Influence Of Thyroid Hormones Research Articles

Study on thyroid hormone levels and influence factors in drug users in a drug rehabilitation center in Jiangsu province

Objective: To understand the serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) and identify the related influencing factors of thyroid dysfunction in drug users. Methods: From June to August 2018, a face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted in 788 male drug users in a drug rehabilitation center in Jiangsu province to collect their socio-demographic information. Then, venous blood sample was collected from each participant for the detection of various hematological indicators, such as thyroid hormones. Results: The abnormal rates of T3, T4, FT3, FT4 and TSH were 4.57%, 1.27%, 0.51%, 0.38% and 0.89%, respectively, in the male drug users. HCV infection was an influencing factor for abnormal T3 level in the male drug users (OR=8.52, 95%CI: 2.36-30.74, P=0.001). And serum T3 (P<0.001) and T4 (P=0.048) levels increased with increasing HCV viral load. Conclusions: HCV infection was an influencing factor for the abnormality of serum T3 level in drug users. Therefore, thyroid-related knowledge should be added in the health education for drug users, and the monitoring of thyroid function should be strengthened for drug users infected with HCV.

Influences of Thyroid Hormones on the Alteration of Autonomic Nervous System in Female Patients with Overt Hyperthyroidism

The aim of this study is to document the impact of thyroid hormones on the autonomic nervous system (ANS), expressed by heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate turbulence (HRT), in patients with hyperthyroidism, compared to controls. Another purpose is to determine if HRV and HRT parameters are significantly correlated with the levels of thyroid hormones and the duration of hyperthyroidism. We studied HRV, in time and frequency domain, and HRT in a group of 113 premenopausal women, with still untreated overt hyperthyroidism, without cardiovascular diseases or risk factors for atherosclerosis, admitted between 2015 and 2018 in the Endocrinology Clinic of our hospital and compared the results with data obtained in 29 healthy controls. Depending on the severity and duration of hyperthyroidism and levels of thyroid hormones, patients were assigned to three groups: mild and moderate hyperthyroidism, severe and recurrent forms. We performed 24 hours Holter monitoring in patients and controls. Regarding HRV parameters in time domain, they were significantly depressed in patients comparing to controls. Referring to HRT, all patients had abnormal, positive values of turbulence onset (TO) and we documented statistically significant differences (p[0.001) when compared to controls. All patients had normal positive values of turbulence slope (TS), which decreased parallel with the severity of hyperthyroidism. In patients with hyperthyroidism, we documented depressed values of HRV parameters in time domain, correlated with the duration and severity of the thyroid disease. Our patients had pathologic values of TO. Although positive, TS values were lower when compared to controls.

AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTHYROIDISM BEFORE INTRODUCTION OF THE THERAPY AND DURING THERAPY WITH TIREOSUPPRESSIVES

Objective:The increased secretion of thyroid gland hormones affects the cardiovascular system by increasing heart rate and often by increasing systolic and diastolic blood pressure.Design and method:We examined the influence of elevated thyroid hormone on blood pressure. Blood pressure was measured

Some aspects of the hypothalamic and pituitary development, metamorphosis, and reproductive behavior as studied in amphibians

In this review article, information about the development of the hypothalamo–hypophyseal axis, endocrine control of metamorphosis, and hormonal and pheromonal involvements in reproductive behavior in some amphibian species is assembled from the works conducted mainly by our research group. The hypothalamic and pituitary development was studied using Bufo embryos and larvae. The primordium of the epithelial hypophysis originates at the anterior neural ridge and migrates underneath the brain to form a Rathke’s pouch-like structure. The hypothalamo–hypophyseal axis develops under the influence of thyroid hormone (TH). For the morphological and functional development of the median eminence, which is a key structure in the transport of regulatory hormones to the pituitary, contact of the adenohypophysis with the undeveloped median eminence is necessary. For the development of proopiomelanocortin-producing cells, contact of the pituitary primordium with the infundibulum is required. The significance of avascularization in terms of the function of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary was evidenced with transgenic Xenopus frogs expressing a vascular endothelial growth factor in melanotropes. Metamorphosis progresses via the interaction of TH, adrenal corticosteroids, and prolactin (PRL). We emphasize that PRL has a dual role: modulation of the speed of metamorphic changes and functional development of organs for adult life. A brief description about a novel type of PRL (1B) that was detected was made. A possible reason why the main hypothalamic factor that stimulates the release of thyrotropin is not thyrotropin-releasing hormone, but corticotropin-releasing factor is considered in light of the fact that amphibians are poikilotherms. As regards the reproductive behavior in amphibians, studies were focused on the courtship behavior of the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster. Male newts exhibit a unique courtship behavior toward sexually developed conspecific females. Hormonal interactions eliciting this behavior and hormonal control of the courtship pheromone secretion are discussed on the basis of our experimental results.

