Influence Of Surface Microstructure Research Articles

Dynamical Adsorption Behavior Prediction of Dried Tobacco Leaf Heterogeneous Interfaces through Simulation and Image Recognition Techniques.

The process of spraying water and flavorings on dry tobacco is an important factor in the industrial environment and product quality. Tobacco as a complex porous fiber material, the interfacial transfer process of water is complex. In this study, machine learning and image recognition techniques were utilized to quickly obtain the structural parameters of the tobacco surface and construct a cellular structure model of the tobacco surface. In situ observation of the droplet impact spreading process was carried out using a high-speed camera to explore the droplet dissipation dynamics on different surfaces. And the competing processes of droplet wetting and evaporation under the influence of surface microstructure were determined by combining experimental studies and finite element simulation calculations. Based on the characteristics of tobacco pore size distribution, the infiltration under gas-liquid two-phase action was transformed into single-phase flow transfer under capillary force, and the continuous droplet infiltration process was simulated. A parallel artificial membrane permeability measurement method of bionic tobacco waxy layer was constructed for the screening of spray dosing copenetrant. This study brings new insights into the wetting of porous fibrous materials and is important for exploring the wetting process and additive development process influenced by the microstructure.

Study on the structure-activity relationship between oil dewetting self-cleaning and surface morphology for crude oil pollution treatment and crude oil/water separation

The oil dewetting self-cleaning performance is the most effective method to solve viscous oil pollution. The surface composition has a positive correlation with the property, and oil droplets tend to desorb on highly hydrophilic surfaces. But the influence of surface microstructure is more complex. Herein, we prepared a variety of surface structures with different morphologies and parameters, and performed the same surface modification to ensure compositional homogeneity. By testing the oil dewetting performance, we found that the surface microstructure has two modes of action: promotion and inhibition, and the final effect depends on the relative strength. The former comes from the amplifying effect of the structure on the wettability, and the latter refers to the hindering effect of the structure on the movement of oil droplets. The UOWCA reached 0° for the nanowire and honeycomb structures, and the oil droplets could quickly detach from the surface of the honeycomb structure in about 5 s. When the deposition of nanoparticles on the surface reaches 4 layers, the oil droplets can desorption from the surface within 2 min. The nanoparticle-deposition and the honeycomb structure also exhibit excellent crude oil pollution cleaning and crude oil-water separation ability. This study can not only provide two kinds of structures for crude oil treatment in practice, but also help us deeply understand the structure-activity relationship between surface morphology and oil dewetting performance in theory.

Study on the Characteristics of Boundary Layer Flow under the Influence of Surface Microstructure

The energy consumption of a vehicle is closely related to the resistance it receives, and it is of great significance to study the drag reduction of a vehicle to promote energy conservation and emissions reductions. Boundary layer control drag reduction is mainly achieved by controlling the coherent structure in turbulence and reducing its burst intensity and frequency. It can be divided into an active control drag reduction and passive control drag reduction. In passive drag reduction, the advantages of the surface groove drag reduction are relatively obvious. In this paper, the large eddy simulation method is used to study the boundary layer flow with triangular groove and rectangular groove plates along the flow direction under subsonic flow, and to explore the influence of a surface micro-groove structure on the boundary layer flow. The simulation results show that the fluid inside the groove can be blocked by the triangular groove which can keep the low-velocity fluid at the bottom of the groove, and that it can increase the thickness of the viscous bottom layer as well as reduce the velocity gradient at the wall. The spanwise stress component of the Reynolds stress in the triangular groove boundary layer and the burst of turbulence on the wall are inhibited, and the spanwise flow in the boundary layer is blocked. In the subsonic range, about 10% shear force can be reduced because there are secondary vortices induced by the upper flow vortices at the top of the groove wall, and these secondary vortices can restrain the rising of the low-speed strip in the groove and reduce the burst of turbulence. The rectangular groove creates a weak blocking effect on the fluid inside the groove, which can only inhibit spanwise pulsation under subsonic speed. The wall shear stress cannot be reduced when the flow velocity is low, and it even increases.

Frictional Behaviour of the Microstructural Surfaces Created by Cylindrical Grinding Processes

Cylindrical surface grinding can create defined textural patterns on a component with high quantity. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the frictional behaviours of ground cylindrical microstructural surfaces under a well lubrication condition. It shows that the coefficient of friction (COF) of microstructural surface is influenced by different workload and rotation speed. The results reveal that conventional surface roughness parameters do not present the influence of surface microstructure on friction performance well. However, the paper presents an interesting discovery that the friction behaviour of microstructural surfaces created by grinding could be controlled by combining dressing and grinding conditions. Such a discovery provides a logic way to reduce surface friction for energy efficiency applications. A few functional relationships have been established to illustrate the influence of microstructural features on friction. It was found that the ground microstructural surface could improve friction performance up to 20% compared to the smoother surfaces without defined surface textural patterns.

