Influence Of Environmental Variables Research Articles

Deep lakes support higher zooplankton functional diversity than shallow lakes: A case study in lacustrine environments affected by mining tailings (lower Doce River basin, Brazil)

Abstract Tragic incidents involving mine tailings spills have impacted many aquatic ecosystems around the world. The massive mine tailings dam collapse of Fundão, which occurred in Brazil in 2015, affected several aquatic ecosystems, including shallow and deep lakes in the lower Doce River basin. Until now, the effects of mine tailings on the functional diversity of zooplankton remain poorly understood. We investigated the functional diversity of zooplankton (functional groups, functional richness [FRic] and functional evenness [FEve]) in shallow and deep lakes, exploring the influence of environmental variables and metals. In addition, trends in functional redundancy and functional vulnerability were also assessed to understand patterns of resilience in mining‐impacted ecosystems. Surveys were performed monthly on three deep and three shallow lakes affected by the dam failure, from October 2018 to September 2019. In the deep lakes, the zooplankton community was dominated by smaller filter‐feeders and omnivorous species, associated with cyanobacteria density and chlorophyll‐a. Medium‐sized filters were associated to iron, suspended particulate organic matter and total organic carbon in shallow lakes. The smaller filter‐feeders and omnivorous trophic groups had a higher contribution to increasing the functional diversity of zooplankton than medium‐sized filter‐feeders in both deep and shallow lakes. FRic and FEve were higher in deep lakes than in shallow lakes. Shallow lakes were highly vulnerable to species loss and functional diversity was modulated by environmental changes and metal pollution. Tropical shallow lakes impacted by mining tailings should receive particular attention in conservation plans, as a consequence of their high level of pollutant retention in comparison with deep lakes. In addition, we highlight the importance of using a functional approach to better understand the ecosystem changes resulting from the impacts of mine tailings on aquatic environments.

Role of environmental factors in the genetic structure of a highly mobile seabird

AbstractAimEnvironmental features can act as selection pressures and barriers to gene flow between populations. The genetic structuring of highly mobile but philopatric seabirds creates a paradox, and the role of oceanographic and geographic variables is still poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the influence of environmental and geographic variables in the genetic and phenotypic diversity of a pantropical seabird breeding in islands and archipelagos separated by different geographic distances, up to thousand kilometres, and which differ in environmental characteristics.LocationIslands and archipelagos in the southwestern (SW) Atlantic Ocean.TaxonSula dactylatra, Lesson, 1831 (masked booby).MethodsThe population structure of the species was accessed through mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. To test Isolation by Environment (IBE) versus by Distance (IBD), sea surface temperature, primary productivity and salinity, as well as isotopic niche based on carbon and nitrogen, and distances between colonies and from the continent, were used. We also tested the correlation between the genetic structure and the morphometry of individuals in each colony.ResultsWe uncover the presence of low genetic structure between populations. Nevertheless, differences were identified between inshore and offshore colonies, with the influence of landscape characteristics of these two types of environment. The morphometric and isotopic niche variations are consistent with this segregation.Main ConclusionsEnvironmental variables of coastal and oceanic environments seem to influence the genetic structure of masked boobies, even though it is low in the SW Atlantic Ocean, highlighting the role of environmental heterogeneity in shaping biodiversity.

Seasonal change and influence of environmental variables on host-seeking activity of the biting midge Culicoides sonorensis at a southern California dairy, USA

