Influence Of Spacing Research Articles

Influence of spacer and donor groups as tetraphenylethylene or triphenylamine in asymmetric zinc phthalocyanine dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Based on the available literature, the carboxylic acid is a suitable electron-withdrawing group for the development of push–pull type AB3 phthalocyanines that can be used in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). This study aims to assess the impact of carboxylic acid groups on solar cell energy conversion efficiency. Two types of carboxylic acid groups were selected as electron-withdrawing groups for this purpose. These groups were attached to the phthalocyanine (Pc) core either directly or via conjugated linker groups. Two novel push–pull zinc phthalocyanine dyes (GT-52 and GGC-22) containing tetraphenylethylene (TPE) or triphenylamine (TPA) substituents as electron donor groups and carboxylic acid or phenoxy carboxylic acid as anchoring groups, respectively, have been synthesized to construct DSSCs. The optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of the effect of the spacer and electron donor groups in these phthalocyanines are evaluated. Both dyes exhibit good anti-aggregation ability owing to the presence of the bulky donor groups. On the other hand, the DSSC based on GGC-22 showed a significantly higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.15% than that of GT-52 (0.26%) under AM 1.5G solar conditions. The superior performance of GGC-22 is attributed to the introduction of a phenoxy spacer, which results in a longer distance between the donor groups and the TiO2 surface compared to GT-52 without any spacer. This allows for higher dye loading, resulting in higher JSC, VOC, and PCE for GGC-22. As a result, the presence of a longer anchoring group for the donor groups is an important synthetic strategy for efficient phthalocyanine-based DSSCs.

Two Cholesterol-Containing Pyrene Derivatives: Subtle Spacer Difference, Diverse Stimuli-Responsive Luminescence, Chirality, and Self-Assembly Behaviors.

Two chiral molecules 1 and 2 were designed and synthesized with a pyrene moiety directly linked to a chiral cholesterol moiety and connected through a methylene spacer, respectively. Influence of the spacer on their stimuli-responsive luminescence, chirality, and self-assembly behaviors was systematically investigated. Molecules 1 and 2 had similar aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) in solution, because of carrying the same fluorescence moiety. Both molecules displayed mechanochromism (MC) property but with different color contrast, whereas only 2 showed mechanoluminescence (ML) activity. When doping in liquid crystal molecule 5CB, both molecules induced the formation of chiral nematic liquid crystals (N*-LCs) with strong circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). Molecule 2 induced single handedness signal, irrespective of doping ratios, while 1-doped N*-LCs showed an inversion of CPL signal from negative to positive upon the increase of doping ratios. Molecules 1 and 2 also self-assembled into different coassemblies with 5CB. Their distinct behaviors were attributed to the influence of the methylene spacer, which caused different molecular conformation and steric bulkiness; accordingly, it changed intermolecular interactions and molecular packing of the two molecules and led to diverse chirality and luminescence. This work provided important model molecules to better understand the molecular structure-property relationship and guide the design of novel functional molecules.

ARIS: A Noise Insensitive Data Pre-Processing Scheme for Data Reduction Using Influence Space

The extensive growth of data quantity has posed many challenges to data analysis and retrieval. Noise and redundancy are typical representatives of the above-mentioned challenges, which may reduce the reliability of analysis and retrieval results and increase storage and computing overhead. To solve the above problems, a two-stage data pre-processing framework for noise identification and data reduction, called ARIS, is proposed in this article. The first stage identifies and removes noises by the following steps: First, the influence space (IS) is introduced to elaborate data distribution. Second, a ranking factor (RF) is defined to describe the possibility that the points are regarded as noises, then, the definition of noise is given based on RF. Third, a clean dataset (CD) is obtained by removing noise from the original dataset. The second stage learns representative data and realizes data reduction. In this process, CD is divided into multiple small regions by IS. Then the reduced dataset is formed by collecting the representations of each region. The performance of ARIS is verified by experiments on artificial and real datasets. Experimental results show that ARIS effectively weakens the impact of noise and reduces the amount of data and significantly improves the accuracy of data analysis within a reasonable time cost range.