Migotanie przedsionków z szybką czynnością komór w czasie przełomu tarczycowego

We present the case of an unconscious 81 year-old woman admitted to the Emergency Department with fever and significant tachycardia up to 210 bpm. The patient was referred by the general physician to the neurology department with suspected stroke. Atrial fibrillation (AF) with rapid ventricular rate was found. The causes of significant tachycardia, in this case, were complex and associated with dehydration, fever, infection and thyroid storm. It could be assumed that the deterioration of the patient’s general condition and a decreased fluid intake had caused hypertonic dehydration which could have led to further acceleration of the heart rhythm and loss of consciousness. Thyroid function tests are indicated in all cases of paroxysmal AF. In the presented case, the suspicion of thyroid storm was based on the results of analysis and it was confirmed later by the results of free traction of thyroid hormones’ levels. The very fast ventricular rate was related to metabolic disorders and the influence of thyroid hormones on the electrophysiological properties of the atrioventricular junction. In order to stabilise the condition of the patient, passive oxygen therapy, an antipyretic drug, the correction of water and electrolyte disturbances, and digoxin were administered. This treatment improved the patient’s general condition and state of consciousness, resulting in slowing heart rate and respiratory rate.

Constitutional diversity in the dimensions of internal organs of teenagers

The anatomical dimensions of the internal organs are relatively stable and constitutionally determined. The connection between the somatotype and the size of the internal organs in adolescents - boys and girls - remains virtually unexplored. So, the purpose of this work is to compare the size of the internal organs separately in the group of young men and girls with lepto-, meso-and hypersome somatotype. The study involved 421 teenagers aged from 13 to 17 years: 225 boys and 196 girls. Their somatotypes were determined according to the patented method of V.A. Melnik, I.I. Salivon, N.I. Polina, and the sizes of abdominal organs and thyroid gland were determined using ultrasound morphometry. Their comparisons revealed the mosaic distribution of differences in the size of internal organs in children with different types of constitution. The authors discussed possible reasons of this difference: a methodological error in visualizing the size of internal organs, the influence of thyroid hormones, general biological and evolutionary factors, and the effect of narrow (in terms of gender and age) selection of the subjects. Thus, an orientation towards the constitutional features of the organism as a factor influencing the results of ultrasound examination of internal organs should be optional until the mechanisms and structure of these features are clarified in detail.

OR10-4 Spermatogonial Type 3 Deiodinase Regulates Thyroid Hormone Action in Developing Testicular Somatic Cells

The influence of thyroid hormone (TH) on male reproduction is not well understood. Male mice lacking the type 3 deiodinase (DIO3), which inactivates TH, exhibit deficits in testis growth, reproductive hormone levels, spermatogenesis and fertility (Martinez et al, Endocrionology 157:1276, 2016). We aimed to (i) determine the testicular gene expression networks underlying these observations, and (ii) define DIO3 role in regulating TH homeostasis in this tissue. Using RNA-sequencing (n=4), we profiled gene expression in the testis of postnatal day 5 Dio3-/-mice and identified 1607 genes differentially expressed (DEGs) by more than 1.5-fold (q<0.05). The altered expression of 23 genes, some of them involved in steroidogenesis and in the formation of the testis-blood barrier, was confirmed by qPCR. DAVID-based gene ontology analysis revealed a profound functional dichotomy between up- and down-regulated genes. Genes involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle, and chromosome and chromatin organization were markedly overrepresented among 637 down-regulated genes (-Log P value range: 20-56), while genes involved in glycoprotein processing and cell membrane functions were overrepresented among 970 up-regulated genes (-Log P value range: 14-42). DEGs whose expression have also been found altered in a published mouse model of SC-specific androgen receptor deficiency showed an significant inverse correlation in their expression changes between the two models. To understand the cellular roles of DIO3 in the developing testis, we genetically inactivated DIO3 in vivoin Sertoli cells (SCs) using a mouse model carrying a floxed Dio3(Dio3f/f) and a Amh-credriver). This resulted in effective Dio3gene recombination in neonatal testis, but intact levels of DIO3 enzymatic activity, suggesting that DIO3 is not appreciably expressed in SCs. In contrast, DIO3 inactivation in spermatogonia (using Dio3f/fmice carrying a Stra8-cretransgene) resulted in >90% inactivation of DIO3 activity in the postnatal testis, demonstrating that testicular DIO3 is predominantly active in spermatogonia. Furthermore,Dio3f/f/Stra8-cremice manifested significant reductions in testis size and SC number at weaning, although these reductions were moderate compared to those observed in Dio3-/-mice. The testes of Dio3f/f/Stra8-creneonates also exhibited marked alterations in the expression of identified TH-regulated genes specific to SC and Leydig cells. Our findings (i) identify new TH-regulated genes in the developing testis that suggest a critical role for TH in arresting cell proliferation and promoting cell differentiation in this tissue, and (ii) indicate that spermatogonial DIO3 influences TH action in the principal cell types in the tetis, defining a novel cross-talk mechanism between germ and somatic cells in the testis that involves the regulation of TH signaling.