BackgroundAs a primary vector of bluetongue virus (BTV) in the US, seasonal abundance and diel flight activity of Culicoides sonorensis has been documented, but few studies have examined how time of host-seeking activity is impacted by environmental factors. This knowledge is essential for interpreting surveillance data and modeling pathogen transmission risk.MethodsThe diel host-seeking activity of C. sonorensis was studied on a California dairy over 3 years using a time-segregated trap baited with CO2. The relationship between environmental variables and diel host-seeking activity (start, peak, and duration of activity) of C. sonorensis was evaluated using multiple linear regression. Fisher’s exact test and paired-sample z-test were used to evaluate the seasonal difference and parity difference on diel host-seeking activity.ResultsHost-seeking by C. sonorensis began and reached an activity peak before sunset at a higher frequency during colder months relative to warmer months. The time that host-seeking activity occurred was associated low and high daily temperature as well as wind speed at sunset. Colder temperatures and a greater diurnal temperature range were associated with an earlier peak in host-seeking. Higher wind speeds at sunset were associated with a delayed peak in host-seeking and a shortened duration of host-seeking. Parous midges reached peak host-seeking activity slightly later than nulliparous midges, possibly because of the need for oviposition by gravid females before returning to host-seeking.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that during colder months C. sonorensis initiates host-seeking and reaches peak host-seeking activity earlier relative to sunset, often even before sunset, compared to warmer months. Therefore, the commonly used UV light-baited traps are ineffective for midge surveillance before sunset. Based on this study, surveillance methods that do not rely on light trapping would provide a more accurate estimate of host-biting risk across seasons. The association of environmental factors to host-seeking shown in this study can be used to improve modeling or prediction of host-seeking activity. This study identified diurnal temperature range as associated with host-seeking activity, suggesting that Culicoides may respond to a rapidly decreasing temperature by shifting to an earlier host-seeking time, though this association needs further study.Graphical

Precipitation and relative humidity favours tree growth while air temperature and relative humidity respectively drive winter stem shrinkage and expansion

Forest ecosystems have a major role in sequestering atmospheric CO2 and as such, their resilience is of upmost importance. In the boreal forest, trees grow only during a short period when air temperature is favourable. During winter, trees have specific mechanisms to survive in the cold air temperature. In order to understand the response of trees to a changing climate, this study assessed the influence of environmental variables on three phases of tree radial variation (i.e., growth, shrinkage and expansion) during three periods of the year (i.e., growing season, freeze–thaw period, and winter). The three phases were extracted from stem radial variation measured for as much as 11 years on 12 balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] trees located in a cold and humid boreal forest of eastern Canada. The random forest algorithm was used to model each phase during each period. Our results show that tree growth increased with high precipitation and high relative humidity. Stem shrinkage was affected mostly by solar radiation, precipitation and vapour pressure deficit during the growing season and was likely caused by tree transpiration. During both the freeze–thaw and winter season periods, stem shrinkage increased with decreasing air temperature. During the growing season, stem expansion was related to 1-day-lag solar radiation and 1-day-lag vapour pressure deficit, which are the same variables associated with shrinkage the preceding day. Stem expansion increased with increasing air temperature and relative humidity during the freeze–thaw and winter season periods, respectively. This study shows that sink-driven tree growth is promoted mostly under humid conditions while antecedent dry and warm conditions are required during the growing season for trees to assimilate carbon through photosynthesis.

Patterns of the relationship between the Secchi disk depth and the optical characteristics of water in the Neva Estuary (Baltic Sea): the influence of environmental variables

The Secchi disc depth (Dsd) measurement is widely used to monitor eutrophication and the quality of the aquatic environment. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Dsd and various factors, including the coefficient of attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation [Kd (PAR)], the depth of the euphotic zone (Deu), PAR at the Secchi disk depth (Esd) and the absorption coefficient of PAR (F) in the Neva Estuary, one of largest estuaries of the Baltic Sea. Environmental variables impacting these indices were identified using data collected from midsummer 2012 to 2020. The Dsd values in the estuary ranged from 0.3 to 4.0 m, with an average value of 1.8 m, while the Deu/Dsd ratio ranged from 1.5 to 6.0 with an average value of 2.8. These values were significantly lower than those observed in the open waters of the Baltic Sea. The highest Deu/Dsd ratio was observed in turbid waters characterized by high Kd(PAR) and low Dsd. Contrary to expectations, Dsd did not exhibit a significant relationship with the concentration of chlorophyll a, raising doubts about the utility of historical Dsd data for reconstructing phytoplankton development in the estuary. Principal component analysis did not identify the primary environmental variables strongly affecting the optical characteristics of water. However, recursive partitioning of the dataset using analysis of variance (CART approach) revealed that the concentration of suspended mineral matter (SMM) was the primary predictor of Deu/Dsd, Kd(PAR), and F. This SMM was associated with the frequent resuspension of bottom sediments during windy weather and construction activities in the estuary. Concentrations of suspended organic matter and the depth of the water area were found to be less significant as environmental variables. Furthermore, the CART approach demonstrated that different combinations of environmental variables in estuarine waters could result in similar optical indicator values. To reliably interpret the data and determine the optical characteristics of water in estuaries from Dsd, more complex models incorporating machine learning and neural connections are required. Additionally, reference determinations of Esd in various regions with specific sets of environmental variables would be valuable for comparative analyses and better understanding of estuarine systems.