Research on influence of surface microstructure on plane blackbody reflectance

为了研究不同微结构对于平面黑体反射比的影响，设计了40种表面微结构由不同锥齿类别（方锥和圆锥）、高度、疏密程度的排列组合构成的平面黑体样品。样品表面采用同种工艺，喷涂同类型表面吸收涂层，以降低表面反射。利用光谱仪测量样品在可见和近红外波段的反射比，测量结果表明，微结构可使反射比从平面状态的1.4%降低至近0.4%的水平。在保持其他条件一致时，锥齿高度越高且锥齿越密集，平面黑体反射比越低；锥齿类型不同对反射比影响则不显著；与Tracepro得到的仿真值进行比较，锥齿高度越高，齿面越密集，相对误差越大，相对误差处于10%~65%范围内。

Influence of surface microstructure on tribological properties of PEO-PTFE coating formed on aluminum alloy

Self-lubricating polytetrafluoroethylene-containing PEO (PEO-PTFE) composite coatings were prepared by vacuum impregnation on plasma electrolytic oxidized aluminum alloy with different cathodic voltages. The topography, microstructure and composition of the composite coatings were investigated by FESEM equipped with EDX and XRD. The friction and wear properties were evaluated in the load range of 5–20 N using a reciprocating tribometer. The results show that the tribological properties of PEO-PTFE composite coatings are greatly influenced by the surface microstructure of PEO coating. The PEO coating fabricated at 150 V cathodic voltage shows coarser microstructure, while the corresponding PEO-PTFE composite coating registers superior self-lubricated property with lowest friction coefficient of 0.1 and 0.09 under the applied loads of 5 N and 10 N, respectively. In term of wear resistance ability, the 90 V composite coating possesses relatively low wear rate about 7.47 × 10−6 mm3·(N·m)−1 with the coefficient of 0.13 under the test load of 10 N. The increased microcracks and diameter of micropores, like “grooves” and “ridges” on PEO coating, is beneficial for providing the scope for low-lubricating PTFE material, which can form smooth lubricating film during the friction process.

Influence of surface micro structure on frictional characteristics of digestive channel mucosa

Influence of surface micro structure on frictional characteristics of digestive channel mucosa

Understanding the tribological impacts of alkali element on lubrication of binary borate melt.

Melt lubricants have been regarded as an effective class to deliver lubrication on moving mechanical contacts at extreme temperatures. Among the elementary constituents, alkali elements play a critical role in governing the physical–chemical characteristics of the lubricant despite the obscurity regarding their intrinsic roles on the rubbing interfaces. The present study attempts to unfold the effects of sodium on the tribological responses of mating steel pair under borate melt lubrication. It has been found that the involvement of Na inspires a total reversal in lubricating potentials of the lone B2O3 melt manifested by remarkable friction reduction, wear inhibition and prolonged load-bearing capacity. These exceptional performances are attributed to the accretion of nanothin Na layers on the contact interfaces. The interfacial occurrences are interpreted from a physico-chemistry perspective while the influences of surface microstructure are also discussed in detail. Multiple characterizations are employed to thoroughly examine the sliding interfaces in multi-dimensions including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). In addition, chemical fingerprints of relevant elements are determined by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Electron Loss Energy Spectroscopy (EELS).

Influence of surface microstructure and chemical compositions on grooving corrosion of carbon steel welded joints

Abstract Corrosion behavior of a welded joint is complicated and can be strongly dependent on its local chemical composition and microstructure of the surface. To gain a thorough insight into the grooving corrosion behavior of welded joint, it is necessary to understand the corrosion mechanism of different regions of the welded joint. In this study, the influence of the lattice constant on the electron work function (EWF) and corrosion rate of base metal and two weld metals was investigated using a constant potential polarization approach and a scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). Experimental results showed that surface EWF decreased with increasing lattice constant, whereas the corrosion rate increased with an increase in lattice constant. At the same time, it was theoretically demonstrated that the lattice constant can affect the local EWF fluctuation of a welded joint. The fluctuation further leads to the corrosion rate difference of the different regions of the welded joint. So, the lattice constant change in the surface structure is a possible reason for the average grooving susceptibility coefficient difference of two kinds of welded joint. Besides, the alloying elements distribution of two kinds of welded joint zones should be a main reason for the average grooving susceptibility coefficient difference of joints verified by the EPMA measurements and the quantitative calculatinon of the contents of Cu, Ni and Si in the joints.