Critical Period Regulation by Thyroid Hormones: Potential Mechanisms and Sex-Specific Aspects.

Adequate perinatal levels of thyroid hormones (THs) are required for normal brain function and development. Studies in non-mammalian species suggest that TH might be involved in the regulation of critical periods (CPs) of heightened plasticity. Yet, it is largely unknown what mechanisms controlling such CPs might be under TH regulation. Here, we briefly review the influence of TH in early life across evolution. We discuss possible links between TH and known circuit and/or molecular mechanisms determining the timing of CPs of heightened brain plasticity. We focus on the role of parvalbumin-positive (PV) interneurons since their maturation defines CP onset and closure. Specifically, abnormal PV circuits are associated with low perinatal levels of TH, possibly because thyroid hypofunction may increase oxidative stress and/or dysregulate Otx2-mediated maturation of neuroprotective perineuronal nets. In addition, the level of cholinergic transmission is important for CP plasticity. Potentially, TH levels could affect gain changes in cholinergic transmission that can alter brain development. We believe that understanding how TH impacts CPs of circuit refinement will shed light onto the principles underlying normal developmental trajectories. Given that the thyroid gland expresses estrogen and androgen receptors, its activity can potentially be regulated differently between the sexes, contributing to sexually dimorphic behaviors.

The influence of thyroid hormones on mitochondrial mechanisms of blood neutrophils’ apoptosis in case of experimental periodontitis

The influence of thyroid hormones on mitochondrial mechanisms of blood neutrophils’ apoptosis in case of experimental periodontitis

Nineteenth-Century Homeopathic Materia Medica Texts Predict Source Materials Whose Physiological Actions Influence Thyroid Activity.

The homeopathic materia medica contains hundreds of thousands of observations collected over the course of two centuries. It includes both clinical observations of potentized medicines and observations of the actions of potentized medicines on healthy subjects (provings). This current study was undertaken to determine the degree to which observations within the materia medica were associated with the physiological mechanisms for thyroid activity-inhibiting substances in their undiluted state. Four specific symptoms for iodine deficiency were selected to describe the hypothyroid state: (1) generalized aggravation by or sensitivity to cold; (2) chronic painless hoarseness; (3) goiter; (4) painless diffuse non-scarring alopecia. Symptom representation for the four selected symptoms within the homeopathic materia medica was compared for 2 halogen inhibitors, for 3 substances that influence thyroid hormone target tissues, for 6 substances known or suspected to increase thyroid-stimulating hormone or decrease thyroid hormone levels, and for 11 substances not known to inhibit thyroid activity. To avoid knowledge bias, only those compilations of materia medica whose publication dates preceded the discoveries of crucial aspects of thyroid physiology were used as source materials for investigation. Homeopathic medicines derived from 11 substances with mechanisms for inhibition of thyroid activity were more likely to exhibit selected symptoms than the medicines derived from the 11 substances without known physiological mechanisms for thyroid activity inhibition. The difference between groups was analyzed via the Mann-Whitney non-parametric U test and was statistically significant to p < 0.01. After observations obtained from provings alone were removed from analysis, the difference remained significant to p < 0.01. Only the two halogen inhibitors of iodine (bromine and fluoric acid) and one of the influencers of thyroid hormone target tissue (calcium carbonate) were significantly goitrogenic. With respect to thyroid activity inhibition, there is a statistically significant association between observations recorded within the homeopathic materia medica and the expected physiological mechanisms for the corresponding undiluted substances.