Temporal and spatial dynamics of coral symbiont assemblages are affected by local and global impacts

The influence of abiotic variables and anthropogenic pressure on symbiodiniaceans associated with the scleractinian corals Mussismilia hispida and Siderastrea stellata were assessed quarterly at Armação dos Búzios, Brazil, for over 18 months. Thirty-eight Symbiodiniaceae ITS2 rDNA phylotypes were found by metabarcoding, with eight comprising new phylotypes. Both hosts maintained their generalist pattern, with 1–3 dominant lineages. An environmental pressure index and changes in seawater temperature explained the variations in the structure and diversity of Symbiodiniaceae assemblages over time and space. A mild bleaching event affected the photosymbiotic assemblage structure, even in non-bleached colonies. The highly dynamic and diverse photosymbiont assemblages were constantly driven by the influence of environmental variables and human-induced impacts. Furthermore, new strains of Symbiodiniaceae might be associated with lower temperatures caused by upwelling, which is characteristic of this subtropical coral community, highlighting the region's idiosyncrasy and the need for further studies of this coral system.

Bioclimatic influence on water chemistry and dissolved organic matter in shallow temperate lakes of Andean Patagonia: A gradient approach

Abstract We addressed the influence of bioclimatic variables (precipitation, temperature and vegetation) on physicochemical properties, carbon (C) and nutrients dynamics in shallow temperate lakes in the northern Patagonian Andes. Four shallow lakes (mean depth < 15 m) located along the Andean Patagonian bioclimatic gradient, and characterised by a west‐to‐east decrease in precipitation, increase in temperature and changes in vegetation type, were studied during wet and dry periods. Physicochemical variables, total nitrogen and phosphorus (TN and TP) and particulate and dissolved organic matter (POM and DOM) were analysed. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the influence of environmental variables on lake water chemistry and to identify the main factors associated with spatial and temporal differences in lake DOM pools. Spatial and seasonal decreases in precipitation and warming were reflected in reduced hydrological connectivity of the lakes. The reduced connectivity resulted in increased conductivity, pH, alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and TN concentrations. Such conditions favoured the loss of lake DOM aromaticity, humic content and molecular weight/size, and increased the degradation signals and the biologically produced DOM fraction. Lakes responded uniformly to changes in climate variables along the Andean Patagonian gradient. Differences among lakes in water chemistry and DOM composition, were associated at the gradient scale with variation in precipitation, temperature and catchment vegetation, which may provide insights into C and water chemistry trajectories under forecasted climate trends. Our results suggest that drought and warming trends could result in less hydrological connectivity, shrinking terrestrial DOM fluxes to lakes while concomitantly increasing internal degradation processes.

Study on the prediction method of grasshopper occurrence risk in Inner Mongolia based on the maximum entropy model during the growing period.

Grasshoppers represent a significant biological challenge in Inner Mongolia's grasslands, severely affecting the region's animal husbandry. Thus, dynamic monitoring of grasshopper infestation risk is crucial for sustainable livestock farming. This study employed the Maxent model,along with remote sensing data, to forecast Oedaleus decorus asiaticus occurrence during the growing season, using grasshopper suitability habitats as a base. The Maxent model's predictive accuracy was high, with an AUC of 0.966. The most influential environmental variables for grasshopper distribution were suitable habitat data (34.27%), the temperature-vegetation dryness index during the spawning period (18.81%), and various other meteorological and vegetation factors. The risk index model was applied to calculate the grasshopper distribution across different risk levels for the years 2019-2022. The data indicated that the level 1 risk area primarily spans central, eastern, and southwestern Inner Mongolia. By examining the variable weights, the primary drivers of risk level fluctuation from 2019 to 2022 were identified as accumulated precipitation and land surface temperature anomalies during the overwintering period. This study offers valuable insights for future O. decorus asiaticus monitoring in Inner Mongolia.

