Sociological Influences Research Articles

Review of the Applicability of Advocate Immunity Rights in Indonesia

Advocates are one part of the Law Enforcement Officers who have rights and obligations that must be obeyed by each party. Advocate Immunity Rights which is a right that states advocates cannot be prosecuted civilly or criminally in carrying out their professional duties in good faith for the benefit of client defense. Problems are how is the influence of legal sociology in supporting the professional duties of advocates? and how is the applicability of advocate immunity rights in accordance with the indonesian advocates law and the australian solicitor studied based on legal compliance theory? The purpose of this study is to answer the various problems of this research. Normative juridical method with a comparative study approach in Indonesia and Australia. The essential influence of legal sociology in supporting the professional duties of advocates is because advocates will be faced with diverse community cultures. Legal compliance theory of advocate immunity rights in accordance with Advocate Law Number 18 of 2003 is still often ignored by other law enforcement officials. Advocates are still often criminalized in carrying out professional duties, namely defending their clients, unlike in Australia which prioritizes immunity rights. This is a special concern for each of the law enforcement institution to respect each other, in order to create fair law enforcement

The good, the bad and the boa: An unexpected new species of a true boa revealed by morphological and molecular evidence.

Snakes of the genus Boa are outstanding elements of the New World biota with a broad sociological influence on pop culture. Historically, several taxa have been recognized in the past 300 years, being mostly described in the early days of binomial nomenclature. As a rule, these taxa were recognized based on a suite of phenotypic characters mainly those from the external morphology. However, there is a huge disagreement with respect to the current taxonomy and available molecular phylogenies. In order to reconcile both lines of evidence, we investigate the phylogenetic reconstruction (using mitochondrial and nuclear genes) of the genus in parallel to the detailed study of some phenotypic systems from a geographically representative sample of the cis-Andean mainland Boa constrictor. We used cyt-b only (744bp) from 73 samples, and cyt-b, ND4, NTF3, and ODC partial sequences (in a total of 2305 bp) from 35 samples, comprising nine currently recognized taxa (species or subspecies), to infer phylogenetic relationships of boas. Topologies recovered along all the analyses and genetic distances obtained allied to a unique combination of morphological traits (colouration, pholidosis, meristic, morphometric, and male genitalia features) allowed us to recognize B. constrictor lato sensu, B. nebulosa, B. occidentalis, B. orophias and a distinct lineage from the eastern coast of Brazil, which we describe here as a new species, diagnosing it from the previously recognized taxa. Finally, we discuss the minimally necessary changes in the taxonomy of Boa constrictor complex; the value of some usually disregarded phenotypic character system; and we highlight the urgency of continuing environmental policy to preserve one of the most impacted Brazilian hotspots, the Atlantic Forest, which represents an ecoregion full of endemism.

Community-based symptom reporting among agro-pastoralists and their livestock in Chad in a One Health approach

One Health Syndromic Surveillance has a high potential for detecting early epidemiological events in remote and hard-to-reach populations. Chadian pastoralists living close to their animals and being socio-economically unprivileged have an increased risk for zoonosis exposure. Engaging communities in disease surveillance could also strengthen preparedness capacities for outbreaks in rural Chad. This study describes a retrospective cross-sectional survey that collected data on clinical symptoms reported in people and livestock in Chadian agro-pastoral communities. In January-February 2018, interviews were conducted in rural households living in nomadic camps or settled villages in the Yao and Danamadji health districts. The questionnaire covered demographic data and symptoms reported in humans and animals for the hot, wet, and cold seasons over the last 12 months. Incidence rates of human and animal symptoms were comparatively analyzed at the household level. Ninety-two households with a homogeneous socio-demographic distribution were included. We observed cough and diarrhea as the most frequent symptoms reported simultaneously in humans and animals. In all species, the incidence rate of cough was significantly higher during the cold season, and diarrhea tended to occur more frequently during the wet season. However, the incidence rate of cough and diarrhea in animals did not predict the incidence rate of these symptoms in humans. Overall, the variations in reported symptoms were consistent with known seasonal, regional, and sociological influences on endemic diseases. Our retrospective study demonstrated the feasibility of collecting relevant health data in humans and animals in remote regions with low access to health services by actively involving community members. This encourages establishing real-time community-based syndromic surveillance in areas such as rural Chad.