The effect of thyroid hormone deficiency on erythropoiesis in dogs

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of thyroid hormone deficiency on the erythrocytic system in dogs. Dogs with clinical symptoms of hypothyreosis such as obesity, hyperpigmentation, and lethargy were selected. The dogs demonstrating breed predisposition to hypothyreosis were incorporated in the analysis: Dachshunds, Retrievers, and mixed-breed dogs. A detailed history was taken and clinical, hormonal, biochemical and haematological blood tests were performed. Peripheral blood samples were taken from 53 dogs. Finally, the dogs with the initial T4 (thyroxine) concentration &lt; 1.3 µg/dl and animals demonstrating clinical improvement after a 2-month therapy with levothyroxine at a dose of 10 µg/kg administeredper ostwo times a day were qualified. The animals between 10 months to 13 years of age were divided into two groups: clinically healthy (control group, n = 35) and dogs presenting clinical symptoms of hypothyreosis (experimental group, n = 18). In this research, the broadly described normocytic normochromic non-regenerative anaemia was not diagnosed in dogs with hypothyreosis. However, a positive correlation between T4 and red blood cell indices such as the average mass of haemoglobin per red blood cell, concentration of haemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells as well as a negative correlation with haematocrit value was discovered in the experimental group after the 2-month therapy with levothyroxine. These results point to the influence of thyroid hormones on erythropoiesis. This observation is partially consistent with other studies, which noted the casual link between the changes in red blood cell system and the function of thyroid in dogs and humans.

Influence of the hormonal background on the morphological replacement piglets

The puberty period in pigs depends on the functional activity of the endocrine system, which has an effect on the blood through the connective tissue. It has been established that steroid and thyroid hormones regulate the processes of metabolism and proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of cells. The aim of the research was to establish the peculiarities of formation of the morphological composition of blood under the influence of steroid and thyroid hormones in the process of puberty in different directions of productivity in the pigs. Experiments were performed on two groups of clinically healthy pigs of Pietrain breed and Large White breed. To assess the hormonal and morphological blood was taken from pigs from the anterior hollow vein in the 4-, 5-.6-, 7-month-old age (when their live weight reaches 100 kg). The predominance of hemoglobin content and the amount of erythrocytes in the blood of piglets of Pietrain breed over a Large White breed on the 120–150th day of development (P &lt; 0.05) was observed, against the background of the general decrease in leukocytes in pigs of both breeds at the age of 5 months with the next gradual increase. The age-related changes in the leukocyte formula were directly related to the direction of animal productivity. In the Large White breed, from the beginning of the experiment, there was an increase in the number of rodenuclear neutrophils to 210-day-olds, followed by a sharp decreasing on 36.4%. In Pietrain breed, the level of the rodenuclear neutrophils decreased on 28.6% (P &lt; 0.01) at the age of 5 months, followed by a sharp increasing over the coming months. From the 5th to the 7th months of the development of animals, the concentration of estradiol decreased in the first genotype 2 times (P &lt; 0.05); in the second genotype – 1.9 times (P &lt; 0.01). The content of thyroxine and triiodothyronine increased in the blood serum in Pietrain breed pigs (P &lt; 0.01) and Large White breed (P &lt; 0.001) in the period from 120th to 180th day of development. It was found that the amount of progesterone in Large White breed was higher relatively to Pietrain breed in all investigated periods. The content of estradiol in pigs of both breeds from the 120th and the 150th day of development tended to decrease – by 2.8 times (P &lt; 0.001) in Large White breed, 1.4 times (P &lt; 0.05) in Pietrain breed, and testosterone increases, respectively, 2.1 (P &lt; 0.05) and 1.9 (P &lt; 0.05) times. The significant influence of progesterone on the number of lymphocytes and common leukocytes in Pietrain breed pigs was established. The level of estradiol significantly influenced the number of granulocytes in Pietrain breed pigs at the age of 5 months (r = 0.92 ... 0.99), and in animals of Large White breed the maximum correlation level was observed at the achievement of the 150th (r = 0.61) and 180 days of development (r = 0.94).