Settle in Casablanca:The Case of MoulayRachid and Anfa districts

Most of the geographical literatures of the postmodern period, which are interested on the space and Wohnen, are based on the role of qualitative and ethnographic approach in the extraction of field results, indeed, it is one of the most important methods which focuses on the relationship of the individual and society with space, and which interested on the individual's lifestyle and spatiality as it is and not as it is audible or read. This article aims to study the affective relationship between the individual and the space through the concept of Wohnen, by focusing on the individual's social representations about the space in its comprehensiveness, also by focusing on the daily life of the individual through his spatial behaviors and his Wohnen, and all that is included in the geography of the daily life of individuals. The research will focus on the analysis of the dwelling's components with its individual, societal and spatial characteristics on the one hand, on the otherhand, the highlighting of the space's influence with its political, historical, economic symbolysm on the individual, by showing the disparity between the respondents in the district of Anfa and Moulay Rashid

Influence of spacer in the formation of nanorings by templateless electropolymerization

In this original work, we want to control the shape of the resulting porous structures by templateless electropolymerization, by adjusting the spacer (flexible alkyl chains or rigid aromatic groups) between thieno[3,4-b]thiophene and carbazole used as the monomer and the substituent, respectively. A huge change is especially observed from ribbon-like structures to nanorings as the alkyl spacer increases. The presence of a significant amount of water is necessary for the formation of these porous structures because it allows releasing a high amount of gas bubbles. The size and number of nanorings are dependent on both the alkyl spacer and electrochemical parameters such as the number of deposition scans. These surfaces could be used in the future in various potential applications such as in water harvesting, oil/water separation membranes, optical devices, sensors or photocatalysis.

Micellization, Antimicrobial Activity and Curcumin Solubilization in Gemini Surfactants: Influence of Spacer and Non-Polar Tail

Micellization, Antimicrobial Activity and Curcumin Solubilization in Gemini Surfactants: Influence of Spacer and Non-Polar Tail

Formation of Social Experience of Pupils at General School by Means of Informational and Communicative Technologies

The rapid rates of informatization of society lead to the changes of social environment and principles of human cohabitation in it. It causes insolvency of child to the adequate assimilation of social experience. An orientation of child in modern media space will be possible, if a teacher would become her by a reliable «leader» due to a capture by facilities of informational and communicative technologies by him. The aim of the article is to analyse the features of formation of social experience of pupils at general school by means of informational and communicative technologies. The role of a teacher is determinant in the processes of formation of thinking, values, skills of social interaction, education of moral qualities of pupils. He appears as a generator and origin of ideas that use the other subject of the pedagogical process – a pupil. However, the teacher needs to realize the need to involve pupils to the formation of the social experience not only human, but also information resources. He should understand that he will be able to streamline the media space's influence on a child only when he enters himself to this space and directs the activity of the child in it. The teacher of educational institution should develop the following basic abilities to use ICT as the ability to search certain information, to process and elucidate it to pupils; the ability to use technical means to provide information for pupils; the ability to distinguish objective and reliable data from subjective, false; the ability to communicate using ICT; the ability to use the Internet to attract pupils to socially useful activities, etc. The outlined features of the work of a teacher with adolescents in the informational environment made it possible to determine the conditions for the formation of social experience of pupils at general school by means of ICT: use of multimedia accompaniment during educational events, holidays, trainings; emotional saturation of the material provided to pupils, creating a positive emotional background; orientation to independent activity, that is, organization of relations in the information environment in such a way that the adolescents could comprehend his social growth and self-improvement; direction of information influence on the enrichment of positive personality traits; creation the problem situations that will help to accumulate, process and consolidate social experience; taking into account and correcting spontaneously gained in the media space of social experience; conscious involvement of pupils in the system of social relations through the use of electronic social networks; helping pupils to orientation in social networks for learning and socialization; organization of positive interaction of the school team, cooperation between representatives of different classes; informational and methodological support of the educational process; prevent the emergence of stressful situations in the media space through the development of rational and critical thinking.