Effect of textured surface on the frictional noise under line contact and sliding–rolling conditions

Line contact and sliding–rolling movements exist widely in gears and bearings. In order to investigate the influence of surface microstructure on the frictional noise, a numerical study on the frictional noise generated by textured surfaces under line contact and sliding–rolling conditions by the use of finite element method is presented. The finite element model is established based on real surface topography. To improve the analysis reliability, friction coefficients used in the simulation are measured for different textured surfaces under various loads and speeds. The relationship between the 3D surface topography parameters and the frictional noise are analyzed. Results show that the frictional noise under line contact sliding–rolling conditions increases with load and speed, which can be explained from an energy dissipation perspective. Moreover, the 3D surface topography parameters of mean peak curvature and peak density influence the frictional noise during sliding–rolling under line contact significantly.

Improvement on the efficiency of up-conversion infrared photodetectors using surface microstructure

In recent decades, infrared (IR) detection technology has been widely used in many fields such as weather monitoring, environmental protection, medical diagnostics, security protection, etc. With the progress and mature of the technologies, more attention has been paid to the imaging detections of weak IR signals. So the higher efficiency of the device is required. Moreover the next-generation IR photodetection technology focuses on large-scale, high-speed and low-dark-current imaging. The mechanical bonding between infrared detector chip and silicon readout circuit inevitably causes a thermal mismatch problem. Up-conversion IR photodetectors can solve the problem about the performance deterioration of photodetector and the thermal mismatch with silicon-based readout circuit, hence they have great advantages in realizing large-format focal plane array detection.However, the poor light extraction efficiency due to total reflection severely restricts the overall efficiency of the up-conversion device, which has become one of the bottlenecks to improve the device efficiency. In this paper, surface microstructures with micro-pillar morphology are designed and fabricated on quantum-cascade up-conversion IR photodetectors. The effect on the up-conversion efficiency is investigated by enhancing the light extraction efficiency.Firstly, by the optical ray retracing method, the influence of surface microstructure on light extraction efficiency is studied when considering different morphology parameters, and optimized surface microstructure is designed to possess a pillar base length of 150 nm, height of 105 nm and side wall angle of 75.Then based on the results of simulation, up-conversion IR photodetectors with surface microstructures are fabricated using polystyrene nanospheres as mask. The self-assembled monolayer nanospheres are first etched to a proper size by using O2 plasma, then the patterns are transferred to SiNx film, which acts as an ICP dry etching mask of the micro-pillars. Finally, the up-conversion device and a silicon detector are together loaded on a cold finger of a cryogenic dewar. The characteristics of the up-converter and up-conversion system are evaluated using a blackbody source.The experimental results show that the devices with and without surface microstructure exhibit similar IR responses and dark currents, while the emission of device with microstructure is obviously increased. Taking into consideration other factors related to external quantum efficiency, the light extraction efficiency of the device with micro-pillar structure on surface can be increased by up to 130%. Therefore it can be concluded that this method is an efficient way to improve the efficiency of up-conversion IR photodetector. The finding in this paper can also be applied to other semiconductor device with light extraction efficiency.

Influence of surface microstructure on explosive electron emission properties of graphite cathode doped by silicon carbide whiskers

Explosive emission cathode (EEC) is a pivotal component in high power microwave source (HPMS), of which the ultimate properties are significantly dependent on the quality of electron beams generated from the cathode. Short lifetime and poor emission uniformity are the persistent drawbacks of conventional field EEC. Improvement of cathode material by changing its compositions and modifying surface micromorphology, is a feasible way to solve this problem. Graphite is one of the frequently used materials for EECs due to its long life-time and sturdy performance under high voltage and repetition frequency. Meanwhile silicon carbide (SiC) whiskers are distinguished by high aspect ratio (ratio of height to diameter) and low work function which is in favor of the fast onset of electron emission. In this work, the novel composites, composed of SiC whiskers, pitch and major graphite powders, are prepared by the conventional mingling and sintering. The cathodes are installed on TPG1000 system with a parameterized pulse of 970 kV, 9.2 kA, and 50 ns. By analyzing the changes of the rise edge of measured diode current and output microwave pulse duration, the effects of material composition and surface micromorphology on electron emission properties for the cathode are disclosed in detail. The results, based on the comparison of emission properties between graphite cathodes with and without SiC whiskers doped, reveal that SiC whiskers play an important role in accelerating the field emission of cathode, which is demonstrated by the eclipse of displacement current peak on the rise edge of measured current waveform after doping. Meanwhile, the duration of output microwave pulse is enhanced by about 11% after doping, which could be explained by the lower expansion speed of Si plasma. Moreover, the surface micro-protrusions of graphite cathode doped by SiC whiskers are constantly “polished” by heating effect and cathode plasma as the number of emission pulses increases to 11000. This is in quite good agreement with the appearance of the displacement current peak on the rise edge of measured current curves after 6000 and 11000 pulses treatment. These changes imply that the initial speed of field emission from cathode is slowed down gradually. The output microwave pulse starts early, which is benefited from the homogeneous surface micromorphology of the cathode due to “polishing” effect. The quantity of releasing absorbed gases, including water and vacuum pump oil vapor, decreases with increasing emission pulses. Then the pulse shortening phenomenon is restrained and the falling edge of output microwave pulse is extended. The duration of output microwave pulse is increased by about 5%, for graphite cathode doped by SiC whiskers after experiencing 11000 pulses. In conclusion, the reaction mechanism of SiC whiskers in the process of explosive electron emission (EEE) is considered as being due to accelerating the onset of felid emission and reducing the expansion speed of cathode plasma. Therefore, combination with SiC whiskers is an effective way to improve the electron emission properties of graphite EECs, especially in the output microwave pulse width and energy conversion efficiency of HPMS.