Association between thyroid hormone levels, body composition and insulin resistance in euthyroid subjects with normal thyroid ultrasound: The Kangbuk Samsung Health Study.

Thyroid hormones play crucial roles in the control of energy homoeostasis and can influence body composition. In contrast, the changes in body composition might influence thyroid hormone levels. We evaluated associations between thyroid hormone levels, body composition and insulin resistance in euthyroid subjects with normal thyroid ultrasound (US) findings. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 36655 euthyroid subjects who joined the medical health check-up programme at our institution. Serum thyroid hormone levels were analysed in association with body fat percentage (BFP), skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate relationships between thyroid hormone levels and anthropometric parameters. Mean age was 36.4 years, and 49% of subjects were female. In multiple linear regression analysis, serum-free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels exhibited positive associations with waist circumference (WC) and HOMA-IR and a negative association with body weight, body mass index (BMI) and SMI among both men and women. The association between serum-free thyroxine (FT4) levels and anthropometric markers showed inconsistent results in men and women. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels showed a positive association with HOMA-IR in both men and women. Lower SMI was significantly associated with higher serum FT3 levels, the active form of thyroid hormone, in both men and women. Higher insulin resistance was positively associated with serum FT3 levels and inversely associated with serum TSH levels in euthyroid subjects with normal thyroid US findings.

Molecular docking studies of human MCT8 protein with soy isoflavones in Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS)

Monocarboxylate transporter-8 (MCT8) is a specific thyroid hormone transporter, essential for the uptake of thyroid hormone into target tissues. Mutations in the MCT8 gene have been identified as the cause of Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS). It has been reported that soy isoflavones influence thyroid hormone system and can interact with thyroid hormone transporter proteins. Therefore, the present study aimed to find out whether soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein and glycitein) can be used as a natural inhibitor to target MCT8 in AHDS. Docking studies were performed for soy isoflavones in order to evaluate their binding affinity to MCT8 protein using AutoDock4 (version 4.2.6) and AutoDock Vina. After docking, the ligands were ranked according to their binding energy and the best lead compound was selected based on the least binding energy. The docking results indicated that daidzein possesses the lowest binding energy against MCT8. Moreover, it was found that the residues PRO-338, HIS-341, and GLU-348 were involved in hydrogen bond interactions with genistein and daidzein. This study suggests that daidzein is a promising natural inhibitor to target MCT8 in AHDS.

Влияние йодсодержащих гормонов щитовидной железы на центральный отдел стресс-лимитирующей системы

Влияние йодсодержащих гормонов щитовидной железы на центральный отдел стресс-лимитирующей системы

Skeletal Effects of Thyroid Hormones

The importance of functional thyroid abnormalities can hardly be overstated as they affect over 5% of the population. Thyroid hormones exert a multitude of effects on the metabolism of both the developing and the adult skeleton. It is thus unsurprising that changes in thyroid function can have a variety of often severe skeletal consequences. In recent years, numerous advances were made in the understanding of this domain. These include for instance the mapping of different pathways mediating genomic and nongenomic actions of thyroid hormones in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, or the investigation of the direct role of thyrotropin in skeletal remodeling. New disease states such as RTHα were recently recognized, and the clinical significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunctions in bone pathology is also better understood. In this current paper, we review the influence of thyroid hormones and different forms of thyroid disorders on bone metabolism with a special focus on practical clinical considerations.

TSH-receptor antibodies may prevent bone loss in pre- and postmenopausal women with Graves' disease and Graves' orbitopathy.

Thyrotoxicosis is established risk factor for osteoporosis due to increased bone turnover. Glucocorticoids often administered for Graves' orbitopathy (GO) have additional negative effect on bone mineral density (BMD). Our aim was to examine the influence of thyroid hormones, TSH, TSH-receptor antibodies (TRAb) and glucocorticoid treatment on bone in women with Graves' thyrotoxicosis and Graves' orbitopathy (GO). Forty seven women with Graves' disease, mean age 55.6 ± 12.8 (23 women with thyrotoxicosis and 24 hyperthyroid with concomitant GO and glucocorticoid therapy) and 40 age-matched healthy female controls were enrolled in the study. We analyzed clinical features, TSH, FT4, FT3, TRAb, TPO antibodies. BMD of lumbar spine and hip was measured by DEXA and 10-year fracture risk was calculated with FRAX tool. The study showed significantly lower spine and femoral BMD (g/cm2) in patients with and without GO compared to controls, as well as significantly higher fracture risk. Comparison between hyperthyroid patients without and with orbitopathy found out significantly lower spine BMD in the first group (p = 0.0049). Negative correlations between FT3 and femoral neck BMD (p = 0.0001), between FT4 and BMD (p = 0.049) and positive between TSH and BMD (p = 0.0001), TRAb and BMD (p = 0.026) were observed. Fracture risk for major fractures and TRAb were negatively associated (p = 0.05). We found negative correlation of BMD to duration of thyrotoxicosis and cumulative steroid dose. Our results confirm the negative effect of hyperthyroid status on BMD. TRAb, often in high titers in patients with GO, may have protective role for the bone, but further research is needed.