Psychological and Sociological Influences Contributing to Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) Across Age Groups and Gender

This review depicts the epidemiology of avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), a relatively new eating disorder characterized by persistent food restriction leading to weight loss or nutritional deficiencies. The prevalence of ARFID varies, with the disorder occurring in both children and adults, although rates may be higher among females. Psychopathological, medical, neurodevelopmental, family, genetic, and cultural factors may contribute to the development of ARFID. The media can significantly impact the development and persistence of ARFID, both positively and negatively. This review also discusses diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis of ARFID. Assessment tools and evaluation protocols are described, such as clinical, physical, psychiatric, psychological, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Finally, the review covers various treatment options for ARFID, like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), nutritional interventions, family-based therapy (FBT), and pharmacotherapy. The challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of ARFID are also highlighted, including overlapping symptomatology with other mental health disorders and heterogeneous manifestations of the disorder.

Modernity, Sigmáá Masquerading, and the Psychosocial Development of the Youth

Modern trends, Islam and Christianity, have influenced the cultures of Tampúlma and resulted in dramatic changes in the youth’s attitude towards Sigmáá masquerading. This has adversely affected psychosocial development and the general worldview of youth. The elders of this age-long tradition have bemoaned the recent upsurge of moral decadence among the youth, and the contemplation of its source appears to be laid at the doorsteps of modernity and religious pluralism. Through interviews and focus group discussions, the views of some key informants and youth groups were elicited from among the various Sigmáá masquerading communities among the Tampúlma people for concerted ideas on how to alter the declining trend from the high precipice of moral standards that were bequeathed to the present generation by generations. The study established that through Sigmáá masquerading, communication between people was achieved through spiritism, initiations, symbolism, appellations, and proverbial songs. These verbal and non-verbal communication media have psychological, spiritual, philosophical, and sociological influences on the youth’s moral values, ethics, and livelihoods. It was recommended that Sigmáá masquerading should be encouraged and consciously promoted as the bedrock of moral education in which the youth’s physical, spiritual, and psychological capabilities are harnessed and guided toward moral development.

The crisis of modern society: Richard Titmuss and Emile Durkheim

This article examines the influence of Emile Durkheim's sociology on Richard Titmuss, founder of the academic field of social policy. While operating in different environments and historical eras, they shared concerns about modernity's impact on contemporary societies, heightened by their experiences of living in periods of considerable political and socio-economic upheaval. Their social thought embraced crucial complementarities, and understanding these adds a previously under-explored dimension to Titmuss's influential analyses of Britain's post-war ‘welfare state’.

What Holds You Together: ‘The Social Link’ in Durkheim, Saussure and Lacan

It has long been customary to refer to Lacan's theory of the four discourses as a theory of four specific forms of social link. An understanding of each of the terms in question, however – both ‘discourse’ and ‘social link’ – must be developed in its own right in order to develop a fuller understanding of the meaning of this formula. In this essay, we will explore the employment of the term ‘social link’ in the work of Émile Durkheim and Ferdinand de Saussure, in an effort to better grasp the manner in which Lacan can be understood to have drawn from each. By clarifying the understanding of the term ‘social link ‘that was operative in Lacan's work, we can restore the centrality of the sociological influence upon Lacan, which has important implications both conceptually and clinically.