Influence of surface microstructure and chemistry on osteoinduction and osteoclastogenesis by biphasic calcium phosphate discs.

It has been reported that surface microstructural dimensions can influence the osteoinductivity of calcium phosphates (CaPs), and osteoclasts may play a role in this process. We hypothesised that surface structural dimensions of ≤ 1 μm trigger osteoinduction and osteoclast formation irrespective of macrostructure (e.g., concavities, interconnected macropores, interparticle space) or surface chemistry. To test this, planar discs made of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP: 80% hydroxyapatite, 20% tricalcium phosphate) were prepared with different surface structural dimensions - either ~ 1 μm (BCP1150) or ~ 2-4 μm (BCP1300) - and no macropores or concavities. A third material was made by sputter coating BCP1150 with titanium (BCP1150Ti), thereby changing its surface chemistry but preserving its surface structure and chemical reactivity. After intramuscular implantation in 5 dogs for 12 weeks, BCP1150 formed ectopic bone in 4 out of 5 samples, BCP1150Ti formed ectopic bone in 3 out of 5 samples, and BCP1300 formed no ectopic bone in any of the 5 samples. In vivo, large multinucleated osteoclast-like cells densely colonised BCP1150, smaller osteoclast-like cells formed on BCP1150Ti, and osteoclast-like cells scarcely formed on BCP1300. In vitro, RAW264.7 cells cultured on the surface of BCP1150 and BCP1150Ti in the presence of osteoclast differentiation factor RANKL (receptor activator for NF-κB ligand) proliferated then differentiated into multinucleated osteoclast-like cells with positive tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity. However, cell proliferation, fusion, and TRAP activity were all significantly inhibited on BCP1300. These results indicate that of the material parameters tested - namely, surface microstructure, macrostructure, and surface chemistry - microstructural dimensions are critical in promoting osteoclastogenesis and triggering ectopic bone formation.

Influence of Surface Microstructure on Bubble Defect Formation in Porcelain Enameled Cast Iron

Influence of Surface Microstructure on Bubble Defect Formation in Porcelain Enameled Cast Iron

The influence of surface micro-structure on endothelialization under supraphysiological wall shear stress

Interaction between platelets and artificial materials within cardiovascular devices triggers blood coagulation and represents a frequent adverse response to implant deployment. Avoidance of this interaction is obtained through the generation and sustenance under flow of a confluent and stable endothelial monolayer covering the luminal device surface, altogether defined as the process of endothelialization. Supraphysiological wall shear stress (WSS) levels generated within vascular assist devices (VADs) constitute a major challenge toward endothelialization. Here we report the experimental demonstration that stable endothelialization can be achieved at supraphysiological WSS levels by pure means of appropriate surface micro-structuring. Using a custom-designed flow bioreactor we exposed endothelial monolayers to physiological and supraphysiological WSS levels and investigated the resulting integrity of cell-to-cell junctions, the cell density and the cell polarization. At physiological WSS levels, optimal endothelialization was obtained independently from surface topography. However, at higher WSS levels, only monolayers grown on appropriately micro-structured surfaces preserved optimal integrity. Under these flow conditions, endothelial cells polarized by the contact with the micro-structure and, interestingly, oriented themselves in the direction perpendicular to flow. Such endothelial layers withstood WSS levels exceeding of 100% or more the thresholds detected on flat substrates.