Роль дисфункції щитоподібної залози у патогенезі генералізованого пародонтиту (огляд літератури)

Summary. Endocrine diseases are an actual medical and social problem of modern society. Changes in the activity of the thyroid gland inevitably affect the various systems of the organism, including the function and morphology of the organs and tissues of the oral cavity.The aim of the study – to determine the influence of thyroid gland dysfunction on the course of chronic inflammatory diseases of the periodontium, based on the analysis of the literature data.Materials and Methods. The bibliosemantic and analytical methods have been used.Results and Discussion. The article presents modern data on the course of chronic generalized periodontitis in case of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. At the moment there is no definitive opinion regarding the influence of thyroid hormones on bone metabolism, since the duality of their effects is proved. Various studies show ambiguous data on metabolic changes in periodontal tissues in case of dysfunction of the thyroid gland.Conclusion. An analysis of the results of research by scientists suggests that dysfunction of the thyroid gland adversely affects the course of chronic inflammatory diseases of the periodontium. Despite the large number of studies, the molecular mechanisms of the influence of thyroid hormones on bone metabolism in general and the state of periodontal tissues, in particular, have not been completely studied.

TAAR1 induces a disturbed GSK3β phosphorylation in recurrent miscarriages through the ODC.

ObjectivesThyroid hormones play an important role in the maintenance of pregnancy. Their derivates, endogenous amines, act via binding to the trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR1). The aim of our study was to analyse the regulation of TAAR1, serine/threonine kinase (pGSK3β) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in placentas of healthy pregnancies, spontaneous (SM) and recurrent miscarriages (RM) and to investigate the influence of thyroid hormone derivates on TAAR1 expression in trophoblast model cells in vitro.MethodsPatients with SM (n = 15) and RM (n = 15) were compared with patients with healthy pregnancies (n = 15) (pregnancy weeks 7–13 each). Immunohistochemistry was applied to analyse placental TAAR1, pGSK3β and ODC expression. Protein expression of the receptors after stimulation with T3, T1AM and RO5203548 in BeWo trophoblast model cells was determined via Western blot. Double-immunofluorescence was used to determine placental expression of TAAR1 and ODC.ResultsLevels of TAAR1, pGSK3β and ODC were higher in placentas of RM in comparison to healthy controls. Stimulation of BeWo cells with T3, T1AM and RO5203548 significantly increased TAAR1 expression. ODC expression in BeWo cells was upregulated through T3. Via double-immunofluorescence, TAAR1 and ODC-positive EVT could be detected.ConclusionsUpregulation of placental TAAR1 may indicate an increased decarboxylation of thyroid hormones in miscarriages. Patients with RM may have a lack of T3 through an enhanced transformation of T3 into T1AM induced by the ODC. Future investigations could be carried out to analyse what role a prophylactic T3 substitution plays for patients.

Posttranslational Modification of Thyroid Hormone Nuclear Receptor by Sumoylation.

Thyroid hormone has a broad range of biological effects, both during development and in the adult. Nuclear thyroid hormone action is mediated by thyroid hormone receptor (TR) α and β. Thyroid hormone also has nongenomic actions at the membrane, which are less well characterized. Both TRα and TRβ undergo posttranslational modification, including phosphorylation, acetylation, and recently identified sumoylation. These posttranslational modifications have been shown to influence thyroid hormone signaling by altering TR DNA binding, TR interaction with cofactors, and TR-mediated transcription. The best characterized modification, with respect to gene regulation, is sumoylation, which plays an important role in nutrient regulators-mediated gene expression. We present an approach to study posttranslational modification of TR by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), a process referred to as sumoylation.