Influence of environmental factors on the occurrence of gastrointestinal and cardiopulmonary nematodes in the red fox in the semi-arid Mediterranean areas of the Iberian Peninsula

Human-induced ecosystem fragmentation is one of the drivers causing wildlife migration from their natural habitats to urban areas, among other reasons. The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the most abundant wild canid in the semi-arid Mediterranean areas of the Iberian Peninsula. Water scarcity may result in areas shared by synanthropic fox populations and domestic animals becoming hotspots for parasite transmission. This study describes the gastrointestinal and cardiopulmonary nematode species affecting fox populations in these semi-arid areas and the influence of environmental variables on parasite abundance. A total of 167 foxes collected from 2015 to 2021 in the Region of Murcia (SE Spain) were analysed. Parasite abundance and spatial distribution were evaluated using environmental variables and host characteristics with a Generalised Linear Model and the Moran index. Eleven species (seven from the gastrointestinal tract and four from the cardiopulmonary tract) were described. The influence of biotic and abiotic variables was studied for Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma vulpis, Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina. Temperature, humidity and areas of forest or agricultural land influenced the abundance of these parasites, providing optimal conditions for free-living stages of the direct life cycle nematodes and intermediate hosts. Absolute abundance distribution maps showed defined locations for C. vulpis, T. canis and T. leonina. The results for U. stenocephala, T. canis and T. leonina were particularly important as their higher abundance levels were found close to anthropized areas, which need to be carefully evaluated to prevent transmission of these nematodes between domestic and wild canids and human health.

Mosses and vascular plants show diverging diversity patterns along a latitudinal gradient in boreal bogs and fens

AbstractQuestionsThe latitudinal biodiversity gradient; i.e., the increase in biodiversity towards the equator, is one of the most prominent biodiversity patterns. Nevertheless, many questions remain to be answered about the influence of multiple environmental factors on the latitudinal biodiversity gradient, especially for mosses, and the functional diversity of mosses and vascular plants. This study aims at evaluating the influence of latitude, climate, environmental variables, and habitat types (bog vs fen) on taxonomic and functional diversity (α‐diversity and β‐diversity) and the composition of vascular plant and moss species.Location49° N to 55° N in Northwestern Quebec, Canada.TaxonMosses, vascular plants.MethodsWe used a database containing 376 phytosociological plots (400 m2) sampled in boreal peatlands located along a 600‐km latitudinal gradient. We evaluated changes in α‐diversity and β‐diversity in response to latitude, longitude, climate, and local abiotic variables for both taxonomic groups using linear mixed effect models. We evaluated the effects of these variables on taxonomic and functional composition using variance partitioning by redundancy analysis.ResultsMoss diversity increased with latitude, although the effects were masked by environmental variables, whereas vascular plant diversity decreased with latitude in fens and did not vary with latitude in bogs. We observed a decrease in taxonomic and functional uniqueness with latitude. Moss and vascular plant taxonomic and functional composition were primarily structured by contrasting local conditions in bogs and fens, whereas climatic variations along the latitudinal gradient played a secondary role.ConclusionsOur results highlight the contrasting biodiversity patterns in both peatland types and the importance of local habitat conditions in structuring vascular plant and moss diversity. These patterns varied depending on the diversity indicator used, as α‐ and β‐diversity and functional and taxonomic diversity were often decoupled. Future studies should therefore include more than one diversity indicator and consider the differences between ecosystems and taxon groups.

