–34.9, 35–39.9, 40–49.9, 50–59.9, and 60–69.9. The primary outcome, SMM, was defined as a composite variable of any blood transfusion, uterine rupture, unplanned hysterectomy, eclampsia, or maternal intensive care unit admission during the delivery hospitalization of the parturient. Generalized linear modeling quantified the association between maternal prepregnancy BMI and SMM while adjusting for maternal race and low socioeconomic status (SES) (Medicaid). Rates of SMM per 10,000 live births and relative risks (95% CI) are reported stratified by BMI. RESULTS: The study population included 19,844,580 live births. The numbers of births stratified by maternal BMI are shown in the table. The lowest rate of SMM was among the normal BMI group (0.57%), with 57 cases per 10,000 live births. The rate and risk of SMM increased with each increasing class of maternal BMI, with the highest rate in the BMI 60–69 category (2.2%), 217 cases per 10,000 live births. Maternal BMI 60–69 experienced the highest risk of SMM, over a threefold increase, even after accounting for the confounding influence of maternal race and low SES. CONCLUSION: Very high maternal BMIs are associated with a high rate and risk of SMM. These findings highlight the importance of addressing this modifiable risk factor on a population basis. Public health initiatives aimed to educate women with obesity of childbearing age about weight loss before pursuing pregnancy could help to mitigate maternal mortality in the United States.

Effect of Parental Socio-Economic Status on the Performance of Senior High School Students in the Sefwi Wiawso Municipality in Ghana

The study examined the effects of parental socio-economic status on the performance of Senior High School students in Ghana using the Sefwi Wiawso Municipality in the Western North Region of Ghana as the case. Descriptive survey research design was employed for the study. The target population of the study was 960 second-year students from four senior high schools in the Sefwi Wiawso Municipality. Using a formula, the sample of 203 students was determined. The study found out that parents’ income has effect on students’ performance. The findings showed a significant effect of educational level of parent on students’ performance as well. Furthermore, a significant relationship between parents’ occupation and students’ performance was established. The study found that family environment has a positive relationship with the performance of students. The study also found a significant influence of socio-economic status of parents on students’ self-motivation for learning. It also revealed a significant influence of socio-economic status of parents on students’ performance. It is recommended that the government of Ghana should consider initiating policies that would empower parents, especially those in the areas where poverty level is high, for them to be able to take good care of their children in school.

The Influential Factors of Parents' Involvement in Early Childhood Education: Study of Children 4-6 Years Old

This research aimed at identifying the influence of socio-economic status towards parents’ involvement, the influence of teacher social competence towards parents’ involvement, the influence of school climate towards parents’ involvement, and the influence of parents’ socio-economic status, teacher social competence, and school climate towards students’ involvement in early childhood education, specifically in kindergartens located in Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara. This quantitative study was designed using ex post facto reseach method. There were 203 parents of 89 Kindergartens chosen to be the research sample determined by using purposive sampling technique. Questionnaires were used to collect the data which was then analyzed using descriptive analysis and regression. The result of study reveals a significant influence of soci-economic status; no significant influence of teacher social competence towards parents’ involvement; a significant influence of school climate towards parents’ involvement; and a simultaneously significant influence of socio-economic status, teacher social competence, and school climate towards parents’ involvement. Finally, in order to improve parental involvement, education policymakers have to consider socioeconomic status and school climate.

The influence of socioeconomic status and appearance-reality understanding on pre-schoolers' sharing and generosity.

Prosocial behaviour can be defined as any voluntary action that is performed to benefit another individual. Despite accumulating evidence of the importance of environmental variables (e.g., socioeconomic status; SES), and individual characteristics (e.g., theory of mind - ToM - skills), in influencing prosocial behaviours in young children, it is unknown how these factors relate to the underlying motivations for prosocial behaviours. Accordingly, both extrinsically (sharing) and intrinsically (generosity)-guided prosocial behaviours are measured in this study. We explore the influences of SES and ToM skills on young children's sharing behaviour and generosity, while controlling their age, working memory and language skills. Sixty-six 4- to 6 year olds (Mage = 5.24 years, SD = 0.73) from diverse SES (measured by parental education level) and ethnic backgrounds in Singapore completed tasks assessing the ToM measures of false belief and appearance-reality understanding, working memory, language skills, generosity, and sharing behaviour. The results of hierarchical regression analyses demonstrate that the father's education level and children's appearance-reality understanding were significant predictors of sharing, after controlling for age, working memory, language skills, and the mother's education level. Children's appearance-reality understanding was the sole predictor of children's generosity. Our findings highlight the impact of children's ability to hold different views of reality and their family's education levels on the development of sharing and generosity in early childhood.

The Influence of Age, Sex, and Socioeconomic Status on Glycemic Control Among People With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Canada: Patient-Led Longitudinal Retrospective Cross-sectional Study With Multiple Time Points of Measurement.

Clinical guidelines for most adults with diabetes recommend maintaining hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels ≤7% (≤53 mmol/mol) to avoid microvascular and macrovascular complications. People with diabetes of different ages, sexes, and socioeconomic statuses may differ in their ease of attaining this goal. As a team of people with diabetes, researchers, and health professionals, we aimed to explore patterns in HbA1c results among people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in Canada. Our research question was identified by people living with diabetes. In this patient-led retrospective cross-sectional study with multiple time points of measurement, we used generalized estimating equations to analyze the associations of age, sex, and socioeconomic status with 947,543 HbA1c results collected from 2010 to 2019 among 90,770 people living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in Canada and housed in the Canadian National Diabetes Repository. People living with diabetes reviewed and interpreted the results. HbA1c results ≤7.0% represented 30.5% (male people living with type 1 diabetes), 21% (female people living with type 1 diabetes), 55% (male people living with type 2 diabetes) and 59% (female people living with type 2 diabetes) of results in each subcategory. We observed higher HbA1c values during adolescence, and for people living with type 2 diabetes, among people living in lower income areas. Among those with type 1 diabetes, female people tended to have lower HbA1c levels than male people during childbearing years but higher HbA1c levels than male people during menopausal years. Team members living with diabetes confirmed that the patterns we observed reflected their own life courses and suggested that these results be communicated to health professionals and other stakeholders to improve the treatment for people living with diabetes. A substantial proportion of people with diabetes in Canada may need additional support to reach or maintain the guideline-recommended glycemic control goals. Blood sugar management goals may be particularly challenging for people going through adolescence or menopause or those living with fewer financial resources. Health professionals should be aware of the challenging nature of glycemic management, and policy makers in Canada should provide more support for people with diabetes to live healthy lives.