Influence of spacer on rejection of trace antibiotics in wastewater during forward osmosis process

During the rejection of trace antibiotics from wastewater using forward osmosis (FO), spacer was added over the membrane to regulate the operation conditions. Interesting results were obtained, which demonstrated that when the spacer was added over the FO membrane, rejections of trace antibiotics increased by 2.3–2.8% in the active layer facing feed solution (AL-FS) orientation. Similarly, in the active layer facing draw solution (AL-DS) orientation, rejections of antibiotics increased by 5.3–8.5% after the spacer being added. To explore the mechanism of the enhancement for antibiotic rejections, the flow field in the FO cell was investigated using particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) technology. It was confirmed that turbulence was produced in the FO cell due to the added spacer. And it was proposed that the turbulence could disturb the boundary layer at the membrane surface and urge the antibiotics to diffuse from the layer back into the bulk solution, which reduced the diffusive driving force of antibiotics through the membrane into the draw solution, hence leading to an increase in rejections.

Influence of spacer and flexible chain on polymorphism in complementary hydrogen bonded liquid crystal dimers, SA:nOBAs

Higher homologues of hydrogen bonded (HB) liquid crystal (LC) dimers, viz., nOBA:SA:nOBAs, abbreviated as SA:nOBAs are prepared by the soft-covalent interaction between aliphatic non-mesogenic succinic acid and mesogenic n-p-alkoxy benzoic acids for n=10, 11 and 12. Spectroscopic study confirms intermolecular, complementary and alternating type of HB. LC phase structures exhibited by HBLCs are characterized by polarized optical microscopy, calorimetry, capacitance and tilt angle measurements. Nematic, direct SmC, SmX, Re-Entrant SmC and SmG phases grow sequentially by cooling isotropic liquid. Enhancement of smectic-C phase stability is realized through the RE mechanism for n=10 and 12. Direct SmC and SmCRE phases are separated by SmX phase exhibiting finger print texture implying helical order. Chirality of SmX phase is studied by capacitance reflecting induced polarization. Order parameter θ grows asymptotically in tilted SmCRE. θ(T) in direct SmC agrees with critical field prediction. Spontaneous tilt θsp in SmCRE is analyzed. Cooling of direct SmC causes frustration and leads to the growth of SmX. Cooling of SmX decouples the helical order to grow as SmCRE. Molecular conformation, electrostatic, steric factors and large spontaneous tilt value of θ in SmCRE are addressed by a molecular model. Influence of length of spacer moiety, flexible end chain and complementary HB for the Re-Entrant SmC and chiral SmX phase structure is discussed in the wake of results in other HBLCs.

Studying temporal information processing

Que´bec is the only one of ten provinces in Canada to bepredominantly French. Laval University is located in thesecond largest city of this province, Que´bec city. This cityis more than 400 years old, which is quite old for a NorthAmerican city. About half a million people live in Que´bec,a city that is offering a variety of fine cultural activities.Laval University offers education in French and hosts morethan 44,000 students and 1,100 professors.My Perception and Neurosciences Laboratory is locat-ed in the middle of the Laval campus in a building whereare located most research laboratories and administrativeactivities of the School of Psychology. This laboratory,which receives the financial support from the NaturalSciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada andfrom the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Councilof Canada, is indeed dedicated to the understanding ofvarious aspects related to timing and psychological time(http://darwin.psy.ulaval.ca/~perception/). In order to findthe properties of what is assumed to be an internal clockresponsible for the processing of temporal information, apsychophysical approach was emphasized in the lab overthe past 25 years, with one critical question being whetheror not Weber’s law applies for time. This internal clock isdescribed in many contemporary models as a pacemaker-counter device, with the accumulation of pulses emitted bya pacemaker providing the information about duration[1–3].It is important to study time because much behavioursuch as speech and music production requires temporaladjustments. Determining whether there is a central mech-anism for serving these adjustments, and the exact natureand properties of such a mechanism, is a huge scientificchallenge. Indeed, some researchers rather propose thateach sensory mode has its own way of processing time.Whatever the exact nature of the process responsible fortiming and timekeeping activities, one has to explain howthe mechanism interacts with the regularities of events metin the environment, and what range of duration it covers.The time perception field was recently made even moreexciting as it also benefited from the technological develop-ments in neuroscience, opening up new research avenues.Theresearchactivitiesinmylaboratoryincludeprojectsconducted within and across sensory modes. Becauseaudition is the most efficient modality for processingtemporal information,recent investigationswere completedto understand different aspects of auditory temporalprocessing, in speech or with musician participants. Theresearch projects also include experiments on the influenceof space on time judgments, rhythm, the role of attentionand memory on duration estimation and the learning andcross-modal transfer of temporal information. According topreferences of Ph. D. students, some projects are conductedon the effects of emotions, playing video games or usingthe internet on temporal distortions; and on the impact ofvariousdisordersorpathologies(schizophrenia,depression,autism, dyslexia) on temporal processing or psychologicaltime. Moreover, the laboratory now offers the possibility toconduct electroencephalographic investigations, and it ispossible to link scientific collaborations with members ofresearch centres inQue´bec City forconducting experimentsinvolving neurostimulations or fMRI.REFERENCES