Proxies to detect hotspots of invertebrate biodiversity on rhodolith beds across the Southwestern Atlantic

Rhodolith beds are known worldwide to host high biodiversity to several taxa. Despite their importance, few ecological data explored the influence of rhodolith features and environmental variables on associated biodiversity, a gap that has been hampering the mapping of diversity hotspots and priority areas for conservation. In this study, we investigated large-scale spatial variations of rhodolith beds and their associated fauna, using annelid polychaetes as a biological model. We aimed to identify proxies, based on rhodolith features and environmental variables, to detect biodiversity hotspots across Southwestern Atlantic beds, laying the groundwork for mapping priority areas for conservation. With this goal, we sampled a total of 136 rhodolith nodules across seven sites with beds under distinct latitudes, depths, distances from the mainland coast of Brazil, and rhodolith densities. For each nodule sampled, we measured the volume, diameter, and mass of sediment trapped, as well as the attributes of the associated polychaetes (abundance, richness, diversity, and composition). Our results revealed a complex network of collinearities and synergisms between the rhodolith features and the majority of the polychaetes attributes (i.e., abundance, diversity, and composition). Polychaete richness, in contrast, can be explained by the combination of two proxies: (1) rhodolith nodule diameter and (2) distance of the rhodolith bed from the mainland coast. Nearshore rhodolith beds and larger nodules were associated with higher values of richness. Additionally, rhodoliths with a hollow morphology were also associated with higher values of polychaete richness. These results suggest that nearshore rhodolith beds with large and hollow nodules could be priority areas for conservation. However, further multi-taxa studies using our framework are still needed to explore other regions and scales, delineating more comprehensive proxies for predicting ecological patterns of the rhodoliths associated fauna and to identify priorities for conservation across Southwestern Atlantic beds.

Influence of environmental variables on students' cognitive performance in indoor higher education environments.

Educational environments can have environmental conditions that are incompatible with the needs of students, compromising their well-being and affecting their performance. To identify the environmental variables that influence the performance of university students and measure this influence through an experiment in indoor environments. The study applied an experimental methodology for three consecutive days in seven educational environments located in different regions of Brazil, measuring the environ-mental conditions, the students' perception of the environment, and their cognitive performance. The impact of environmental variables and environmental perception on student performance was analyzed using Generalized Linear Models and a Structural Equation Model. Students who took the test at air temperatures between 22.4°C and 24.7°C had a 74.20% chance of performing better than those outside this range. Air temperatures between 26.2°C and 29°C were associated with an 86% chance of taking less time to complete the test. High illuminance levels increased the chance of taking longer to answer the test by 41.7%. Three environmental variables (relative humidity, lighting and air temperature) and two perceptual dimensions (light and thermal perception) directly influence student performance.

The influence of climatic and environmental variables on sunflower planting season suitability in Tanzania

Crop survival and growth requires identification of correlations between appropriate suitable planting season and relevant climatic and environmental characteristics. Climatic and environmental conditions may cause water and heat stress at critical stages of crop development and thus affecting planting suitability. Consequently, this may affect crop yield and productivity. This study assesses the influence of climate and environmental variables on rain-fed sunflower planting season suitability in Tanzania. Data on rainfall, temperature, slope, elevation, soil and land use/or cover were accessed from publicly available sources using Google Earth Engine. This is a cloud-based geospatial computing platform for remote sensed datasets. Tanzania sunflower production calendar of 2022 was adopted to mark the start and end limits of planting across the country. The default climate and environmental parameters from FAO database were used. In addition, Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between rainfall, temperature over Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from 2000 to 2020 at five-year interval for January-April and June–September, for high and poor suitability season. The results showed that planting suitability of sunflower in Tanzania is driven more by rainfall than temperature. It was revealed that intra-annual planting suitability increases gradually from short to long- rain season and diminishes towards dry season of the year. January-April planting season window showing highest suitability (41.65%), whereas June–September indicating lowest suitability (0.05%). Though, not statistically significant, rainfall and NDVI were positively correlated with r = 0.65 and 0.75 whereas negative correlation existed between temperature and NDVI with r = -− 0.6 and − 0.77. We recommend sunflower subsector interventions that consider appropriate intra-regional and seasonal diversity as an important adaptive mechanism to ensure high sunflower yields.

Investigating the dynamic nature of landslide susceptibility in the Indian Himalayan region.