An examination of cancer literacy among Appalachian versus non-Appalachian Kentucky college students

Objective Examine factors contributing to high rates of Appalachian female cancer incidences and mortalities by examining cancer literacy and associated sociological influences among Appalachian university students. Participants This study evaluated Appalachian and non-Appalachian undergraduate students in Eastern Kentucky. Methods A Qualtrics survey was disseminated which categorized questions into three parts: demographic, female focused cancer literacy, and cancer care access. Results Overall cancer literacy was low (67.45%, 139 respondents); no difference was found in Appalachian standing. Male students had lower scores (p < 0.05), and both cancer-related majors (p < 0.001) and enhanced academic years (p < 0.05) improved cancer literacy. Limited awareness of mobile cancer screening units was found across respondents, along with, decreased access to health services indicated by Appalachian students (p < 0.05). Conclusions College students represent a population in need of enhanced cancer education. Improving knowledge about accessing healthcare including cancer screenings could reduce Appalachian cancer rates.

Examining the work–life balance of immigrants in Australia: An anomie theory perspective

Against the backdrop of significant migration changes and the predicted further diversification of the workforce, we present the concept of anomie to explain how different sociological and cultural settings influence migrants’ work and family experiences. Anomie refers to the feeling of disorientation and alienation from society caused by a sense of absence of supporting social systems. This article integrates cross-cultural management research into the migration and work–family interface and presents findings from a study of migrants residing in Australia. Through a qualitative methodology using semi-structured interviews and open-ended surveys, our study explored participants’ experiences of social and cultural adaptation orientations and behavioural anomie shifts. The findings and theoretical explanation lend strong support to the understanding that sociological influences and cultural orientation moderate migrants’ experiences. We also present an argument for refining Durkheim’s anomie theory to incorporate strains of social, cultural and behavioural consequences concerning migrants’ work and life experiences across cultures.

Sociological Influences on Addiction: Culture and Ethnicity

Sociological Influences on Addiction: Culture and Ethnicity

Imperial and Princely Court of the Holy Roman Empire in Early Modern in Modern Historiography

The article considers the phenomenon of the imperial and princely court of the Holy Roman Empire in the focus of modern historiographical discussion of German historians. What were the new methodological approaches to the study of the court at the end of the 20th century? How strong was the influence of historical sociology and anthropology? What new schools and trends can be identified at the turn of the century? The specificity of the German material is especially emphasized: the need for a comparative study of over 300 residences of the imperial estates in the early modern period. Today, the princely and imperial courts are seen by historians not so much as a political instrument of power, but as a reflection of the diverse social and cultural processes in the society of the beginning of modern times.

Neoliberalismo, crise do Welfare e Serviço Social na Itália: uma análise do Projeto M’Imprendo

Abstract: This article, the result of a Postdoctoral research, sought to understand the interconnections between Welfare and Italian Social Service and analyze the impacts of its crisis and the advance of neoliberalism in social policies, based on the study of the M’Imprendo Project. He identified that there is a culture of rights and citizenship in Italy, heritage of Welfare, and that such impacts threaten the training/practice of the social worker who has an influence of Sociology and Social Sciences in the academic sphere.

Lucius T. Outlaw, Jr. on why racism makes no sense

In this interview with W. Alton Jones Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt University, Lucius T. Outlaw, Jr, we discuss the metaphysical and ethical questions of grouping and classifying people in terms of race and ethnicity. Outlaw is the author of [On Race and Philosophy] and one of the recognised pioneers of Africana Philosophy. Outlaw talks about growing up in racial segregation in Starkville, Mississippi, the Black Power movement, the notion of the Black intellectual, scholarship and teaching, and philosophizing about race. We discuss the ambiguity of the concept of philosophy of race and explore the concepts of raciality, categories, human sociality, evolution, and oppression. With his philosophical, political, and sociological influences, Outlaw asserts that racism makes no sense at all because the diversity of our species is one of our greatest assets; and in terms of survival, we are all of the same species though certain group-shared differences do matter.