Synthesis and Properties of Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Gemini Surfactants with High Viscosity in Dilute Solution without Additives

Several new dialkyldibenzene disulfonate Gemini surfactants with high viscosity have been synthesized by a new method and analysed by 1H NMR, ESI-MS, and IR. The influence of spacer and alkyl chain length on their melting temperatures and Krafft temperatures were researched. These surfactants exhibit special viscoelastic properties even in dilute solutions without addictives, which can be observed visually and also researched by cone-plate rheometer at different concentrations.

Influence of spacer on microwave detection in modulation-doped GaAs structures

Influence of spacer on microwave detection in modulation-doped GaAs structures

Influence of spacer and terminal group lengths on the smectic ordering of cholesterol-containing dimer liquid crystals

The smectic properties of four series of dimer liquid crystals containing cholesteryl and biphenylyl groups were investigated by polarization microscopy, DSC and X-ray diffraction. Compounds that contain the strongly dipolar cyanobiphenylyl group exhibit a smectic layer spacing that is about 1.7 times the length of the molecule. Three series of alkoxybiphenylylcontaining dimers exhibit two other smectic modifications. For short spacers, a smectic layer spacing is observed that is about the same length as the molecule and for long spacers the smectic layer spacing is about half the length of the molecule. In the latter cases the entropy change at the SmA-N* transition is clearly larger than for the compounds with the other smectic modifications. One or two compounds in each alkoxybiphenylyl-containing series, that have similar spacer length and terminal group length and have an odd number of flexible units in the spacer, exhibit only a chiral nematic phase, and no smectic phase.

Additions and Corrections - Structure-Activity Relationship Studies with Symmetric Naphthalenesulfonic Acid Derivatives. Synthesis and Influence of Spacer and Naphthalenesulfonic Acid Moiety on Anti-HIV-1 Activity.

Additions and Corrections - Structure-Activity Relationship Studies with Symmetric Naphthalenesulfonic Acid Derivatives. Synthesis and Influence of Spacer and Naphthalenesulfonic Acid Moiety on Anti-HIV-1 Activity.

Structure-activity relationship studies with symmetric naphthalenesulfonic acid derivatives. Synthesis and influence of spacer and naphthalenesulfonic acid moiety on anti-HIV-1 activity.

Symmetric bis(naphthalenesulfonic acid) derivatives containing a variety of spacers have been synthesized and evaluated for anti-HIV-1 activity in four assay systems. In the assay that measured inhibition of HIV-1-induced cytopathogenicity using a laboratory strain (HTLV-IIIB), a hexamethylene and octamethylene spacer derivative of 4-amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid emerged as the most potent derivatives. The hexamethylene spacer analog exhibited an in vitro therapeutic index that was > 120. Selected derivatives were tested in the giant cell formation assay. In this assay, the most potent derivative was, again, the hexamethylene compound. Evaluation of selected derivatives against a clinical isolate of HIV-1 (HE strain) revealed that the hexamethylene derivative was the most potent compound. In the assay that measured the inhibition of HIV-1-induced cytopathogenesis in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, the hexamethylene compound emerged as the most active derivative, demonstrating a 50% inhibitory concentration of 1.3 microM. These studies clearly demonstrate that certain naphthalenesulfonic acid moieties when coupled to specific spacers were synergistic in producing anti-HIV-1 activity at nontoxic concentrations. In the 4-amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid series, shortening of the spacer length, preferably with a flexible polymethylene chain, was highly beneficial for increasing anti-HIV-1 potency.

Asymmetric reduction by nadh model compounds bound to polystyrene beads. Influence of spacer on the optical yield

Asymmetric reduction by nadh model compounds bound to polystyrene beads. Influence of spacer on the optical yield