Landslide susceptibility zonation (LSZ) mapping is used to delineate areas prone to landslides and is critical for effective landslide hazard management. The existing methodologies for generating such maps tend to neglect the influence of dynamic environmental variables on landslide occurrences, which may lead to obsolete and erroneous estimates of landslide susceptibility (LS) for a concerned area. Although recent studies have started to report the effects of Land Use/ Land Cover (LULC) variation on LSZ mapping, variations in other dynamic variables like rainfall, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration apart from LULC may also influence slope stability in mountainous regions. The present study investigates the impact of variations in these four variables on the LS distribution, of a selected Indian Himalayan region between 2017 and 2021. Random Forest (RF) susceptibility models are utilized for evaluating the LS for the selected years and geospatial technologies are employed for LS change detection. The results indicate up to 19% variations in the spatial extent for some of the zones of the generated LSZ maps. The research findings of this study are crucial since they reveal the impact of dynamic behavior on LS, which has not been previously documented in the literature.

Strategy for Reducing Employee Turnover Intention: The Influence of Organizational Culture and Work Environment as Mediated by Job Satisfaction

The research aims to analyze the influence of Organizational culture variables and Work environment variables on turnover intention variables, to analyze the influence of Organizational culture variables and Work environment variables on Job satisfaction variables and to analyze the influence of Organizational culture and Work environment on turnover intention with Job satisfaction as a mediating variable in PT Adhi Karya Manyar Smelter Gresik Project, The type of research used in this research is quantitative research. The population and sample in this study were employees of PT Adhi Karya Manyar Smelter Gresik Project, totaling 271 respondents. The research results show that Organizational culture and Work environment have a positive and significant influence on Turnover intention. Organizational culture has a positive and significant influence on job satisfaction, while work environment does not have a significant influence on job satisfaction. Job satisfaction has a positive and significant influence on turnover intention. Organizational culture has a significant influence on turnover intention through job satisfaction as mediation, but work environment does not have a significant influence on turnover intention through job satisfaction as mediation. From the research results of PT Adhi Karya Manyar Smelter Gresik Project, it is recommended to condition the organizational culture that is implemented, and provide or complete work facilities so that employees feel more at home at work, apart from that, increasing salaries or giving bonuses can also be done for employees to prevent turnover intention from increasing.

Hydroperiod length, not pond age, determines zooplankton taxonomic and functional diversity in temporary ponds

Mediterranean Temporary ponds (MTPs) are suffering severe alterations in their hydrological and salinity regime through global change, and restoration or conservation of these habitats is a priority. However, there is little information that can be used as a scientific basis for restoration.We studied the taxonomic and functional diversity of zooplankton communities in a set of 96 ponds in Doñana, Spain during four consecutive hydroperiods after their creation. We examined the differences across hydroperiods in alpha and beta diversity (and its turnover and nestedness components) of the rotifer, cladoceran and copepod community, as well as the influence of local environmental variables including the proximity to natural wetlands.There was no general increase in diversity indices after the first two hydroperiods. We found that shorter hydroperiods significantly reduced taxonomic diversity, but increased the contribution to functional beta diversity through turnover. Shorter hydroperiods also reduced community complexity, with long-term effects. Conductivity was the most important predictor of zooplankton alpha and beta diversity, but the direction of its effects changed between hydroperiods. The distance from a natural source of colonists, and pond depth, were key during the early stage of community assembly and after a hydrological perturbation.Our results suggest that new restoration projects for MTPs should focus on increasing local environmental heterogeneity and on reducing vulnerability to salinization.The use of functional approaches in monitoring studies can improve our understanding of mechanisms and processes affecting zooplankton community assembly under dynamic hydrological regimes. This in turn can help us predict the consequences of management and restoration policies for biodiversity conservation in MTPs.