Social determinants of vulnerabilities in type 2 diabetes: a call to action.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic disease which leads to high morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. Although relevant gains have been made towards evidence-based diabetes care, patients with T2D still experience diabetes complications and excess mortality risk, owing to multiple contributors, including non-clinical factors. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the main social determinants of vulnerabilities, which are known to have a relevant impact on T2D outcomes. As chronic diseases are under the influence of social inequalities, medicine and sociology are intertwined in the attempt to understand, explain and address them. There is robust evidence about a clear relationship between social determinants of health (SDOH), such as socio-economic status (occupation, education, income), and the likelihood of developing T2D and its complications. Furthermore, the uncontrolled widespread of T2D in urban areas, mainly among suburban communities, suggests that cities might act as amplifiers of SDOH, enhancing inequalities in health care and, therefore, life expectancy. In light of the strong association between socio-cultural aspects and T2D outcomes, a global action is needed to raise awareness about disparities in diabetes prevention and treatment to reduce the burden of the disease.

Psychedelics and Psychotherapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches as Default.

The acute subjective effects of psychedelics are responsive to users’ expectations and surroundings (i.e., “set and setting”). Accordingly, a great deal of thought has gone into designing the psychosocial context of psychedelic administration in clinical settings. But what theoretical paradigms inform these considerations about set and setting? Here, we describe several historical, sociological influences on current psychedelic administration in mainstream European and American clinical research settings, including: indigenous practices, new age spirituality from the 1960s, psychodynamic/psychoanalytic approaches, and cognitive-behavioral approaches. We consider each of these paradigms and determine that cognitive-behavioral therapies, including newer branches such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), have the strongest rationale for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy going forward. Our primary reasons for advocating for cognitive-behavioral approaches include, (1) they avoid issues of cultural insensitivity, (2) they make minimal speculative assumptions about the nature of the mind and reality, (3) they have the largest base of empirical support for their safety and effectiveness outside of psychedelic therapy. We then propose several concepts from cognitive-behavioral therapies such as CBT, DBT, and ACT that can usefully inform the preparation, session, and integration phases of psychedelic psychotherapy. Overall, while there are many sources from which psychedelic psychotherapy could draw, we argue that current gold-standard, evidence-based psychotherapeutic paradigms provide the best starting point in terms of safety and efficacy.

An Exploration of Low Back Pain Beliefs from a North American Based General Population

Globally, low back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of years lived with disability. LBP is usually benign yet is often interpreted as an ominous sign of disease. Prior research has demonstrated many populations have misinformed beliefs about the nature, etiology, and prognosis of LBP, with the primary source being healthcare professionals (HCP). There is a gap in knowledge about LBP beliefs in the North American (NA) population. Current beliefs must be identified to inform future educational interventions. We conducted a cross-sectional online qualitative survey to assess NA population beliefs about LBP. Participants were recruited via social media advertisements targeting individuals over age 18 with English speaking and reading comprehension. We used an inductive content analysis approach to develop categories based on participants' responses to 3 open-ended questions about the presumed cause of their low back pain, its persistence, and the source of these beliefs. 62 participants (51 women, 7 men) were included, mean age of 47.6 years, 33 located in U.S.A. and 29 in Canada. Participants presumed causes of LBP fell into three categories: physical (biology, biomechanics, prior injury), psychological, unknown. Similar themes were generated regarding reported reasons for the recurrence or persistence of LBP, with the addition of a single category, environmental. Participants' primary source of beliefs was HCP (n = 34, 55%) with secondary sources of family (n = 12, 19%) and internet (n = 12, 19%). Many participants reported multiple causes for LBP, however, these were mostly focused on the physical body, with minimal consideration of psychological and sociological influences.[PASD1] Our study findings align with prior research from other regions in the world, further demonstrating a need for updating clinical education and public messaging about LBP. Funding provided by Faculty Research Fund at Bridgewater College.

Donald Duck: a narrative that embeds behavioral finance?