PMMA/VGCFシートの摩擦・摩耗特性に及ぼす微細構造の影響

PMMA/VGCFシートの摩擦・摩耗特性に及ぼす微細構造の影響

Influence of Surface Microstructure and Chemical Composition on the Corrosion Resistance of Plain Steel Modified by Plasma-Assisted Diffusion

The influence of surface microstructure and chemical composition on the corrosion behavior of AISI 1045 (UNS G10450) plain steel modified by plasma-assisted diffusion of nitrogen and oxygen was investigated. A detailed surface characterization was performed before and after cyclic potentiodynamic polarization and salt spray tests, using scanning electron microscopy at low and high resolutions, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy. The corrosion resistance as determined by cyclic potentiodynamic polarization was found to depend more strongly on the morphology and composition of the outermost oxynitride layer than on its thickness. For post-oxidation times below and above 90 min, the oxynitride layer presented defects that can act as pathways for corrosive species. The degradation of the corrosion resistance for longer processing times is through cracking of granules, which were previously formed at shorter times owing to the hydrogen accumulation at the oxide-nitride interface. The salt spray tests revealed a main dependence on the manganese sulfide (MnS) inclusions content in the base material.

The influence of surface microstructure and chemical composition on corrosion behaviour in fuel-grade bio-ethanol of low-alloy steel modified by plasma nitro-carburizing and post-oxidizing

The interaction of bio-ethanol on steel surfaces modified by plasma-assisted diffusion technologies is studied for the first time. The influence of surface microstructure and chemical composition on corrosion behaviour of AISI 4140 low-alloy steel in fuel-grade bio-ethanol was investigated. The steel surfaces were modified by plasma nitro-carburizing followed plasma oxidizing. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, X-ray dispersive spectroscopy, and glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy were used to characterize the modified surface before and after immersion tests in bio-ethanol up to 77 days. The main corrosion mechanism is pit formation. The pit density and pit size were measured in order to quantify the corrosion resistance which was found to depend more strongly on microstructure and morphology of the oxide layer than on its thickness. The best corrosion protection was observed for samples post-oxidized at 480°C and 90min.

The influence of surface microstructure on the scratch characteristics of Kevlar fibers

In this work, nanoindentation and nanoscratching experiments are combined with atomic force microscopy to investigate the relationships between contact geometry, apparent friction, and deformation modes of two grades of Kevlar® (Dupont) fiber—Kevlar KM2 and Kevlar 49. Changes in the relative angle between the scratching probe and the fiber surface, often termed as the attack angle, result in changes in deformation mode, which correlate with the changes in the apparent friction. As attack angle increases, the observed deformation modes of the fiber surface change from a smoothing of the surface, often termed as ironing, to fibrillation, in which the fibrils break and coalesce in front of the progressing probe. A mixture of these two modes occurs at intermediate attack angles. When fibrillation occurs, material pile-up forms in front of the progressing probe. This pile-up introduces an additional component to the frictional response that is largely responsible for an increase in apparent friction with an increasing attack angle and/or scratch length. The level of friction associated with fibrillation is measured to be up to approximately three times higher than previously reported for Kevlar yarn–yarn friction. Fibrillation of Kevlar KM2 occurs at larger attack angles as compared to Kevlar 49, which is believed to be related to a near-surface region of reduced modulus and hardness previously observed in KM2 fibers. A detailed discussion of the measured response is given based on the interactions between the scratching probe and the fibrillar network and the resulting deformation mechanisms.

Influence of surface microstructure on the sliding friction of plantar skin against hard substrates

This study investigated how the sliding friction coefficients of wet foot skin depend on the microscopic surface properties of contacted hard substrates. Fourteen subjects conducted repeated slip experiments with one foot on each of 28 different wet surfaces. The friction and normal forces transmitted to the substrates were measured using a tri-axial force plate, and coefficients of friction were determined over periods of stationary sliding. The surface structures of the substrates, characterised by an optical 3D profilometer, varied from roughness asperities in the range of micrometers to macroscopic surface elements in the range of millimetres. The analysis of the load dependence of the skin friction behaviour based on a two-term model provided information on the adhesion and deformation components of friction. Both adhesion and deformation were found to increase with the surface roughness of the substrates. Adhesion mechanisms seemed to predominate on smooth surfaces showing low friction coefficients (<0.3), while the contributions due to skin deformations were found to be up to 0.4 on rough surfaces with high friction coefficients (>0.5). Independent of friction measurements, the analysis of the surface microstructure of the substrates indicated that ploughing as a skin deformation mechanism could contribute around 50% to the deformation component of friction.