THE INFLUENCE OF WORK DISCIPLINE AND WORK ENVIRONMENT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE THROUGH JOB SATISFACTION AT KUALA CENAKU COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER OF INDRAGIRI HULU REGENCY

This research was conducted on employees of Kuala Cenaku Community Health Center. In research, whether work discipline influences employee performance at Kuala Cenaku Community Health Center. Does the work environment influence the performance of Kuala Cenaku Community Health Center employees? Does work discipline influence employee job satisfaction at the Kuala Cenaku Health Center? Does the work environment influence employee job satisfaction at Kuala Cenaku Community Health Center. The aim of the research is to determine the influence of work discipline and work environment variables through job satisfaction on employee performance at Kuala Cenaku Community Health Center. Tha Sampling was carried out using the questionnaire distribution method with 62 samples as respondents. The analysis method used was quantitative, data analysis was carried out using path analysis. The research results show that work discipline influences employee performance at Kuala Cenaku Community Health Center. The work environment influences employee performance at Kuala Cenaku Community Health Center. Work discipline influences job satisfaction at Kuala Cenaku Community Health Center. The work environment influences job satisfaction at Kuala Cenaku Community Health Center.

The Role of the Cytochrome P450 Superfamily in the Skin.

Abstract In mammals, the skin acts as a barrier to prevent harmful environmental stimuli from entering the circulation. CYP450s are involved in drug biotransformation, exogenous and endogenous substrate metabolism, and maintaining the normal physiological function of the skin, as well as facilitating homeostasis of the internal environment. The expression pattern of CYP450s in the skin is tissue-specific and thus differs from the liver and other organs. The development of skin topical medications, and knowledge of the toxicity and side effects of these medications require a detailed understanding of the expression and function of skin-specific CYP450s. Thus, we summarized the expression of CYP450s in the skin, their function in endogenous metabolic physiology, aberrant CYP450 expression in skin diseases and the influence of environmental variables and medications. This information will serve as a crucial foundation for future studies on the skin, as well as for the design and development of new drugs for skin diseases including topical medications.

A Study on the Development Trend and Mechanism Perfection of Cultural Industry in Western China Based on Variable Model

Abstract As an emerging industry with high growth, the cultural industry plays an increasingly prominent role in boosting national economic construction and enriching people’s lives. This paper utilizes the relevant statistical data of the culture industry in 2022, selects the indicators of input-output variables, and adopts the three-stage DEA method to measure the efficiency level of the culture industry in Western China and explore the development trend of the culture industry in western China after eliminating the influence of external environment and random variables on the analysis results. In addition, the level of cultural industry efficiency in West China is taken as an explanatory variable. Relevant explanatory variables are selected to derive the influence of each variable on cultural industry efficiency by the partial least squares method, and regional heterogeneity is detected. The overall cultural industry efficiency in the western region is low; more than 30% of the inputs do not create value, and 50% of the provinces and municipalities have a low level of cultural industry operation and management and low development of industry scale. Except for Chongqing and Shaanxi, all other provinces and cities are in the stage of increasing returns to scale. The selected explanatory variables all positively contribute to the comprehensive technical efficiency of the cultural industry, with the most significant effect of the urbanization level, with a regression effect of 0.387. Focusing on improving the operation and management levels and the scale of the cultural industry is the key to enhancing the efficiency of the overall cultural industry in the West.

Analisis Tingkat Pengaruh Pendidikan, Lingkungan dan Motivasi Terhadap Minat Berwirausaha

This research aims to analyze the level of influence of educational, environmental, and motivational variables on interest in entrepreneurship. The research method uses a quantitative approach by carrying out analytical calculations on the specified variables. The research dataset consists of the population and samples of management students at Putra Indonesia University YPTK Padang in 2023, totaling 128 samples. The results of this research show that the R coefficient is (0.717) and the Adjusted R Square coefficient value is (0.503) for the variables of education, environment, and motivation for interest in entrepreneurship. The results of other analyses also show that other variables do not influence 49.7%. The level of influence based on the results of the analysis shows that the entrepreneurial education variable has a positive and significant effect on management's interest in entrepreneurship with a t-value of 2.961. The family environment variable also has a positive and significant influence on management's entrepreneurial interest with a t-value of 6.991. The motivation variable also has a positive and significant influence on interest in entrepreneurship with a t-value of 4.661. Overall, education, environment, and motivation variables have a positive and significant influence on interest in entrepreneurship. Based on these results, this research can contribute to presenting knowledge and information that entrepreneurship education, family environment, and motivation simultaneously and partially have a positive influence on interest in entrepreneurship