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to prove that narratives can be a adequate foundation for human behavior in general and economic behavior in particular using the Donald Duck universe as an example.Design/methodology/approachBy using a content analysis, the authors examine 208 stories of the Donald Duck universe to prove that economic behavior is already embedded in modern narratives of the 20th century.FindingsThis analysis shows that behavioral finance effects are identified in a total of 52.4% of the analyzed comics. This study furthermore distinguishes the main comic characters Donald Duck and Scrooge McDuck and finds that eight of the nine considered behavioral finance biases can be detected in both. The most striking effect for Donald Duck is overconfidence and for Uncle Scrooge loss aversion.Social implicationsCollectively, these comics provide potential exemplars for behavioral finance. Regardless of whether these comics depict human nature or merely reflect human behavior during that time, they inevitably contribute to the understanding that psychological and sociological influences determine behavior in addition to economic factors that can be used for academic teaching.Originality/valueIn summary, comics, such as the Donald Duck universe, are suitable narratives for behavioral finance.

Reframing professional identity through navigating tensions during residency: Aqualitative study.

IntroductionProfessional identity formation (PIF) is the internalization of characteristics, values, and norms of the medical profession. An individual’s identity formation has both psychological and sociological influences. Social psychology may be useful to explore the interactions between the psychological and sociological aspects of PIF. In this study, we explored how resident physicians navigated tensions between professional ideals and the reality of medical practice to characterize PIF during residency training.MethodsUsing constructivist grounded theory, the authors conducted 23 semi-structured interviews with internal medicine residents. Interview transcripts were processed through open coding and analytic memo writing. During data gathering and analysis, the authors utilized Social Cognitive Theory, specifically the bidirectional influence between person, behavior, and context, to analyze relationships among themes. Theoretical insights were refined through group discussion and constant comparison with newly collected data.ResultsResidents described tensions experienced during residency between pre-existing ideals of “a good doctor” and the realities of medical practice, often challenging residents to reframe their ideals. The authors provide evidence for the presence of dynamic, bidirectional influences between identity (person), behavior, and environment (context), and demonstrate how PIF is informed by a complex interplay between these elements. The authors present two examples to demonstrate how residents reframed their ideals during residency training.DiscussionThe complex bidirectional influences between person, behavior, and context, informed by SCT, helps illuminate the process of PIF in residency training. This study highlights the effects of the context of residency training on the development of residents’ professional identities.Supplementary InformationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s40037-022-00709-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Randall Collins’ micro-sociology, the Southern culture of honor, and the codes of violence pathway: Toward a general theory of violence

One of Randall Collins' principal theoretical projects is the advancement of a general theory of violence. The central framing mechanism driving Collins approach is the concept of confrontational tension/fear, and the various pathways a social actor might utilize to overcome its debilitating effects. Collins' approach successfully accounts for violence on a micro-situational level but struggles with macro-level variance in rates of violence, such as higher incidents of violence in cultures of honor. Since a general theory must account for violence on multiple conceptual levels, Collins' pathways around confrontational tension/fear need further development to establish those macro-cultural connections necessary for continued theoretical advancement. To that end, I suggest his micro-sociological theory of violence can bridge with cultures of honor by incorporating the seminal work of Elijah Anderson's code of the street into a “codes of violence pathway.” This “codes of violence pathway” expands the theoretical purchase of Collins' approach by reasserting the importance of sociological influences on individual behavior in situated action and, therefore, provides a mechanism to ground micro-behavior in a macro-cultural context.

On Samantha Besson’s Theory of the Relationship between Moral and Legal Human Rights

Samantha Besson sees the relationship between moral and legal human rights as one of mutuality.: “legal rights recognize, modify or even create moral rights“, and vice versa. She thus appears to ascribe agency to legal rights , or “the law“, and to moral rights, or morality. This ascription can only be understood as metaphorical: abstract concepts have no agency. Replacing the abstract concepts by human beings, “the law“ and morality must be understood as the respective norm-givers. This reveals what is hidden by the metaphorical account: the supposed mutuality is no automatism but depends on the autonomous decision of human beings who are likely to be influenced by extant legal or moral norms, respectively, and/or by the values represented in those norms. The supposed mutuality should thus be seen rather as the result of the sociological influence exercised by extant norms, or the values they represent, on human norm-givers.